Scottish Australians

Scottish Australians (Scots: Scots Australiens, Scottish Gaelic: Astràilianaich Albannach) are ‌‍‍‍‍residents of Australia who are fully or partially of Scottish descent.

Scottish Australians
Scots Australiens
Astràilianaich Albannach
Scottish Australian Flag
Total population
2,176,777 (by ancestry, 2021)[1]
(8.4% of the Australian population)
130,060 (by birth, 2021)
Languages
English, Scots, Scottish Gaelic
Religion
Presbyterianism, Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Scottish people, Lowland Scots people, Anglo-Celtic Australians, Irish Australians, English Australians, Welsh Australians, Manx Australians[2]

According to the 2021 Australian census, 130,060 Australian residents were born in Scotland, while 2,176,777 claimed Scottish ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry.[3]

History

The links between Scotland and Australia stretch back to the first British expedition of the Endeavour under command of Lieutenant James Cook who was himself the son of a Scottish ploughman. Cook navigated and charted the east coast of Australia, making first landfall at Botany Bay on 29 April 1770. His reports in Cook's expedition would lead to British settlement of the continent, and during the voyage Cook also named two groups of Pacific islands in honour of Scotland: New Caledonia and the New Hebrides.[4] The first European to die on Australian soil was a Scot; Forbey Sutherland from Orkney, an able seaman died on 30 April 1770 of consumption and was the first to be buried on the colony by Captain Cook, who named Sutherland Point at Botany Bay in his honour.

Colonial period

The first Scottish settlers arrived in Australia with the First Fleet in 1788,[5] including three of the first six Governors of New South Wales John Hunter, Lachlan Macquarie (often referred to as the father of Australia)[4][5] and Thomas Brisbane. The majority of Scots arriving in the early colonial period were convicts: 8,207 Scottish convicts, of the total 150,000 transported to Australia, made up about 5% of the convict population. The Scottish courts were unwilling to punish crimes deemed to be lesser offences in Scots Law by deportation to Australia. Scottish law was considered more humane for lesser offences than the English and Irish legal systems.[4] Although Scottish convicts had a poor reputation, most were convicted of minor property offences and represented a broad cross-section of Scotland's working classes. As such, they brought a range of useful skills to the colonies.[6]

From 1793 to 1795, a group of political prisoners later called the 'Scottish Martyrs', were transported to the colonies. They were not all Scots, but had been tried in Scotland. Their plight as victims of oppression was widely reported and the subsequent escape of one of them, Thomas Muir, in 1796 caused a sensation and inspired the poetry of Robert Burns.[4] The majority of immigrants, 'free settlers', in the late 18th century were Lowlanders from prominent wealthy families. Engineers like Andrew McDougall and John Bowman arrived with experience in building corn mills, while others were drawn to Australia by the prospects of trade. William Douglas Campbell, Robert Campbell, Charles Hook, Alexander Berry Laird of the Shoalhaven, were some of the first merchants drawn to the colonies.

At this time, several Scottish regiments were recorded in the colonies: Macquarie's unit or the 73rd Regiment, the Royal North British Fusiliers, and the King's Own Scottish Borderers. Three of the Deputy Commissaries-General (the highest rank in the colony) from 1813 to 1835 were Scots: David Allan, William Lithgow, Stewart.

By 1830, 15.11% of the colonies' total population were Scots, which increased by the middle of the century to 25,000, or 20-25% of the total population. The Australian Gold Rush of the 1850s provided a further impetus for Scottish migration: in the 1850s 90,000 Scots immigrated, far higher than other British or Irish populations at the time.[5] Literacy rates of the Scottish immigrants ran at 90-95%. By the 1830s a growing number of Scots from the poorer working classes joined the diaspora. Immigrants included skilled builders, tradesmen, engineers, tool-makers and printers. They settled in commercial and industrial cities, Sydney, Adelaide, Hobart and Melbourne. The migration of skilled workers increased, including bricklayers, carpenters, joiners, and stonemasons. They settled in the colonies of Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Tasmania.

In the 1840s, Scots-born immigrants constituted 12 percent of the Australian population. Out of the 1.3 million migrants from Britain to Australia in the period from 1861 to 1914, 13.5 percent were Scots.[7] Much settlement followed the Highland Potato Famine, Highland Clearances and the Lowland Clearances of the mid-19th century. By 1860 Scots made up 50% of the ethnic composition of Western Victoria, Adelaide, Penola and Naracoorte. Other settlements in New south Wales included New England, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra.

