Beta Aquarii

Beta Aquarii is a single[12] star in the constellation of Aquarius. It has the official name Sadalsuud (/ˌsædəlˈsuːəd/)[13] and the Bayer designation β Aquarii, abbreviated Beta Aqr or β Aqr. Based upon parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, this component is located at a distance of approximately 540 light years (165 parsecs) from the Sun.[1] It is drifting further away with a radial velocity of 6.5 km/s.[4] The star serves as an IAU radial velocity standard.[14]

Beta Aquarii
Location of β Aquarii (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Aquarius
Right ascension 21h 31m 33.53171s[1]
Declination –05° 34′ 16.2320″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 2.87[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type G0 Ib[3]
U−B color index +0.58[2]
B−V color index +0.84[2]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)6.451±0.0627[4] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: +18.77[1] mas/yr
Dec.: −8.21[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)5.9728 ± 0.2147 mas[5]
Distance550 ± 20 ly
(167 ± 6 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)−3.04[6]
Details[7]
Mass4.97±0.10 M☉
Radius47.88+1.68
−1.81 R☉
Luminosity2046±180 L☉
Surface gravity (log g)2.05[8] cgs
Temperature5608±71 K
Metallicity [Fe/H]–0.03[9] dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)6.3±1.3[10] km/s
Age110±10 Myr
Other designations
Sadalsuud, Saad el Sund, β Aqr, 22 Aqr, BD–06 5770, FK5 808, GC 30137, HD 204867, HIP 106278, HR 8232, SAO 145457, ADS 15050 A, CCDM J21316-0534A[11]
Database references
SIMBADdata

Nomenclature

β Aquarii, Latinised to Beta Aquarii, is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional name Sadalsuud, from an Arabic expression سعد السعود (sa‘d al-su‘ūd), the "luck of lucks". Other spellings that were sometimes encountered were Sad es Saud, Sadalsund, and Saad el Sund. In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, this star was designated Nir Saad al Saaoud, which was translated into Latin as Lucida Fortunæ Fortunarum (rather identic with R.H. Allen), meaning the brightest of luck of lucks.[15] The International Astronomical Union Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[16] has approved the name Sadalsuud for the primary or 'A' component.[13]

In Chinese, 虚宿 (Xū Xiù), meaning Emptiness (asterism), refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Aquarii and Alpha Equulei.[17] Consequently, the Chinese name for Beta Aquarii itself is 虛宿一 (Xū Xiù Yī, English: the First Star of Emptiness).[18]

Sadalsuud is found in Hindu texts as Kalpeny and, in the context of the ancient Indian system of astronomy, Jyotisha Veda, is located in the 23rd Nakshatra Shravishthā, a lunar mansion which is ruled by Eight vasus - the "deities of earthly abundance" . On the Euphrates, Sadalsuud was known as Kakkab Nammax, the Star of Mighty Destiny; that may have given origin to the title of the manzil, as well as to the astrologers' name for it — Fortuna Fortunarum.[19]

Properties

β Aquarii is the brightest star in Aquarius with an apparent magnitude of 2.87[2] and a stellar classification of G0 Ib.[3] Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.[20] It has an estimated age of 60 million years;[10] old enough for a star of this mass to evolve into a supergiant. The star has about five times the mass of the Sun, but it has expanded to 48 times the Sun's radius. It is emitting roughly 2,000 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,608 K,[7] giving it the characteristic yellow hue of G-type stars.[21]

X-ray emissions from the corona of this star have been detected using the Chandra X-ray Observatory; among the first such detections of X-rays for a G-type supergiant. A secondary X-ray source discovered near Beta Aquarii probably has an extragalactic origin.[10] This star belongs to a group of three intermediate mass stars with a space velocity that is carrying them perpendicular to the plane of the galaxy. The other members of this grouping are Alpha Aquarii and Eta Pegasi.[10]

Optical companions
β Aquarii companions
Component Magnitude RA Dec
B 11.0 21h 31m 31.9s −05° 33′ 46″
C 11.6 21h 31m 33.0s −05° 35′ 10″

β Aquarii appears as a solitary star to the naked eye, but when viewed with a telescope is seen to have two faint optical companions. The first has an apparent magnitude of 11.0. In 1947, the position angle was observed at 321 degrees with a separation from Beta Aquarii of 35.4 arcseconds.[22][23] The second star has a magnitude of 11.6. Its position angle is 186 degrees with a separation from Beta Aquarii of 57.2 arcseconds.[22][23] The brighter star is designated component A of this grouping, while the companions are components B and C, respectively. As of 2008, there is no definitive evidence that the three stars form a ternary star system,[24] and Gaia Data Release 2 shows the two companions to be around twice the distance of β Aquarii. All three stars have very different proper motions.[25][26]

In mythology
A Gerardus Mercator chart showing Aquarius overlooking Capricorn and pouring water into the mouth of the southern fish (Pisces). β Aquarii is the star in the left shoulder, just above δ Capricorni

In the context of older worldviews (i.e. Egyptian, Persian and Islamic mythology), Sadalsuud relates to the rising of the Sun when winter has passed (March) and the season of gentle, continuous rain has begun.[19] Hence the myth of "luck" or "good fortune" was seen as closely aligned with the essence of spring itself, the burgeoning of new life, and by extension agriculture, which in all societies is the very foundation of prosperity or "good fortune". This mythological view of "the luck of the lucks" also belongs to the 22d Manzil (Arabic Lunar Mansion), which included the two stars Xi Aquarii (Bunda) and 46 Capricorni.[19][lower-alpha 1]

β and ξ Aquarii also constitute the Persian lunar mansion Bunda and the similar Coptic mansion Upuineuti, the meaning of which is "the Foundation".

