Seattle Center Monorail

An LCD monitor used by monorail drivers

The straddle-beam monorail is entirely elevated and uses a series of 68 hollow support columns up to 30 feet (9.1 m) above street level.[33] The two parallel tracks are carried on prestressed concrete beams that are approximately 70 ft (21 m) long, 5 ft (1.5 m) tall, and 3 ft (0.91 m) wide.[34][35] Several sections use split or one-armed columns that carry one track because of a lack of space on curves;[36] the guideway passes over one building at the intersection of Denny Way and 5th Avenue as part of a long curve in the tracks.[37] The system's maintenance and operations base is underneath the platforms at the Seattle Center terminal.[6]

The system has two aluminum trains, named the "Blue Train" (originally Spirit of Seattle) and "Red Train" (originally Spirit of Century 21) for their original paint schemes,[38] which are each assigned to a single track and travel bidirectionally.[35][39] They were constructed in 1962 by Alwac International in West Germany and have remained in operation on the line since then, undergoing a major renovation in 2009 and 2010.[35][40] Each train is 122 ft (37 m) long, 10 ft 3 in (3.12 m) wide, and 14 ft (4.3 m) tall, with articulating joints between sections.[41] They each have 124 seats and a capacity of 450 passengers with standing room, with an estimated maximum throughput of 10,800 passengers per hour.[42][43] The trains have built-in emergency ramps to transfer passengers between trains if stopped between stations.[44]

Each train rides on a set of 64 pneumatic rubber tires arranged into eight bogies: 16 are load-bearing tires arranged in pairs on top of the beam and have a diameter of 39.5 in (100 cm); the remaining 48 tires are used to guide the train on the side of the beam and have a diameter of 26 in (66 cm).[35][43] The system was designed for automated driving, but operators control the trains using a joystick and LCD monitors that display technical information.[7] The trains typically coast without power for the latter half of their journey and switch to dynamic brakes when approaching a station.[33][45] The system uses a third rail for electrification, with 700 volts DC that feed eight electric motors.[43] Originally, the trains could reach speeds of up to 60 to 70 miles per hour (97 to 113 km/h), but this has since been reduced to 45 mph (72 km/h) for normal operations.[42][46] During severe winter weather, the trains deposit de-icing chemicals and salt on the tracks to allow for normal speeds.[47]

South terminus of the monorail in 1963

Several small-scale proposals for monorail systems in the Seattle area were published in the early 20th century, but they were never realized. William H. Boyes, a New York City inventor, was photographed with a replica of his monorail in 1910, with plans to build a line from Seattle to Tacoma. A year later, another Boyes proposal earned an operating franchise from the city government of Edmonds, Washington, but never proceeded beyond the early stages of construction.[48][49] Another plan from the Universal Elevated Railway Company in 1918 envisioned an elevated monorail system that would run along Westlake Avenue in Seattle (near the modern-day monorail terminal), replacing the private streetcar network.[50][51] After the streetcars were acquired by the city government in 1919, its lobbying for a monorail system ceased.[52][53] Other plans for monorail systems were submitted to the Seattle city government in 1930 and 1955, the latter as part of the Everett–Seattle–Tacoma Tollway (modern Interstate 5).[54]

The Seattle city government, supported by civic boosters and the state legislature, began planning for its second World's Fair in 1955 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the 1909 Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition.[55] A monorail was suggested in 1957 to connect the proposed fairgrounds in Lower Queen Anne to auxiliary parking lots in Interbay and attractions on Elliott Bay.[56][57] The Seattle Transit Commission ordered a study into a monorail between Downtown Seattle and the proposed fairgrounds in April 1958, after hearing proposals from private operators who also offered New Orleans and Houston their own systems.[58][59] Among the proposals was a "carveyor" from the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company with small pods connecting downtown to the fairgrounds and a 5-mile (8.0 km) loop between Interbay, the fairgrounds, and downtown.[60][61] The monorail proposal was later scaled back to a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) route on 5th Avenue connecting downtown hotels to the fairgrounds that would cost $5.39 million to construct (equivalent to $39.4 million in 2021 dollars).[62][63][64]

