Sanyuanli incident

On 25 May 1841, British forces under Major-general Hugh Gough left their transports at Qìnhăi (沁海)^[A] some 5 miles (8.0 kilometres) north west of Canton and prepared to storm the city. By the evening of the next day they had captured four Chinese forts and stood ready to attack the city walls. Instead, word arrived that the Qing authorities had agreed to British demands for compensation and the withdrawal of troops such that the planned assault was put on hold on the morning of the 27th.

Postponement of the attack left nearly 5,000 British and Indian troops milling around in the sultry heat and moist atmosphere of the paddy fields north of Canton. According to historian Frederic Wakeman, there was no question that looting took place in villages such as Sanyuanli, but on the whole, by British military standards of the time, the troops behaved well.[2] Nevertheless, according to Chinese sources, the rape of villager Wei Shaoguang's (韋紹光) wife by a British soldier triggered the incident.[3] Thereafter the incensed local populace, swelled by arrivals from nearby villages, grew into a crowd of 10,000[1] who besieged the British on all sides. Armed with machetes, pikes and a variety of swords they enticed a detachment of 60 British Sepoys into the marshy paddy fields where the latter's flintlock muskets, sodden by the heavy rain, failed to fire as the villagers attacked. Four British soldiers were killed with a further twenty or more wounded.

John Ouchterlonny's sketch of British soldiers in the rain at Sanyuanli[4]

The British dispatched two units of marines, armed with waterproof percussion muskets, to reinforce the Sepoys. After a two-hour siege British forces withdrew to the Western Fort, only to be followed by the villagers who once more surrounded them. Once he understood the situation, the British commander passed a message to Guangzhou governor Yu Baochun (余葆纯) telling him that if the siege continued, the main force of the British Army would raze Canton to the ground. Yu, well aware that this was no empty threat given the size of the enemy forces, urged the crowd to disperse, which only led to him being branded a traitor to the people.

With his reputation in tatters, the only post Yu Baochun could obtain was as a minor official in the department responsible for Imperial Examinations, where patriotic students would throw ink in his face.[5]

At the epicentre of the conflict, a small hillock known as Niulangang (牛栏岗) at the side of the modern road north to Baiyun International Airport, the Guangzhou Provincial Government on 23 May 1991 set up a simple concrete memorial to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the clash.[6]

As historian Frederic Wakeman writes:

"Out of the humiliating military defeats of the Opium War they have been able to extract a great popular victory, blemished only by the cowardice of Qing officials. Today, on the mainland, every child's history book contains an account of the battle. Every tablet, every shrine to the Sanyuanli dead, has been carefully tabulated by the local history bureau of the province: a Bunker Hill and an Alamo rolled into one.[7]"

Bibliography

• Elleman, Bruce A. (2005). Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134610082.

• Perdue, Peter C., The First Opium War: The Anglo Chinese War of 1839-1842 (PDF), Visualizing Cultures at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, retrieved 10 February 2014

• Ouchterlony, John (1844). The Chinese War: An Account of All the Operations of the British Forces from the Commencement to the Treaty of Nanking. London: Saunders and Otley. ISBN 9780598563729.

• Wakeman, Frederic E. (1997). Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520212398.

• The Nautical Magazine: A Journal of Papers on Subjects Connected with Maritime Affairs, vol. 10, London: Brown, Son and Ferguson, 1841