In Chinese mythology, β Aqr alone marks the sieu (Chinese Lunar Mansion) Heu, Hiu, or Hü, "the Void", anciently Ko, the central one of the seven sieu which, taken together, were known as Heung Wu, the Black Warrior, in the northern quarter of the sky.[19] As such, Sadalsuud is an expression of the feminine archetype, the Yin or "Void" (Cosmic Mother), from which, many cultures have believed, creation itself (birth) emanates.

Notes
  1. β Aqr as Nir Saad al Saaoud or Lucida Fortunæ Fortunarum (the brightest of luck of lucks) and Xi Aquarii as Thanih Saad al Saaoud or Secunda Fortunæ Fortunarum (the second of luck of lucks). 46 Capricorni should be Thalath Fortunæ Fortunarum or Tertia Fortunæ Fortunarum (the third of luck of lucks) consistently, but Al Achsasi Al Mouakket was not designated the title for this star with uncleared consideration. Possibly according to the differences of opinion with R.H.Allen.

References
  1. van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.
  2. Johnson, H. L.; et al. (1966). "UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars". Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. 4 (99): 99. Bibcode:1966CoLPL...4...99J.
  3. Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C. (1973). "Spectral Classification". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 11: 29. Bibcode:1973ARA&A..11...29M. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333.
  4. Soubiran, C.; et al. (2018). "Gaia Data Release 2. The catalogue of radial velocity standard stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 616: 8. arXiv:1804.09370. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...7S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832795. S2CID 52952408. A7.
  5. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. (Erratum: doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657e). Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  6. Huang, W.; et al. (2012). "A catalogue of Paschen-line profiles in standard stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 547: A62. arXiv:1210.7893. Bibcode:2012A&A...547A..62H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219804. S2CID 119286159.
  7. Baines, Ellyn K.; et al. (2018). "Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (1). 30. arXiv:1712.08109. Bibcode:2018AJ....155...30B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b.
  8. Smiljanic, R.; et al. (April 2006). "CNO in evolved intermediate mass stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 449 (2): 655–671. arXiv:astro-ph/0511329. Bibcode:2006A&A...449..655S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054377. S2CID 3711409.
  9. Soubiran, C.; et al. (2008). "Vertical distribution of Galactic disk stars. IV. AMR and AVR from clump giants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 480 (1): 91–101. arXiv:0712.1370. Bibcode:2008A&A...480...91S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078788. S2CID 16602121.
  10. Ayres, Thomas R.; Brown, Alexander; Harper, Graham M. (July 2005). "Chandra Observations of Coronal Emission from the Early G Supergiants α and β Aquarii". The Astrophysical Journal. 627 (1): L53–L56. Bibcode:2005ApJ...627L..53A. doi:10.1086/431977. S2CID 122519436.
  11. "bet Aqr -- Star in double system". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
  12. Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008), "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 389 (2): 869–879, arXiv:0806.2878, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x, S2CID 14878976
  13. "Naming Stars". IAU.org. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  14. Scarfe, C. D. (1985), Haynes, D. S.; et al. (eds.), "The zero-point of the IAU standard velocity system", Calibration of fundamental stellar quantities, IAU Symposium held at Villa Olmo, Como, Italy, May 24-29, 1984, vol. 111, pp. 583–586, Bibcode:1985IAUS..111..583S.
  15. Knobel, E. B. (June 1895). "Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 55: 429. Bibcode:1895MNRAS..55..429K. doi:10.1093/mnras/55.8.429.
  16. "IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  17. 陳久金 (2005). 中國星座神話. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. ISBN 978-986-7332-25-7.
  18. "香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表]". Hong Kong Space Museum. Archived from the original on 2010-08-18. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  19. Allen, Richard H. (1963). "Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning". Dover Publications. Retrieved 2010-05-17. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. Garrison, R. F. (December 1993). "Anchor Points for the MK System of Spectral Classification". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 25: 1319. Bibcode:1993AAS...183.1710G. Archived from the original on 2019-06-25. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
  21. "The Colour of Stars". Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. December 21, 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
  22. "CCDM (Catalog of Components of Double & Multiple stars) (Dommanget+ 2002)". VizieR. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
  23. "Sadalsuud". Alcyone Bright Star Catalogue. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
  24. Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008). "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 389 (2): 869–879. arXiv:0806.2878. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x. S2CID 14878976.
  25. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  26. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
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