Ryanodine receptor 2

Ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2) is one of a class of ryanodine receptors and a protein found primarily in cardiac muscle. In humans, it is encoded by the RYR2 gene.[5][6][7] In the process of cardiac calcium-induced calcium release, RYR2 is the major mediator for sarcoplasmic release of stored calcium ions.

RYR2
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesRYR2, ARVC2, ARVD2, RYR-2, RyR, VTSIP, ryanodine receptor 2, VACRDS
External IDsOMIM: 180902 MGI: 99685 HomoloGene: 37423 GeneCards: RYR2
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

6262

20191

Ensembl

ENSG00000198626

ENSMUSG00000021313

UniProt

Q92736

E9Q401

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001035

NM_023868

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001026

NP_076357

Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 237.04 – 237.83 MbChr 13: 11.55 – 12.11 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Structure

The channel is composed of RYR2 homotetramers and FK506-binding proteins found in a 1:4 stoichiometric ratio. Calcium channel function is affected by the specific type of FK506 isomer interacting with the RYR2 protein, due to binding differences and other factors.[8]

Function

The RYR2 protein functions as the major component of a calcium channel located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that supplies ions to the cardiac muscle during systole. To enable cardiac muscle contraction, calcium influx through voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in the plasma membrane allows calcium ions to bind to RYR2 located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This binding causes the release of calcium through RYR2 from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol, where it binds to the C domain of troponin, which shifts tropomyosin and allows the myosin ATPase to bind to actin, enabling cardiac muscle contraction.[9] RYR2 channels are associated with many cellular functions, including mitochondrial metabolism, gene expression and cell survival, in addition to their role in cardiomyocyte contraction.[10]

Clinical significance

Deleterious mutations of the ryanodine receptor family, and especially the RYR2 receptor, lead to a constellation of pathologies leading to both acute and chronic heart failure collectively known as "Ryanopathies."[11]

Mutations in the RYR2 gene are associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.[12]

Recently, sudden cardiac death in several young individuals in the Amish community (four of which were from the same family) was traced to homozygous duplication of a mutant RyR2 gene.[13] Normal (wild type) RyR2 functions primarily in the myocardium (heart muscle).

Mice with genetically reduced RYR2 exhibit a lower basal heart rate and fatal arrhythmias.[14]

Interactions

Ryanodine receptor 2 has been shown to interact with:

See also

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198626 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021313 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Otsu K, Willard HF, Khanna VK, Zorzato F, Green NM, MacLennan DH (August 1990). "Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding the Ca2+ release channel (ryanodine receptor) of rabbit cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (23): 13472–83. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)77371-7. PMID 2380170.
  6. Otsu K, Fujii J, Periasamy M, Difilippantonio M, Uppender M, Ward DC, MacLennan DH (August 1993). "Chromosome mapping of five human cardiac and skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum protein genes". Genomics. 17 (2): 507–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1357. PMID 8406504.
  7. Tiso N, Stephan DA, Nava A, Bagattin A, Devaney JM, Stanchi F, et al. (February 2001). "Identification of mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene in families affected with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy type 2 (ARVD2)". Human Molecular Genetics. 10 (3): 189–94. doi:10.1093/hmg/10.3.189. PMID 11159936.
  8. Guo T, Cornea RL, Huke S, Camors E, Yang Y, Picht E, et al. (June 2010). "Kinetics of FKBP12.6 binding to ryanodine receptors in permeabilized cardiac myocytes and effects on Ca sparks". Circulation Research. 106 (11): 1743–52. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.219816. PMC 2895429. PMID 20431056.
  9. "Q92736 - RYR2_HUMAN".
  10. Bround MJ, Wambolt R, Luciani DS, Kulpa JE, Rodrigues B, Brownsey RW, et al. (June 2013). "Cardiomyocyte ATP production, metabolic flexibility, and survival require calcium flux through cardiac ryanodine receptors in vivo". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (26): 18975–86. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.427062. PMC 3696672. PMID 23678000.
  11. Belevych AE, Radwański PB, Carnes CA, Györke S (May 2013). "'Ryanopathy': causes and manifestations of RyR2 dysfunction in heart failure". Cardiovascular Research. 98 (2): 240–7. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvt024. PMC 3633158. PMID 23408344.
  12. "Entrez Gene: RYR2 ryanodine receptor 2 (cardiac)".
  13. Tester DJ, Bombei HM, Fitzgerald KK, Giudicessi JR, Pitel BA, Thorland EC, et al. (January 2020). "Identification of a Novel Homozygous Multi-Exon Duplication in RYR2 Among Children With Exertion-Related Unexplained Sudden Deaths in the Amish Community". JAMA Cardiology. 5 (3): 13–18. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5400. PMC 6990654. PMID 31913406.
  14. Bround MJ, Asghari P, Wambolt RB, Bohunek L, Smits C, Philit M, et al. (December 2012). "Cardiac ryanodine receptors control heart rate and rhythmicity in adult mice". Cardiovascular Research. 96 (3): 372–80. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvs260. PMC 3500041. PMID 22869620.
  15. Marx SO, Reiken S, Hisamatsu Y, Jayaraman T, Burkhoff D, Rosemblit N, Marks AR (May 2000). "PKA phosphorylation dissociates FKBP12.6 from the calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor): defective regulation in failing hearts". Cell. 101 (4): 365–76. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80847-8. PMID 10830164. S2CID 6496567.
  16. Marx SO, Reiken S, Hisamatsu Y, Gaburjakova M, Gaburjakova J, Yang YM, et al. (May 2001). "Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of ryanodine receptors: a novel role for leucine/isoleucine zippers". The Journal of Cell Biology. 153 (4): 699–708. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.4.699. PMC 2192391. PMID 11352932.
  17. Meyers MB, Pickel VM, Sheu SS, Sharma VK, Scotto KW, Fishman GI (November 1995). "Association of sorcin with the cardiac ryanodine receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (44): 26411–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.44.26411. PMID 7592856.

Further reading
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