Saskatchewan River

The Saskatchewan River (Cree: kisiskāciwani-sīpiy ᑭᓯᐢᑳᒋᐊᐧᓂ ᓰᐱᕀ, "swift flowing river") is a major river in Canada. It stretches about 550 kilometres (340 mi) from where it is formed by the joining together of the North Saskatchewan River and South Saskatchewan River just east of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, to Lake Winnipeg. It flows roughly eastward across Saskatchewan and Manitoba to empty into Lake Winnipeg. Through its tributaries the North Saskatchewan and South Saskatchewan, its watershed encompasses much of the prairie regions of Canada, stretching westward to the Rocky Mountains in Alberta and north-western Montana in the United States.

Saskatchewan River
Map of Saskatchewan River & Watershed
Location
CountryCanada
RegionManitoba, Saskatchewan
Physical characteristics
2nd sourceConfluence of North and South Saskatchewan Rivers
 • location40 kilometres (25 mi) east of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
 • coordinates53°14′6″N 105°4′58″W
 • elevation380 m (1,250 ft)
MouthLake Winnipeg
 • location
Grand Rapids, Manitoba
 • coordinates
53°11′6″N 99°15′22″W
 • elevation
220 m (720 ft)
Length547 km (340 mi)
Basin size335,900 km2 (129,700 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • locationThe Pas, Manitoba
 • average634 m3/s (22,400 cu ft/s)
 • minimum54 m3/s (1,900 cu ft/s)
 • maximum3,000 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)
[1][2][3]

Including its tributaries, it reaches 1,939 kilometres (1,205 mi) to its farthest headwaters on the Bow River, a tributary of the South Saskatchewan in Alberta.[4]

Description
May 11, 2007 NASA photo
of a portion of the Saskatchewan River Delta and Cedar Lake[5]

It is formed in central Saskatchewan, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of Prince Albert, by the confluence of its two major branches, the North Saskatchewan and the South Saskatchewan, at the Saskatchewan River Forks. Both source rivers originate from glaciers in the Alberta Rockies. The St. Mary River, draining the Hudson Bay Divide region of Glacier National Park (U.S.), also empties into the Saskatchewan River via the south fork.

The combined stream flows east-northeast, into Codette Lake formed by the Francois Finlay Dam at Nipawin then into Tobin Lake, formed by the E.B. Campbell Dam. It then flows northeast, passing through a region of marshes, where it is joined from the northwest by the Torch River and the Mossy River. At the northern edge of the marshes it flows east, twisting between a series of small lakes into west-central Manitoba to The Pas, where it is joined from the southwest by the Carrot River. Southeast of The Pas, it forms several streams in a delta on the northwest side of Cedar Lake, then exiting the lake on its southeast end and flowing approximately 5 km (3 mi) to Lake Winnipeg, entering on the northwest shore north of Long Point. The waters of Lake Winnipeg eventually drain into Hudson Bay, via the Nelson River.

The river, like the province of Saskatchewan, takes its name from the Cree word kisiskāciwani-sīpiy, meaning "swift flowing river". The river and its tributaries provided an important route of transportation for First Nations and early European trappers.

Hydroelectric developments

Operating hydroelectric facilities

In Saskatchewan, SaskPower owns and operates E.B. Campbell (289 MW, formerly Squaw Rapids) and Nipawin (255 MW) Hydroelectric Stations.

In Manitoba, Manitoba Hydro owns and operates Grand Rapids Generating Station.[6]

Proposed hydroelectric facilities

The Choiceland Generating Station would be located 51 km (32 mi) upstream of the Nipawin site. It would consist of four 150 MW generating units, providing 300 MW of baseload power, and an additional 300 MW of peaking power.

The Forks Generating Station would be located 18 km (11 mi) downstream of the North and South Saskatchewan River Forks, and would be approximately the same size as the Nipawin Station (255 MW of baseload power, and 420 MW of peak power).[7] In 2019, James Smith Cree Nation began developing the project with AECOM and Tesla Energy.[8]

Fish species

Fish species include: walleye, sauger, yellow perch, northern pike, lake whitefish, mooneye, goldeye, white sucker, longnose sucker, shorthead redhorse, burbot, rainbow trout, brown trout, and lake sturgeon. In 2008 the presence of reproducing Prussian carp were found in the Red Deer River drainage basin which flows into the Saskatchewan River.[9][10] Illegal introductions of non native species can have serious wide-ranging negative impacts on the ecosystem. While the exact species is not yet determined the genus is Carassius. The Blue Ribbon Bow River Trout fishery may be at risk as a result of this introduction. Illegal introductions of Carassius can be very harmful.[11]

History

The river, labeled as the "Kish-stock-ewen" is identified on a Hudson's Bay Company map of 1760, produced from oral information from a First Nations man named Attickasish who had been Anthony Henday's guide. Another map from 1774 shows a fairly accurate course of the river.[12][13]

The Saskatchewan River and its two major tributaries formed an important transportation route during the precontact, fur trade, and early settlement periods in the Canadian West. In early fur trading days the South Saskatchewan tributary was known as "La Fourche des Gros Ventres" ("Fork of the Great Gorges") and the North Saskatchewan was known as "Rivière du Pas".

