Sa Huỳnh culture

The Sa Huỳnh culture[lower-alpha 1] was a culture in modern-day central and southern Vietnam that flourished between 1000 BC and 200 AD.[1][2] Archaeological sites from the culture have been discovered from the Mekong Delta to Quảng Bình province in central Vietnam. The Sa Huynh people were most likely the predecessors of the Cham people, an Austronesian-speaking people and the founders of the kingdom of Champa.[3]^{: 211–217}

Asia in 200 BC, showing Sa Huynh and their neighbors.

Description

The site at Sa Huỳnh was discovered in 1909. Sa Huỳnh sites were rich in locally worked iron artefacts, typified by axes, swords, spearheads, knives and sickles. In contrast, bronze artifacts were dominant in the Đông Sơn culture sites found in northern Vietnam and elsewhere in mainland Southeast Asia.

The Sa Huỳnh culture cremated adults and buried them in jars covered with lids, a practice unique to the culture. Ritually broken offerings usually accompanied the jar burials. The culture is also typified by its unique ear ornaments featuring two-headed animals, believed by some to depict saola.[4] The ornaments were commonly made from jade (nephrite), but also made from glass. Bead ornaments were also commonly found in Sa Huynh burials, most commonly made from glass.

Trade network

The Sa Huỳnh culture showed evidence of an extensive trade network that existed between 500 BC to AD 1500, known as the Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere (named after the Sa Huỳnh culture and the Kalanay Cave of Masbate, Philippines). It was mainly between Sa Huỳnh and the Philippines, but also extended into archaeological sites in Taiwan, Southern Thailand, and northeastern Borneo. It is characterized by shared red-slipped pottery traditions, as well as double-headed and penannular ornaments known as lingling-o made from materials like green jade (sourced from Taiwan), green mica (from Mindoro), black nephrite (from Hà Tĩnh) and clay (from Vietnam and the Northern Philippines).[5] Sa Huynh also produced beads made from glass, carnelian, agate, olivine, zircon, gold and garnet; most of whom use materials that are also imported. Han dynasty-style bronze mirrors were also found in Sa Huynh sites.[5][6][7]

Timeline of Iron age

Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details

Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age Historic Iron Age

Artifacts

Bronze dagger
Pottery vase
Pottery fruit tray
Pottery burial jar
Jade penannular lingling-o
Jade double-headed lingling-o

Notes

Pronounced sar-HWING. Frequently misspelled as Sa Huyun culture

References

John N. Miksic, Geok Yian Goh, Sue O Connor - Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia 2011 p. 251 "This site dates from the fifth to first century BCE and it is one of the earliest sites of the Sa Huỳnh culture in Thu Bồn Valley (Reinecke et al. 2002, 153–216); 2) Lai Nghi is a prehistoric cemetery richly equipped with iron tools and weapons, ..."
Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts (Bảo tàng mỹ thuật Việt Nam) 2000 "Right from the early history - before and after the Christian era - over twenty centuries ago, there was a cultural exchange among three major Centres Z Đông Sơn culture in the North, Sa Huỳnh culture in Central and south-eastern Nam Bộ ..."
Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., ISBN 9786167339443
deBuys, William (2015). The Last Unicorn: A Search For One of Earth's Rarest Creatures. p. 267.
Hung, Hsiao-chun; Nguyen, Kim Dung; Bellwood, Peter; Carson, Mike T. (2013). "Coastal Connectivity: Long-Term Trading Networks Across the South China Sea". Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology. 8 (3): 384–404. doi:10.1080/15564894.2013.781085. S2CID 129020595.
Solheim, William (1969). "Prehistoric Archaeology in Eastern Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines". Asian Perspectives. 3: 97–108. hdl:10125/19126.
Miksic, John N. (2003). Earthenware in Southeast Asia: Proceedings of the Singapore Symposium on Premodern Southeast Asian Earthenwares. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore.

Higham, Charles, The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia, ISBN 0-521-56505-7
Higham, Charles, Early Cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia, ISBN 1-58886-028-0

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[1] Pronounced sar-HWING. Frequently misspelled as Sa Huyun culture

[2] John N. Miksic, Geok Yian Goh, Sue O Connor - Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia 2011 p. 251 "This site dates from the fifth to first century BCE and it is one of the earliest sites of the Sa Huỳnh culture in Thu Bồn Valley (Reinecke et al. 2002, 153–216); 2) Lai Nghi is a prehistoric cemetery richly equipped with iron tools and weapons, ..."

[3] Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts (Bảo tàng mỹ thuật Việt Nam) 2000 "Right from the early history - before and after the Christian era - over twenty centuries ago, there was a cultural exchange among three major Centres Z Đông Sơn culture in the North, Sa Huỳnh culture in Central and south-eastern Nam Bộ ..."

[Higham-4] Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., ISBN 9786167339443

[5] Buys, William (2015). The Last Unicorn: A Search For One of Earth's Rarest Creatures. p. 267.

[Hung-6] Hung, Hsiao-chun; Nguyen, Kim Dung; Bellwood, Peter; Carson, Mike T. (2013). "Coastal Connectivity: Long-Term Trading Networks Across the South China Sea". Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology. 8 (3): 384–404. doi:10.1080/15564894.2013.781085. S2CID 129020595.

[7] Solheim, William (1969). "Prehistoric Archaeology in Eastern Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines". Asian Perspectives. 3: 97–108. hdl:10125/19126.

[8] Miksic, John N. (2003). Earthenware in Southeast Asia: Proceedings of the Singapore Symposium on Premodern Southeast Asian Earthenwares. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore.

Champa articles
History	Sa Huỳnh culture Chinese rule Lâm Ấp Quduqian Xitu Sui–Lâm Ấp war Golden Age of Champa Javanese raid of 774–787 Khmer–Cham wars Cham–Vietnamese wars Mongol invasion (1283–1285) Champa during the reign of Po Binasuor Islamization Lê Thánh Tông's conquest (1471) Rump state Principality of Thuận Thành Dissolution in 1832 New Champa (Champa resistance movement) Timeline of Champa
Government	List of monarchs of Champa List of dynasties of Champa Military of Champa Main capitals of Champa Simhapura Virapura Indrapura Vijaya Panduranga Panrik
Society and culture	Art of Champa Mỹ Sơn Po Nagar Cham music Ware

Prehistoric and ancient cultures of Vietnam
Part of a series on
Paleolithic
Sơn Vi culture (20,000–12,000 BC)
Mesolithic
Hoabinhian (12,000–10,000 BC)
Neolithic
Bắc Sơn culture (10,000–8,000 BC) Quỳnh Văn culture (8,000–6,000 BC) Đa Bút culture (4,000–3,000 BC)
Bronze Age
Phùng Nguyên culture (2,000–1,500 BC) Đồng Đậu culture (1,500–1,000 BC) Gò Mun culture (1,000–800 BC) Dong Son culture (1,000 BC–100 AD)
Iron Age
Sa Huỳnh culture (1,000 BC–200 AD) Óc Eo culture (1–630 AD)

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History of Champa

Ancient period Sa Huỳnh culture 1000 BC–200 AD Chinese rule 48 BC–192 AD Lâm Ấp 192–629 Quduqian 3th century AD Xitu 5th–6th century AD
Medieval and early modern period Classical Champa (Khmer–Cham wars Cham–Vietnamese wars)
Modern period Panduranga (Champa) Principality of Thuận Thành (Katip Sumat uprising) Ja Thak Wa uprising Champa resistance movement Front for the Liberation of Champa Modern status Champa independence movement
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