Zibelthiurdos

Zibelthiurdos is a Thracian god of heaven, lightning and rain, whose name is known mainly from epigraphic monuments. The only known reference to this god so far in ancient literature is in Cicero's speech against Pizon, where he is mentioned under the name Jovi Vrii (Iuppiter Urius).[1][2] According to Cicero, Jupiter Urius had the most ancient and venerated of the barbarian temples, which was sacked by invading armies and resulted in diseases from which those afflicted never recovered.

There is not enough information to draw clear conclusions about his cult, worship, or functions. The preserved images give reason to connect Zibelthiurdos with the ancient Greek God Zeus the Thunderer; he is depicted holding a lightning bolt in his raised right hand, and to his right an eagle with wings spread out.

Names and epigraphy

In the epigraphic evidence, the deity's name is attested in 12 documents, alternatively written as Zbelthiourdes, Zbelthourdos, Zbelsourdos or Zbersurdos, Zbeltiurdus, Svelsurdus.[3]

Orientalist Wilhelm Tomaschek reported three Thracian inscriptions:[4]

a dedication from Moesia made by a Mucaporis to a Διί Ζβελθιούρδῳ;
an inscription in Skopia to a DEO ZBELTHIURDO;
an inscription from Perinthus to a Διί Ζιβελσούρδῳ.

According to epigraphic evidence, the name of Greek god Zeus is found in Thracian inscriptions associated with Zbelthiurdos and variations: Zbelturd, Zbelsurd, Zbeltiurd, Zpelturd. This combination is believed to attest a syncretism between the Greek deity and a local Thracian god of thunder and lightning.[5][6]

Etymology

His name speculatively means "Lightning Carrier" or "Thunderer",[7] but it is uncertain whether Zibelthiurdos is his name or an epithet.

Tomaschek interpreted that Zibel- and Zbel- were the same word, although he believed the former to be the older form (cf. Thracian king Ζιβέλμιος, or Zibelmios).[8] He also derived Zbel- from a Proto-Indo-European stem *ģʰeib-. Further descendants would include Lithuanian žaibas "lightning", verb žibėti "to shine, to glow", and possibly Croatian zúblja "torch" and Slovene zubelj "flame".[8]

Bulgarian linguist Ivan Duridanov indicated the word Zbel- is related to Latvian zibele "lightning".[9]

Some scholars have suggested a relation between the Albanian deity name Shurdh and the second part of the theonym Zibelsurdus.[10][11][12]

Cultic locales

Photo of an epigraphic dedication to deity Zberthourdos (sic) and Iambadoule.

Zibelthiurdos shrines have been found near the village of Golemo Selo in the Kyustendil Region – an area inhabited by the Thracian Dentellets tribe – as well as near Kapitan Dimitrievo village in the Pazardzhik Province. His image was discovered in a relief from the Esquiline Hill, where he is depicted along with Yambadula (or Iambadoule), a figure of an unclear nature.[13]

At least three inscriptions to deity Zbeltiurdus were found in the ancient Dardanian territory: one in Kaçanik, another in Ljubanac (near Skopje), and the third in Dovezenac, near Kumanovë.[14]

Other uses

The Zbelsurd Glacier of Antarctica is named after the god.

Citations

Cicero.
Tomaschek 1893a, p. 62.
Popov 2009, p. 23.
Tomaschek 1893b, p. 60.
Kovachev 1997, pp. 119–120.
Popov 2009, p. 25.
Popov 2009, p. 24.
Tomaschek 1893c, p. 61.
Duridanov 1985, p. 69.
Treimer 1971, pp. 31–33.
Elsie 2001, p. 238.
Lurker 2004, p. 172.
Puhvel 1957, p. 446..
Ferri, Naser (2012). "Vjerovanja i štovanje bogova u predkršćanskoj Dardaniji" [Cults and Beliefs in Pre-Christian Dardania]. Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja (in Bosnian). Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine (41): 138 and footnote nr. 23.