Highland Pipers, Newcastle, New South Wales, 5 November 1898

Their preponderance in pastoral industries on the Australian frontier and in various colonial administrative roles, meant that some Scottish migrants were involved in the injustices against Indigenous Australians throughout the colonial period, including: the dispossession of the indigenous from their lands, the creation of discriminatory administration regimes, and in killings and massacres.[8]

Throughout the 19th century, Scots invested heavily in the industries of the Australian colonies. In the 1820s, the Australian Company of Edinburgh & Leith exported a variety of goods to Australia, but a lack of return cargo led to the company's termination in 1831. The Scottish Australian Investment Company was formed in Aberdeen in 1840, and soon became one of the chief businesses in the colonies, making substantial investments in the pastoral and mining industries. Smaller companies, such as George Russel's Clyde Company and Niel & Company, also had a significant presence in the colonies. Before the 1893 Australian financial crisis, Scotland was the main source of private British loans to Australia.[9]

20th century

Anzac Day parade in Melbourne, 25 April 2013

A steady rate of Scottish immigration continued into the 20th century, with substantial numbers of Scots continuing to arrive after 1945.[4] Between 1910 and 1914, around 9000 Scots arrived each year, and in 1921 the Scottish population of Australia was 109,000. Due to economic decline in Scotland after the First World War, there was an over-representation of Scots among British migrants to Australia during the interwar period, and by 1933 there were 132,000 Scottish migrants living in Australia.[10]

By the 1920s and 1930s, a majority of Scottish migrants in Australia were living in Victoria and New South Wales. The urban working-class background of many British migrants to Australia in the early 20th century meant that Scots were most likely to settle in industrial portside suburbs, especially in Melbourne and Sydney, where they made notable contributions to the shipbuilding industry.[11] In the late-19th and early-20th century, Scottish-born workers had a significant influence in the labour movement, and played key roles in trade unions and the Australian Labor Party,[12] as well as becoming leaders in the Communist Party of Australia.[13][14] In 1928, a significant delegation of Scottish Australians to Scotland was influential in the opening of a direct trade route between Australia and Glasgow, and by 1932 traders on the Clyde had reported a three-fold increase in imports from Australia and New Zealand.[15]

Today, a strong cultural Scottish presence is evident in the Highland games, dance, Tartan day celebrations, Clan and Gaelic-speaking societies found throughout modern Australia. In the early 2000s, the number of Australians claiming to have Scottish ancestry increased almost three-fold; the majority of those who claim Scottish ancestry are third or later generation Australians.[16]

Demographics

Scottish ancestry in Australia 1986–2021 (Census)
Year Ethnic group Population Percent of pop. Ref
1947 Anglo-Celtic 89.8% [17]
1986 Scottish 740,522 4.7% [18]
2001 Scottish 540,046 2.9% [18]
2006 Scottish 1,501,200 7.6% [19][20]
2011 Scottish 1,792,622 8.3% [20][21]
2016 Scottish 2,023,470 8.7% [22]
2021 Scottish 2,176,777 8.6% [23]
People with Scottish ancestry as a percentage of the population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census

2011 Census

According to the 2011 Australian census 133,432 Australian residents were born in Scotland, which was 0.6% of the Australian population. This is the fourth most commonly nominated ancestry and represents over 8.3% of the total population of Australia.[20]

2006 Census

At the 2006 Census 130,205 Australian residents stated that they were born in Scotland.[24] Of these 80,604 had Australian citizenship.[25] The majority of residents, 83,503, had arrived in Australia in 1979 or earlier.[25]

Culture

The Western Australia Police Pipe Band at Bridge of Allan Highland Games in Scotland

Some aspects of Scottish culture can be found in Australia:

Highland gatherings

Highland gatherings are popular in Australia. Notable gatherings include:

Scottish schools

The Scots in Australia started a number of schools, some of which are state run, and some of which are private:

Scottish placenames

The Perth skyline viewed from Elizabeth Quay
The Balconies (formerly known as the 'Jaws of Death') - Grampians National Park, Victoria, Australia

In Australia, Scottish names make up 17 per cent of all non-Indigenous placenames. Many are of Lowland origins, but Highland names are also common in areas of concentrated Highland settlement. There are also many other landscape features, properties, and streets in Australia with Scottish origins.[32]

Notable Scottish placenames in Australia include:

Places named after Lachlan Macquarie

Many places in Australia have been named in Macquarie's honour (some of these were named by Macquarie himself). They include:

At the time of his governorship or shortly thereafter:

Many years after his governorship:

Notable Australians of Scottish descent

NameBorn - DiedNotable forConnection with AustraliaConnection with Scotland
John Mackay1839–1914Explorer, blackbirder, harbourmasterCame to Australia in 1854Born Inverness, Scotland
Jimmy Chi1948–2017Australian composer, musician and playwrightBorn in AustraliaAncestor were Scottish.
Isla Fisher1976–Hollywood actressEmigrated to Australia from Scotland in 1982 with her family and was raised in Perth, Western AustraliaBorn to Scottish parents in Muscat, Oman and spent her early childhood years in Bathgate, Scotland.
Jordan Smith1989–ActorArrived in 2003Born and raised in Fife, Scotland. He emigrated to Australia from Scotland at age 14 with his family, where he later became an actor, best known for playing Andrew Robinson in the Australian soap opera Neighbours.
Captain James Cook1728–1779Cartographer, navigator and Captain of the Endeavour who made first landfall at Botany Bay and named New South Wales.Arrived on the Endeavour in 1770Son of a Scottish ploughman
Air Chief Marshal Allan Grant "Angus" Houston, AC, AFC1947–Retired senior officer of the Royal Australian Air Force. He served as Chief of Air Force (CAF) from 20 June 2001 and then as the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) from 4 July 2005. He retired from the military on 3 July 2011. Since then Houston has been appointed to a number of positions, including chairman of Airservices Australia. In March 2014 he was appointed to head the Joint Agency Coordination Centre (JACC) during the search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. Houston was born on 9 June 1947 in Ayrshire, Scotland and educated at Strathallan School in Forgandenny, Perthshire, Scotland. He emigrated to Australia in 1968 at age 21.
James Boag I1804–1890Founder of Boag's Brewery in TasmaniaEmigrated 1853, settled in Tasmania after some time on the Victorian Gold Fields. Founder and proprietor of J. Boag & Sons, owner of the Boag's Brewery in Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.Born Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland.
Robert McCracken1813–1885Brewer and founder of the Essendon Football Club in 1873Emigrated from Ardwell Farm near Girvan in Ayrshire, Scotland in 1840. The Essendon Club was formed at a meeting at his family home "Ailsa" at Ascot Vale.Born Ayrshire, Scotland.
Keith Ross Miller1919–2004Legendary Australian Test cricketer and St Kilda and Victoria, Australian Rules FootballerMember of Bradmans 1948 Australian cricket 'Invincibles' touring team to EnglandHis paternal and maternal grandparents were Scottish.
Dave Bryden1928–2013Australian Rules FootballerMember of the 1954 Footscray now Western Bulldogs premiership teamHis father was Scottish.
Roy Cazaly1893–1963Australian Rules FootballerRoy Cazaly was a champion ruckman who played for St Kilda (1909–1920) and then South Melbourne (1921–1926). His teammate's constant cry of 'Up there Cazaly' entered the Australian idiom and became part of folk-lore'.His mother was Elizabeth Jemima, née McNee from Scotland.
Thomas Brisbane1773–1860Sixth governor of New South WalesAppointed governor in 1821Born near Largs in Ayrshire; educated at University of Edinburgh
John Hunter1737–1821Second governor of New South WalesArrived with the First Fleet in 1788born in Leith
Rt Hon. Andrew Fisher1862–1928Prime Minister three times, the most successful of Australia's early politicians and started the Commonwealth Bank.Arrived in Queensland 1885Born at Crosshouse, Ayrshire, Scotland.
Right Honourable John Malcolm Fraser1930–2015Prime Minister.Born AustraliaFather was Scottish
Forby Sutherlandc.1741–1770First British born national to be buried in Australia by Captain Cook on his voyage on the Endeavour.arrived on the Endeavour in 1770Born Orkney Islands Scotland
James Busby1801–1871Grew up in Australia and was key to the peace treaty and negotiations between the British and the united tribes of the Maori in New Zealand.Arrived in 1824Born Edinburgh
James Grant1772–1833British Royal Navy officer who was the first to sail through Bass Strait from west to east, charting the then unknown coastline and the first European to land on Phillip Island where the south west point is named after him, and Churchill Island.Arrived in Australia 1800Born Morayshire Scotland
William Balmain1762–1803Naval surgeon who sailed as an assistant surgeon with the First Fleet to establish the first European settlement in Australia, and later became its principal surgeon.Arrived Port Jackson in January 1788From Rhynd Perthshire Scotland
Peter Miller Cunningham1789–1864Scottish naval surgeon and pioneer in Australia.Arrived in 1819From Dumfriesshire Scotland
Robert Campbell1982–Australian Rules footballer.Born in AustraliaAncestors were Scottish.