The Seattle Transit System opened up bids for monorail design and construction in December 1958, receiving proposals from the Lockheed Corporation, St. Louis Car Company, General Monorail of San Francisco, and the German firm Alwac International, which had begun installing the Disneyland Monorail in California.[65][66] The Northrop Corporation presented its own proposal in February, using an unconventional gyroscope and generator that would not require a third rail or overhead catenary.[67] In April 1959, the Seattle Transit Commission chose Lockheed to build the $5 million monorail system, which would travel along 5th Avenue from Pine Street to the fairgrounds and open in 1961.[68] Lockheed's design featured a straddle-beam monorail with three streamlined trains that resembled jetliners.[68][69]

The monorail was seen as a centerpiece to the planned Century 21 Exposition and as a catalyst for future development of a citywide rapid transit system, but would use no local transit funding.[70][71] The operating costs were expected to be paid through fare recovery, while other options were considered for capital funding, including Lockheed buying back the system after the world's fair.[72][73] Lockheed entered into final negotiations with the city and exposition organizers in late 1959, but the transit commission lost interest in running the system after the world's fair was shortened to six months instead of the original eighteen.[74] The system's uncertain financing, not including engineering costs incurred by Lockheed, remained a major concern for the city government as negotiations continued into January 1960.[75]

Alwac International, which had previously estimated it would cost $3.5 million ($24.9 million in 2021 dollars)[62] to install their Alweg monorail system, submitted a proposal in February 1960 to finance and build the project themselves at no cost to the city or exposition organizers.[76] The firm would collect monorail fares and revenue from terminal concessions, and a surcharge on fair tickets, and transfer the system to the city government if the full $3.5 million cost was repaid; in the event that the system did not recoup the investment, it would have been dismantled and removed.[77][78] Lockheed responded by presenting a modified bid to the transit commission in March with a $1 million buyback option, but they were dropped in favor of a new round of bidding by Alwac and the French engineering firm SAFEGE.[79][80]

The Century 21 Steering Committee, serving as the exposition's main organizers, took over negotiations from the transit commission and signed a preliminary construction contract with Alwac on May 20, 1960.[81][82] The monorail would run along 5th Avenue from the fairgrounds to the intersection of Pine Street and Westlake Avenue, which would be converted into a permanent pedestrian mall.[83][84] Alwac representatives signed the design contract on December 22, 1960, with a revised cost of $4.2 million ($29.9 million in 2021 dollars)[62] to accommodate larger trains and stations.[85][86] The final construction and operations contract was signed on May 13, 1961.[87] Century 21 announced plans in April 1961 to build a small-scale people mover around the fairgrounds that would use a suspended monorail, but they were dropped five months later after the bidding firms were unable to obtain financing.[88][89]

Column construction for the monorail at 5th Avenue and Virginia Street, June 1961

In March 1961, the city's Board of Public Works approved the construction and street use permits for the monorail project, which Century 21, Alwac, and local contractor Howard S. Wright Construction Company would undertake.[90] Wright was also named a financing partner for the monorail, contributing $375,000 ($2.64 million in 2021 dollars),[62] and went on to build the Space Needle and Seattle Center Coliseum.[91][92] The construction permit included a requirement to remove the monorail within six months of the exposition's end, but Alwac had announced their intention to sell the Alweg system to the city government if they desired.[90][93] Alweg representatives unveiled the finalized design plans for the monorail later that month, while the two railcars were under construction at the Linke-Hofmann-Busch factory in West Germany.[94] Century 21 broke ground on the monorail in a ceremony at the Westlake Mall on April 6, 1961, which was declared "Monorail Day" and featured the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, a speech from Senator Warren G. Magnuson, and free monorail tickets for the 500 people in attendance.[95][96][97]

The wooden forms for the first of 80 monorail columns were laid in early May, and concrete pouring for the first column began on May 23 between Virginia and Lenora streets.[98][99] A crane lifted the Virginia–Lenora columns, each weighing 54 short tons (49,000 kg), onto a prepared concrete footing on June 15.[100][101] Concrete pouring at the Westlake Mall terminal began in late June, with plans to build the station platforms 25 feet (7.6 m) over Pine Street.[102] The monorail's 60-short-ton (54,000 kg) precast concrete beams were assembled in Tacoma and trucked up to Seattle, with special permission from the Washington State Highway Commission,[103] and the first was installed on September 21 between Virginia and Stewart streets before advancing northwards.[104][105] Column construction and girder installation took approximately eight months, with at least three lanes of traffic on 5th Avenue remaining open during most periods.[33]

