Scutula

Scutula is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.

Scutula
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Ramalinaceae
Genus: Scutula
Tul. (1852)
Type species
Scutula wallrothii
Tul. (1852)
Synonyms[1]

Taxonomy

The genus Scutula was circumscribed by French botanist Louis René Étienne Tulasne in 1862.[2] The limits of the generic circumscription as well as the limits of certain species in Scutula was confused for a long time.[3][4][5][6] In 1997, Triebel and colleagues applied the name Scutula specifically to a group of species growing on hosts of the Lecanorales suborder Peltigerineae, a monophyletic grouping of cyanobacteria-associated lichens.[7] Before this, Scutula was applied to a diverse set of unrelated lichenicolous fungi featuring hyaline spores with a single septum and sessile apothecia.[8]

Once classified in the family Micareaceae, molecular phylogenetic analysis showed Scutula to be nested within the Ramalinaceae, closely related to the genus Toninia.[9] This familial placement has been accepted in recent large-scale updates of fungal classifications.[10][11][12]

Description

Scutula species are characterized by apothecia that are either lecideine (where exciple forms the underside and outer layer of the apothecium, extending up to the rim, where it forms a darkened "proper margin") or biatorine (having a pale, not darkened proper margin and always lacking a thalline margin). The paraphyses are non-capitate (i.e., lacking a knob-like structure at the tip). Asci have a fuzzy amyloid (in Lugol's iodine solution after pre-treatment with KOH) axial tube structure of the ‘Scutula’-type. The ascospores are smooth, hyaline, and contain a single septum. Anamorphs associated with Scutula include Libertiella in the mesoconidia and Karsteniomyces in the macroconidia.[8]

Species
  • Scutula aggregata Bagl. & Carestia (1889)
  • Scutula circumspecta (Nyl. ex Vain.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)
  • Scutula curvispora (D.Hawksw. & Miadl.) Diederich (2018)
  • Scutula dedicata Triebel, Wedin & Rambold (1997)[7]
  • Scutula didymospora (D.Hawksw. & Miadl.) Diederich (2018)
  • Scutula effusa (Auersw. ex Rabenh.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)
  • Scutula epiblastematica (Wallr.) Rehm (1890)
  • Scutula heeri (Hepp ex A.Massal.) P. Karst. (1885)
  • Scutula krempelhuberi Körb. (1865)
  • Scutula miliaris (Wallr.) P.Karst. (1853)
  • Scutula nephromatis (Speg.) Etayo (2008)
  • Scutula pseudocyphellariae Etayo & Triebel (2010)[13]
  • Scutula solorinaria (Nyl.) P.Karst. (1885)
  • Scutula stereocaulorum (Anzi) Körb. (1865)
  • Scutula tuberculosa (Th.Fr.) Rehm (1906)
  • Scutula wallrothii Tul. (1852)

References
  1. "Synonymy: Scutula Tul". Species Fungorum. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  2. Tulasne, L.-R. (1852). "Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire organographique et physiologique des Lichens". Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique. Série 3 (in French). 17: 118.
  3. Santesson, R. (1960). "Lichenicolous fungi from northern Spain". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 54 (4): 499–522.
  4. Hawksworth, D.L. (1986). "Notes on British lichenicolous fungi: V". Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh. 43 (3): 497–519.
  5. Hawksworth, D.L. (2000). "Notes on some fungi occurring on Peltigera, with a key to accepted species". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 74 (2): 363–386. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(80)80167-7.
  6. Hawksworth; D.L. (2003). "The lichenicolous fungi of Great Britain and Ireland: an overview and annotated checklist". The Lichenologist. 35 (3): 191–232. doi:10.1016/S0024-2829(03)00027-6.
  7. Triebel, D.; Wedin, M.; Rambold, G. (1997). "The genus Scutula (lichenicolous ascomycetes, Lecanorales): species on the Peltigera canina and P. horizontalis groups". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 32 (1): 323–337.
  8. Wedin, Mats; Ihlen, Per G.; Triebel, Dagmar (2007). "Scutula tuberculosa, the correct name of the Scutula growing on Solorina spp., with a key to Scutula s. str. in the Northern Hemisphere". The Lichenologist. 39 (4): 329–333. doi:10.1017/S0024282907006949.
  9. Andersen, Heidi L.; Ekman, Stefan (2005). "Disintegration of the Micareaceae (lichenized Ascomycota)—a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial rDNA sequences". Mycological Research. 109 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1017/S0953756204001625. PMID 15736860.
  10. Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. S2CID 90258634.
  11. Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Liu, Jian Kui; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Ekanayaka, Anusha H.; Tian, Qing; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa (2018). "Outline of Ascomycota: 2017". Fungal Diversity. 88 (1): 167–263. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8. S2CID 7485476.
  12. Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; LKT, Al-Ani; S, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; Tsurykau, Andrei; Mesic, Armin; Navathe, Sudhir; Papp, Viktor; Oliveira Fiuza, Patrícia; Vázquez, Víctor; Gautam, Ajay; Becerra, Alejandra G.; Ekanayaka, Anusha; K. C., Rajeshkumar; Bezerra, Jadson; Matočec, Neven; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa; Suetrong, Satinee (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
  13. Etayo, J.; Triebel, D. (2010). "New and interesting lichenicolous fungi at the Botanische Staatssammlung München". The Lichenologist. 42 (3): 231–240. doi:10.1017/S0024282909990417.
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