Elle Macpherson1964–Australian supermodel, actress and business woman.Born in AustraliaAncestors from Scotland.
Sir Francis Forbes1784–1841First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales.Arrived 1820Parents were Scottish
John Murray1827–1876Lieutenant in the Native Police force.Arrived in Australia 1843Born Langholm, Scotland
William Lithgow1784–1864Auditor General of the colony of Sydney in Australia. The city of Lithgow in New South Wales was named in honour.Arrived in Sydney 1824Born Scotland
Colonel William Paterson1755–1810Scottish soldier, explorer, and botanist best known for leading early settlement in Tasmania.Arrived to Australia 1789Born Montrose Scotland
Charles Frazer1788–1831Colonial botanist of New South Wales who collected and catalogued numerous Australian plant species, and participated in a number of exploring expeditions.Arrived in 1815From Blair Atholl Perthshire Scotland
Andrew McDougall1983–Australian Rules footballer.Born AustraliaAncestors were Scottish
Rod Wishart1968–Australian former rugby league footballer who played for Illawarra Steelers, St. George Illawarra Dragons, New South Wales and Australia.Born AustraliaAncestors were Scottish
James Alpin McPherson1842–1895Explorer and bush ranger, best known as the 'Wild Scotchman'.Arrived in 1855Born Inverness-shire Scotland
Paul McGregor1967–Australian rugby league footballer, he played for the Illawarra Steelers and, St George Illawarra Dragons and has represented New South Wales in the State of Origin and the Australian national rugby league team.Born AustraliaAncestors were Scottish
George Reid1845–1918Prime Minister of AustraliaArrived Victoria 1852Born Renfrewshire
Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell1792–1855Surveyor-General and explorer.Arrived 1811From Stirlingshire Scotland
Andrew Petrie1798–1872Engineer who made important contributions as a private builder and was the first white Australian to climb Mount Beerwah.Arrived 1831Born Fife Scotland
Alexander McLeay1767–1848Appointed Colonial Secretary for New South Wales and was the foundation president of the Australian Club.Arrived with family in 1826Born Ross-shire Scotland
Margie Abbott1958–Spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia and wife of Tony Abbott.Born in New Zealand and emigrated to AustraliaScottish ancestry from both her parents
Campbell Drummond Riddell1796–1858Public servant who served as Colonial Treasurer.Arrived Sydney 1830Born Argyllshire, Scotland
John Murray1775–1807Scottish naval officer, seaman and explorer, who also made a marked contribution to medicine.Arrived 1800Born Edinburgh
Sir Charles Menzies1783–1866Officer of marines who became the first commandant at Newcastle secondary Penal establishment.Arrived 1810Born at Bal Freike, Perthshire, Scotland
Patrick Logan1791–1830Arrived Sydney 1825From Berwickshire Scotland
John Stephen1771–1833First Puisne Judge of New South Wales who also became the first Solicitor-General.Arrived 1824Born Aberdeen Scotland
Robert Brown1773–1858Botanist who made extensive collections during Flinders' coastal surveys. Held in high regard by his contemporaries, he received numerous academic honours and made several major discoveries in his subject, including molecular agitation now called 'Brownian movement'.Arrived 1800From Aberdeen Scotland
Francis Melville1822–1857Francis McCallum, calling himself Captain Francis Melville and posing as a gentleman, he reached Victoria about October 1851. He became a bushranger and claimed leadership of the Mount Macedon gang.Arrived in the 1830sBorn Inverness-shire
James Macpherson Grant1822–1885Politician and prosperous Melbourne solicitor, who became vice-president of the land and works board and commissioner of railways and roads in 1864.Arrived 1850Born Scotland
John Flynn (minister)1880–1951Presbyterian minister and aviator who founded the Royal Flying Doctor Service, the world's first air ambulance. Appears on the Australian $20 dollar noteBorn Melbourne, Victoria.Minister of the Church of Scotland
Catherine Helen Spence1825–1910Author, teacher, journalist, politician (Australia's first female political candidate) and leading suffragette. Appears on the Australian $5 dollar noteEmigrated to South Australia in 1839Born Melrose Scotland
John Dunmore Lang1799–1878Presbyterian clergyman, writer, politician and activistArrived Australia 1823 and lived there since that timeBorn Scotland
Mary Gilmore1865–1962Prominent Australian socialist, poet and journalist. Appears on the Australian $10 dollar noteBorn New South WalesFamily were from Scotland