First Nations inhabiting the area of the rivers included at one time or another the Atsina, Cree, Saulteaux, Blackfoot Confederacy, Assiniboine, and Sioux.

Henry Kelsey penetrated the area in the 1690s for the Hudson's Bay Company, and Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne, established the farthest western post of the French Empire in America (See New France) just east of the Saskatchewan River Forks at Fort de la Corne. In addition to this the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company both ran numerous fur posts up the river and its two branches throughout the late 18th to late 19th centuries. York boats and canoes formed the primary means of travel during the fur trade period.

In the mid-19th century Metis settlements became important along stretches of the Saskatchewan river system, notably at the Southbranch Settlement, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and St. Albert, Alberta.

Riverboats were introduced from the Red River of the North in the 19th century and remained an important means of transportation until the 1890s and the coming of railways to the area.[14]

The earliest settlements in Saskatchewan and Alberta generally were established around the rivers. Examples include Fort Edmonton (Edmonton, Alberta), Fort Battleford (Battleford, Saskatchewan), Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and Cumberland House, Saskatchewan.

Fur trade on the lower river: The first European to ascend the river as far as the forks was Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye in spring 1739. The main posts on the river were (landmarks in parentheses): (Saskatchewan River Forks) Fort La Jonquière (?), Fort de la Corne, Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, (The Pas):second Fort Paskoya, (inflow to Cedar Lake:) first Fort Paskoya and second Fort Bourbon, (Cedar Lake), (inflow to Lake Winnipeg:) Grand Rapids, Manitoba, and first Fort Bourbon. There were also a number of temporary posts that have left few records. By far the most important post was Cumberland House which was the depot for the route northwest to the rich Athabasca country. To the west, the North Saskatchewan had the greatest number of posts. North Saskatchewan is the northern-most major river of the western prairies that flows into the Hudson Bay.

The Saskatchewan River, and its two main tributaries, are featured in The Arrogant Worms' song "The Last Saskatchewan Pirate". While the lyrics imply that the Saskatchewan flows through Moose Jaw, Saskatoon and Regina, Saskatchewan,[15] only Saskatoon, on the South Saskatchewan River, sees the waters of this river system; the closest point to both Moose Jaw and Regina are Lake Diefenbaker, a bifurcation lake on the South Saskatchewan, roughly 100 kilometres (62 mi) and 140 kilometres (87 mi) to their west-northwest, respectively.

See also

Further reading
  • Myrna Kostash, "Reading the River: A Traveller's Companion to the North Saskatchewan River",2005

References
  1. "Summary of the State of the Saskatchewan River Basin" (PDF). 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  2. "Atlas of Canada Toporama". Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  3. "Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Geographical Names (Saskatchewan River)". Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  4. "Rivers Flowing Into Hudson Bay, James Bay or Ungava Bay". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  5. "Saskatchewan River Delta, Manitoba, Canada October 29, 2007". NASA. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  6. "Grand Rapids Generating Station". Province of Manitoba: Environment, Climate and Parks. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  7. McClement, J.R.; Campbell, E.B. (1977). "Hydro Electric Potential of the Saskatchewan and Churchill River Basins, Saskatchewan". Canadian Water Resources Journal. 2 (3): 44–55. doi:10.4296/cwrj0203044.
  8. Piller, Thomas. "First Nation planning hydro-electric facility on Saskatchewan river". Global News. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  9. Haag, J.J. and White, J.S. 2008. 2008 Fish Survey in Recently Dewatered Western Irrigation District Canals. Prepared for: Western Irrigation District by Aquality Environmental Consulting Ltd., Edmonton, November 2008
  10. Haag, J.J., White, J.S., and Logan, M. 2010. 2009 Fish Survey in Recently Dewatered Western Irrigation District Canals. Prepared for: Western Irrigation District by Aquality Environmental Consulting Ltd., Edmonton, February 2010.
  11. Balık, İ; Karaşahin, B (2003). "Diet of Silver Crucian Carp Carasssius gibelio in Lake Eğirdir" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 3: 87–91.
  12. MacDonald, Graham (2009). The Beaver Hills country : a history of land and life. Edmonton: AU Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-1-897425-38-1. OCLC 607571130.
  13. Cavanaugh, Catherine Anne; Payne, Michael Beauchamp; Wetherell, Donald Grant (2006). Alberta Formed, Alberta Transformed. ISBN 9781552381946.
  14. Hawkes, John (1924), Saskatchewan and its people Volume 1 (Steamboating in the old days), Chicago: Clark
  15. ""The Last Saskatchewan Pirate" Lyrics". LetsSingIt.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022. When ya see the Jolly Roger on Regina's mighty shores... A bridge outside of Moose Jaw... Sailin down to Saskatoon
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