Sagar Mala project

Under Sagarmala Programme, 577 projects, at an estimated investment of approximately ₹8.570500 lakh crore (equivalent to ₹11 trillion or US$140 billion in 2023), have been identified across port modernization & new port development, port connectivity enhancement, port-linked coastal economic zone industrialization and coastal community development for phase wise implementation over the period 2015 to 2035. As per the approved implementation plan of Sagarmala scheme, these projects are to be taken up by the relevant Central Ministries/Agencies and State Governments preferably through private/PPP mode. The details are as below.

[11]

Progress

As of 31 March 2018, a total of 492 projects (₹4.255630 lakh crore (equivalent to ₹5.7 trillion or US$71 billion in 2023)) were under various stages of implementation, development and completion.

As of 2021, only 172 projects out of the 802 sanctioned have been completed and the remaining 632 projects are under the implementation stage. Of these, only 13 out of 98 road connectivity projects to ports have been completed and 28 out of 91 rail connectivity projects.

Port-modernization under Sagarmala

Since about more than 90% of India's trade by volume is conducted via the country's maritime route, there is a continuous need to develop India's ports and trade-related infrastructure to accelerate growth in the manufacturing industry and to assist the 'Make in India' initiative. India has 12 major ports and approximately 200 non-major ports administered by Central and State Governments respectively.

As per the studies conducted under the Sagarmala Programme, it is expected that by 2025, cargo traffic at Indian ports will be approximately 2500 million tonnes per year while the current cargo handling capacity of Indian ports is only 1500 million tonnes per year. A roadmap has been prepared for increasing the Indian port capacity to over 3500 million tonnes per year by 2025 to cater to the growing traffic. This includes port operational efficiency improvement, capacity expansion of existing ports and new port development.

Under Project Unnati, the global benchmarks were adopted to improve the efficiency and productivity KPIs for 12 major ports. Around 116 initiatives were identified across 12 major ports to unlock more than 100 MTPA capacity just through efficiency improvement. Out of which, 86 initiatives have been implemented to unlock around 80 MTPA capacity.

Six megaports are planned in Sagarmala project.[12]

There are also Private ports under construction/reopening

Coastal Economic Zones (CEZ) is an important component of the Sagarmala Programme aimed at port-led industrial development of 14 business-friendly Coastal Economic Zones (CEZ) with the investment of ₹4,639,700 million (equivalent to ₹6.5 trillion, US$82 billion or €80 billion in 2023), centered around ports in India spread across national coastline of 7,500 km, by using Make in India indigenous manufacturing scheme. Sectors targeted for manufacturing units are maritime and inland waterways, water transport, coastal and cruise shipping, and solar and wind energy generation, auto, telecom and IT, etc. Each CEZ will cover economic region consisting of several coastal districts with strong linkage to the ports in that region. Each CEZs will also create synergy with industrial corridors passing through the region, such as Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project, Mumbai-Bangalore economic corridor, Dedicated Freight Corridor, Chennai Bangalore Industrial Corridor, Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor and Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor, etc.[18][19][20][21]

Each CEZ will have several Coastal Economic Units (CEU), and in turn each CEU will have several Port-Linked Industrial Clusters (PLIC). "Coastal Employment Units" (CEUs) serve as nodes within CEZ, each CEU industrial is an industrial estates with multiple industries. Each "Port-Linked Industrial Clusters" (PLIC) within CEU will have several manufacturing units.[18][19][20]

Benefits include national GDP growth with ease of doing business by boosting export by US$100 billion, 150,000 job creation by 2025, reduction in export cargo logistics cost and time, and increased global competitiveness of Indian exports.[18][19][21]

Total 14 CEZs are planned to be developed in phases across coastal India.[19]

1. Kachch CEZ
2. Saurashtra CEZ
3. Suryapur CEZ
4. North Konkan CEZ
5. South Konkan CEZ
6. Dakshin Kanara CEZ
7. Malabar CEZ
8. Mannar CEZ
9. Poompuhar CEZ
10. VCIC South CEZ
11. VCIC Central CEZ
12. VCIC North CEZ
13. Kalinga CEZ
14. Gaud CEZ

Of the 51, ₹44,600 crore (equivalent to ₹600 billion, US$7.5 billion or €7.3 billion in 2023) port connectivity rail projects, 11 projects are already complete and rest are under execution.[22]

Total 37 port-linked industrial clusters across several sectors:[19]

• Discrete Manufacturing Cluster, total 23:
• Petrochemical Cluster, total 4:
• Power Cluster, total 4:
• Steel Cluster, total 2:
• Maritime Cluster, total 2:
• Cement Cluster, total 2:

In November 2017, with the development of first Special Economic Zone centered around the busiest cargo ports in India that handles 40% of India's export-import volume, Jawaharlal Nehru Port east of Mumbai, was initiated. Several large companies from telecom, auto and IT sectors are expected to bid for the 200 hectares of export-oriented manufacturing units in the SEZ to reduce export logistics cost, thus also generating direct jobs by infusing new technology, investment and world's best management practices.

Further, development of Smart Industrial Port City (SIPC) at Paradip and at Kandla ports and Coastal Employment Units (CEUs) at V.O. Chaidambarnar Port Trust and Kamarajar Port Limited is under progress.

Port-connectivity enhancement under Sagarmala

Under Sagarmala Programme, the endeavor is to provide enhanced connectivity between the ports and the domestic production/consumption centres. More than 210 connectivity projects have been identified. Some of the types of connectivity projects considered are listed below:

• Coastal Berths at various major and non-major ports
• National waterways prioritized for development in the first phase
• Heavy haul rail corridor from Talcher to Paradip
• Connectivity to Dedicated freight corridors
• Last mile rail and road connectivity projects
• Major rail connectivity projects
• Freight friendly Expressway projects connecting the major ports
• Development of Multi-Modal Logistics Parks
• POL Pipelines

Fisheries

Sagarmala Programme in coordination with related Central Ministries and State Governments would fund capacity building, infrastructure, and social development projects related to value addition in fisheries, aquaculture and cold chain development. As part of the coastal community development component of the Sagarmala Programme, Ministry is part-funding fishing harbour projects in convergence with Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DADF).

Coastal Tourism

For promoting tourism in maritime states under Sagarmala, projects have been identified in convergence with Ministry of Tourism and tourism development departments of maritime state governments. Key coastal tourism projects include:

• Development of Coastal Circuits under Swadesh Darshan Scheme of Ministry of Tourism
• Development of infrastructure for promoting Cruise tourism
• Development of lighthouses
• National Maritime Heritage Museum Complex at Lothal
• Underwater viewing gallery and restaurant at Beyt Dwarka