Andrew Barton Paterson1864–1941Composer of Australia's most widely known country folk song, Waltzing Matilda features on the Australian $10 dollar noteBorn Orange, New South WalesFather was Andrew Bogle Paterson, a Scottish immigrant from Lanarkshire.
Lachlan Macquarie1762–1824Fifth governor of New South WalesAppointed governor in 1809 (often referred to as the Father of Australia)Born on the island of Ulva off the coast of the Isle of Mull; buried on the Isle of Mull
Thomas Mitchell1792–1855Surveyor and explorerArrived Australia 1827Born Scotland
Nellie Melba1861–1931Legendary Australian opera soprano and one of the most famous sopranos, and the first Australian to achieve international recognition in the form. Appears on the Australian $100 dollar noteBorn in Melbourne VictoriaFather was a Scottish building contractor
John McDouall Stuart1815–1866Surveyor and the most accomplished and most famous of all Australia's inland explorersBorn Dysart, Fife Scotland
David Lennox1788–1873Australian bridge builder, responsible for the construction of historic Lansdowne Bridge over Prospect Creek, Lennox Bridge over the Parramatta River and Lennox Bridge over Brookside Creek at Lapstone as well as a further fifty-three bridges in Victoria.Arrived 1832 in New South WalesBorn Ayr Scotland
Peter Dodds McCormick1834?–1916Composer of the Australian national anthem Advance Australia FairArrived Australia 1855Born Port Glasgow
Bill Dundee1943–Professional wrestlerArrived Australia 1959Born Dundee
Bon Scott1946–1980AC/DC vocalistArrived Australia 1952Born Forfar and lived in Kirriemuir until the age of 6
Angus Young1955–AC/DC guitaristArrived Australia 1963Born Glasgow
Malcolm Young1953–2017AC/DC guitaristArrived Australia 1963Born Glasgow
George Young (rock musician)1946–2017Easybeats guitaristArrived Australia 1963Born Glasgow
Colin Hay1953–Men at Work vocalistArrived Australia 1967Born North Ayrshire
Fely Irvine1989–Member of Hi-5 from 2009–11 and successor to Kathleen de Leon Jones and Sun ParkBorn in Aberdeen, ScotlandOf half-Filipino and half-Scottish ancestry
Sean Wight1964–2011Australian rules footballerArrived Australia mid-1980sBorn in Scotland
Roseanna Cunningham1951–Scottish National Party politician serving as a Member of the Scottish ParliamentRaised in Perth, AustraliaBorn in Glasgow
Mary MacKillop1842–1909Roman Catholic nun only Australian to be beatifiedBorn Fitzroy, VictoriaDaughter of Scottish immigrants
Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark1972–Crown Princess of DenmarkBorn Hobart, TasmaniaFather is Scottish-born John Dalgleish Donaldson. Née Mary Donaldson.
Robert Menzies1894–1978Prime Minister of AustraliaBorn Jeparit, VictoriaScottish grandparents.
Ralph Abercrombie1881–1957Public servant who became auditor-general for the Commonwealth.Born Mount Duneed VictoriaFather was Scottish
Doug Cameron1951–Australian Labor Party politician who served as Senator for New South Wales 2008-2019Arrived in 1973Born Bellshill, Scotland
Kaiya Jones1996–ActressArrived in 2004Born Glasgow, Scotland
Jamie Young1985–FootballerBorn in BrisbaneOf Scottish descent[34]
Jackson Irvine1993–FootballerBorn in Melbourne. Began career with Scottish-Australian club Frankston Pines and plays for the Australian national football teamFather is Scottish. Played for Celtic F.C. in the Scottish Premiership
Miranda Kerr1983–ModelBorn in Sydney. Victoria's Secret Angel from 2007 to 2012.Kerr stated that her ancestry is mostly English, with smaller amounts of Scottish and French.
Calum Hood1996–BassistBorn in Sydney. Bassist and backing singer in Australian band 5 Seconds Of Summer.Hood has stated that his dad is of Scottish descent.
Catriona Gray1994–Model, beauty pageant titleholder represented the Philippines including Miss Universe 2018Born in CairnsFather is of Scottish descent.
Steven M. Smith1951-BiologistWorked at CSIRO Canberra 1980-82, Migrated in 2005 as an Australian Research Council Federation Fellow. Australian citizen 2007. Employed at the University of Western Australia and subsequently at the University of Tasmania.Mother born in Paisley, wife born in Falkirk, daughter born in Edinburgh. Employed at the University of Edinburgh 1983-2004. Married in Glasgow 1997. Drummer in the City of Hobart Highland Pipe Band.

See also

References

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  14. Wilkie, Benjamin (2013). "Scottish workers and radicals in early twentieth century Australia". Scottish Labour History. 48: 74–94.
  15. Wilkie, Benjamin (2014). "The tie that binds: popular imperialism and the Australian Scottish delegation of 1928". International Review of Scottish Studies. 39: 107–136. doi:10.21083/irss.v39i0.2711.
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Further reading

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