The steel girders at the Westlake Mall terminal were installed in October, followed by work on the Seattle Center terminal.[106] By December 1961, most of the work on the tracks and 54 percent of work on the stations was complete,[107] using 14,700 short tons (13,300,000 kg) of concrete and 970 short tons (880,000 kg) of steel.[108][109] The last of the 138 guideway beams was hoisted and installed on January 9, 1962, near Denny Way to complete 5,200 feet (1,600 m) of track.[110][111] In February 1962, the Seattle Transit Commission approved a contract with Century 21 to allow its employees to operate the monorail trains.[112] Monorail personnel, including drivers and ticket booth attendants, wore blue-and-white poplin uniforms designed for the exposition.[113][114]

The first monorail train, later named the "Blue Train", was shipped in four sections from Bremen, West Germany, to Newark, New Jersey, and transported by train to Seattle.[115][116] It arrived on February 19, 1962, and was lifted onto the trackway later that day.[117] The monorail completed its first test run on March 3 and continued with several tests at reduced speeds.[118][119] Jim West, a former cable car operator on the Yesler Way line who later drove the city's streetcars, trolleybuses and motor buses, drove the first test run.[120] Several test runs were made into special occasions, including a trip that was televised live by KING-TV and a preview ride for 175 dignitaries after a ribbon cutting at the Westlake terminal on March 12.[121][122] The second train, later named the "Red Train", arrived on March 27 and was installed on its track at the Seattle Center terminal.[123] It made its first test run on April 10 and entered passenger service to replace the Blue Train temporarily before the beginning of the fair.[124][125]

The Westlake Mall terminal, seen from a nearby building in 1962

The monorail and Space Needle opened for a public preview on March 24, 1962, a month before the formal start of the Century 21 Exposition.[126] The inaugural monorail trip from the Westlake terminal carried 130 passengers who received commemorative medals, including the first riders, who had lined up several hours early.[126][127] An estimated 9,600 people rode the Blue Train on the monorail's first day, as did 24,000 over the preview weekend; service on the first day was suspended an hour earlier than scheduled because of a mechanical issue.[128][129] Government officials and civic leaders officially christened the monorail on April 19. 179,000 passengers had boarded the trains during preview rides.[27][130]

The Century 21 Exposition formally opened on April 21. Monorail fares during the fair were set at 50 cents one-way and 75 cents round-trip for adults and 35 cents one-way and 50 cents round-trip for children.[131] Trains operated from 8:45 a.m. to 12:15 a.m. during the fair, taking 96 seconds to complete each trip.[132] It carried 7.4 million passengers, about 90 percent of fair attendees, from April 21 to October 21.[8] Astronaut John Glenn rode the monorail on May 10, shortly after his return from orbit on Friendship 7; the red train was temporarily renamed "Friendship 21" in his honor and also carried Governor Albert D. Rosellini, Senator Warren G. Magnuson, and NASA rocket scientist Wernher von Braun.[133][134] After the fair, the monorail operated with a reduced schedule, from 11:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. It was limited to one train over the winter months but averaged 1,200 daily passengers.[135][136]

Fare box revenue generated from March 24 to September 17 fully covered the system's $4.2 million construction costs.[27][41] Alwac retained temporary ownership of the monorail system after the fair contracted to end on April 21, 1963.[137] The city government was tasked with deciding whether the monorail should be demolished or sold to a public or private operator.[138] Alwac was granted an extension of its existing street use permit to operate trains until October.[139][140] Alwac agreed to transfer the entire system, including the terminals and offices, to Century 21 Center, Inc., the operator of the fairgrounds, on June 3, 1963. The transfer came at no cost to Century 21 and allowed the monorail to remain in operation and included an extension of agreements with the city government and Seattle Transit System.[141][142]

Century 21 Center, Inc. ran into financial difficulties in late 1964, with $2 million in outstanding debt ($13.6 million in 2021 dollars),[62] and began negotiating a takeover of all fairground operations by the city government, which already owned the Seattle Center property.[143] As part of cost-saving measures, in October 1964 monorail ticket booths were eliminated and replaced with onboard attendants to take fares.[144] Century 21 Center offered to sell the monorail to the city government for $600,000 ($4.07 million in 2021 dollars)[62] as part of resolving its debts to the city and entering liquidation.[145] Lacking an operating franchise, the corporation's liquidation trustees declined to take the title of the monorail system in December, and elected not to pay $200,000 for demolition.[146] Negotiations continued for several months until the city government agreed in April to terminate its contracts with Century 21 and take over the fairground facilities. The monorail was transferred to the city government in May at a cost of $775,150 ($5.16 million in 2021 dollars),[62] of which $414,128 ($2.76 million in 2021 dollars)[62] was in the form of debt forgiveness.[147][148]