Bibliography

Cicero. "Latin Texts and Translations". In Pisonem. University of Chicago. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
Duridanov, Ivan (1985). Die Sprache der Thraker [The language of the Thracians]. Bulgarische Sammlung (in German). Vol. 5. Hieronymus Verlag. p. 69. ISBN 3-88893-031-6.
Elsie, Robert (January 2001). A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-570-1.
Kovachev, Georgi (1997). "Ancient Cults in the Sliven Area in the 2nd - 3th Century". Bulgarian Historical Review. 4: 111–133 – via Central and Eastern European Online Library.
Lurker, Manfred (2004). The Routledge dictionary of gods and goddesses, devils and demons. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-34018-2.
Popov, Dimitar (2009). "Le Dieu Supreme des Thraces. Incarnations et Identifications, Traductions - Notations et Noms - Appellations" [The Supreme God of the Thracians. Embodiments and Identifications, Translations – Notations and Names – Appellations]. Thracia (in French). 18: 15–33 – via Central and Eastern European Online Library.
Puhvel, Jaan (1957). "Reviewed Work: Die thrakischen Sprachreste by Dimiter Detschew". Language. 33 (3): 446. doi:10.2307/411167.
Tomaschek, Wilhelm (1893a). Die Alten Thraker. Eine ethnologische Untersuchung [The Ancient Thracians. An ethnological study] (in German). Vol. II. Vienna: Tempsky. p. 62 – via Internet Archive.
Tomaschek, Wilhelm (1893b). Die Alten Thraker. Eine ethnologische Untersuchung [The Ancient Thracians. An ethnological study] (in German). Vol. II. Vienna: Tempsky. p. 60 – via Internet Archive.
Tomaschek, Wilhelm (1893c). Die Alten Thraker. Eine ethnologische Untersuchung [The Ancient Thracians. An ethnological study] (in German). Vol. II. Vienna: Tempsky. p. 61 – via Internet Archive.
Treimer, Karl (1971). "Zur Rückerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre Bedeutung für die südslawische Philologie" [On the re-development of the Illyrian world of gods and their importance for South Slavic philology]. In Barić, Henrik (ed.). Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu, jezik i etnologiju [Archive for Arbanian antiquity, language and ethnology]. Vol. I. R. Trofenik. pp. 27–33.

Georgieff, Dimitar (2017). "The mysterious goddess Iambadule and her consort god Sbelsurd". 10.13140/RG.2.2.10621.87524.
Попов, Димитър [Popov, Dimitar]. "Збелсурд" [Sbelsurd]. In: Годишник на Софийския университет "Св. Кл. Охридски": Исторически факултет, специалност Етнология [ANNUAIRE DE L'UNIVERSITE DE SOFIA "ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI", FACULTE D'HISTOIRE – STUDIA ETHNOLOGICA]. Tom 2. София: Университетско издателство "Св. Кл. Охридски", 2012. pp. 113-120. ISSN 1312-9406.

Archeology

Dobruna-Salihu, Exhlale (2011). "ALTARI I PABOTUAR I PERËNDISË ZBELTIURD NGA KOSOVA DHE PËRKUSHTIMET E TJERA NË DARDANI" [UNPUBLISHED ALTAR OF THE DIETY ZBELTIURD FROM KOSOVA AND OTHER DEVOTIONS IN DARDANIA]. Gjurmime Albanologjike – Seria e shkencave historike (in Albanian). 41–42: 309–320.
Jovanova, L. (2017). "A monument dedicated to Zbelsurdos by a gerousiast" (PDF). Živa Antika [Antiquité Vivante]. 67: 125–144. doi:10.47054/ZIVA17671-2125j.
Ota, Radu (2009). "O încercare de reinterpretare a unui relief descoperit în castrul roman de la Cǎşeiu (jud. Cluj)" [An attempt of reinterpretation of a relief discovered in the roman camp Cǎşeiu (Cluj county)]. Carpica (in Romanian). XXXVIII: 60–64.
Popa, Al; Popa, V. (1982). "Un Intéressant Monument Représentant Jupiter-Zbelsurdos". Latomus (in French). 41 (2): 353–355. JSTOR 41532498.
Tudor, D. (1978). "Deux dieux thraco-phrygiens à Drobeta". Hommages à M. J. Vermaseren. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain (E.P.R.O.) (in French). Vol. III. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1269–1280. doi:10.1163/9789004295452_020.

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[FOOTNOTECicero-1] Cicero.

[FOOTNOTETomaschek1893a62-2] Tomaschek 1893a, p. 62.

[FOOTNOTEPopov200923-3] Popov 2009, p. 23.

[FOOTNOTETomaschek1893b60-4] Tomaschek 1893b, p. 60.

[FOOTNOTEKovachev1997119–120-5] Kovachev 1997, pp. 119–120.

[FOOTNOTEPopov200925-6] Popov 2009, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTEPopov200924-7] Popov 2009, p. 24.

[FOOTNOTETomaschek1893c61-8] Tomaschek 1893c, p. 61.

[FOOTNOTEDuridanov198569-9] Duridanov 1985, p. 69.

[FOOTNOTETreimer197131–33-10] Treimer 1971, pp. 31–33.

[FOOTNOTEElsie2001238-11] Elsie 2001, p. 238.

[FOOTNOTELurker2004172-12] Lurker 2004, p. 172.

[FOOTNOTEPuhvel1957446.-13] Puhvel 1957, p. 446..

[14] Ferri, Naser (2012). "Vjerovanja i štovanje bogova u predkršćanskoj Dardaniji" [Cults and Beliefs in Pre-Christian Dardania]. Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja (in Bosnian). Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine (41): 138 and footnote nr. 23.