Seattle Center reopened for the summer season on June 1, 1965, with monorail fares lowered the following day to 25 cents for adults on a one-way trip to attract more patrons.[149] The monorail's operating hours were extended to midnight on weekdays and Saturdays, and ridership in the first week of June doubled compared to the prior year.[150] A group of property owners along the monorail route sued the city government in 1965 over the loss of views and other livability concerns stemming from the construction of the line.[151] The city settled the lawsuit in 1968 at a cost of $776,249 ($4.68 million in 2021 dollars)[62] for light and air easements on 82 parcels of property.[38][152]

By the end of the 1960s, the monorail was averaging 10,000 passengers on weekdays and 14,000 on weekends during the peak summer season.[153] The Seattle Transit System remained the contracted operator of the monorail until January 1, 1973, when the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (Metro Transit) absorbed it to form a countywide transit system. The Seattle city government retained ownership of the monorail and awarded an operating contract to Metro Transit using funding from the Seattle Center department.[27][154] Under Metro Transit, the monorail vehicles were renumbered 6201 and 6202 and given a new paint scheme in 1978, including the repainting of the red train to the green train.[155][156] The arrival of a traveling exhibition with artifacts from the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun at Seattle Center spurred the repainting.[156] The exhibition caused a surge in monorail ridership, which reached 2.8 million in 1978.[38]

The old monorail terminal over Pine Street, as seen from the east in 1982

The southern terminus at Westlake Mall was originally a large station that straddled Pine Street along a section of Westlake Avenue that had been converted into a public plaza. The terminal had a sloped moving walkway between street level and the three elevated platforms[113] covered by a "scalloped" roof.[157][158] The plaza at Westlake Mall was sought as the location of an expanded downtown park, leading to a major renovation of the monorail terminal that began in January 1968 and completed in April 1968.[159][160] Reduced monorail service continued while the terminal was shrunk with the removal of the outer platforms deemed unnecessary for post-fair demand and the replacement of the roof with a simpler design.[158][161][162] An emergency repair to the Westlake terminal was made in 1974 at a cost of $100,000 to replace metal shields that caught debris dropped by passengers on the platform.[163][164]

A larger renovation was completed in 1988 to accommodate the downtown park, later named Westlake Park, and the adjacent Westlake Center shopping mall and office complex.[165] The old terminal had been viewed as a "blight" on the area, which the city government sought for redevelopment as the center of Downtown Seattle's retail core beginning in the late 1960s.[165][166] The city considered several proposals for a shopping mall on the block on the north side of Pine Street in the 1970s, including hotels, movie theaters, a potential home for the Seattle Art Museum, and a new monorail terminal, but they were never realized.[165][167] After several years of litigation led by preservation activists, a new proposal from The Rouse Company and a local developer was approved for construction in late 1985.[168][169]

The new proposal included demolition of the monorail terminal to make way for a public park, while trains would terminate at a new station integrated into the shopping mall.[168][169] The relocation of the station was initially rejected in 1985 after engineers had discovered that the monorail tracks would require significant reconstruction to make the necessary turn into the station.[168] The city government proposed moving the columns onto the sidewalk on 5th Avenue instead and creating a gauntlet track, which would prevent the two trains from using the Westlake terminal at the same time. City councilmember George Benson suggested using a retractable ramp to access the outer track.[170] A temporary station would be used during mall construction to allow the monorail to continue operations.[171] The monorail relocation project was estimated to cost $19 million ($41.2 million in 2021 dollars)[62] with heavy reliance on a federal grant that was initially denied by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration.[172][173] The city considered several options, including running a single train, selling the system to Tacoma or demolishing the monorail entirely.[174][175] In March 1986, it chose to keep the system and spend $2.7 million ($5.75 million in 2021 dollars)[62] on the initial planning for the station overhaul and other renovations.[176]

The temporary downtown terminal at Stewart Street, pictured in 1987 after the southern section of guideway had been demolished

The federal government awarded a $5.6 million grant ($11.9 million in 2021 dollars)[62] for the relocation project in late July, two months after construction began on a temporary terminal at 5th Avenue and Stewart Street.[177][178] The old terminal at Westlake Mall closed permanently on September 1, 1986, and was demolished over the following two months.[179][180] The temporary terminal and its 140-foot (43 m) platform opened on September 17, 1986, allowing monorail service to resume after a two-week suspension.[181] It was built one block to the north at Stewart Street, next to the western track, and only served the blue train.[182] The city council finalized a $7 million spending package ($14.5 million in 2021 dollars)[62] in March 1987 to construct the permanent terminal, which would begin after work on Pine Street for the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel advanced beyond the excavation stage.[183][184]

The monorail project included improvements to the electrical systems and an expansion of the Seattle Center terminal, and work on the two trains.[185] An extensive interior refurbishment was cut after the monorail project trended $1.7 million above budget ($3.53 million in 2021 dollars),[62] and was later reduced to new paneling and floorboards.[186][187] The Westlake Center shopping mall was opened to the public on October 20, 1988, with the new monorail terminal on the third floor used temporarily for one day before it closed for additional construction.[188] Several days before the scheduled opening, engineers discovered the west track was two inches (50 mm) too close to the platform and mall building, preventing its use.[189] The discovery was made when a retractable boarding ramp at the terminal scratched the blue train during a test run; a hinge pin that failed to fold properly was identified as the cause for the misalignment.[190] The ramp was fixed in November, but other technical glitches and extended safety testing delayed the opening of the new terminal station for four months.[191][192] The new Westlake Center monorail terminal opened on February 25, 1989, alongside the return of the red train to service.[193]

In 1994, a private company replaced Metro Transit (later King County Metro) and Seattle Center as the monorail's operator, signing a ten-year contract with the city.[26] Metro had previously provided drivers and maintained the trains, while Seattle Center employed ticket-takers and janitorial staff.[194] Near the northern end of the line, the Experience Music Project building (now the Museum of Pop Culture) was constructed over the monorail tracks from 1998 to 2000.[195] The building was designed so that the tracks would pass through a valley at the center of the structure, with windows from the exhibit spaces facing the guideway.[196][197] The monorail tracks and vehicles were declared a historic landmark by the Seattle Landmarks Preservation Board in April 2003 amid plans to demolish or replace the line as part of a citywide monorail expansion.[198] In July, the city council passed the landmark ordinance to provide protections to the two Alweg trains, but excluded the guideway to support its reuse for the expansion project.[199]

The monorail began a long-term closure on March 16, 2020 due to decreased demand amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Seattle area.[200] It reopened on May 28 with limited service and suspension of cash ticket sales, but was closed again over the weekend because of protest activity in Downtown Seattle.[201][202]

The monorail was integrated into the regional fare system in October 2019 with the acceptance of mobile tickets and later the ORCA card.[21][22] As part of preparations for the opening of Climate Pledge Arena in 2021 at the renovated KeyArena for a National Hockey League team (later named the Seattle Kraken), Seattle Monorail Services announced a renovation of the monorail terminals in February 2020 to handle larger crowds. The Westlake Center terminal was to be expanded to accommodate 6,000 people per hour with new fare gates and ticket vending machines for ORCA cards and tickets. The NHL team would also fund free transit passes for attendees before and after games to reduce the number of car trips to the arena.[203] A proposed second phase of the expansion program would have included a covered walkway and second entrance at the Westlake Center terminal with access from the Pine Street plaza and the transit tunnel station, but it was later abandoned.[204][205] NHL Seattle, the Kraken's ownership group, also announced that it would purchase a 50 percent stake in Seattle Monorail Services.[206]

Construction on the remodeled stations began in April 2021 with the demolition of the station interiors,[205] which required a full suspension of monorail service for several weeks.[207] Another month-long closure began in September to finish construction of the expanded Westlake terminal ahead of the first arena events in late October.[208] The monorail reopened on October 11, 2021, with work completed on the renovated Westlake Center terminal, which is planned to handle up to 3,000 passengers per hour during events. The project was primarily funded by $6.6 million in private spending and a $5.5 million grant from the Federal Transit Administration. The Seattle Center terminal is planned to be renovated at a later date.[19]

On June 29, 2023, a set of 16 monorail columns on 5th Avenue between Olive Way and Vine Street were painted with portraits of Major League Baseball (MLB) players and local sports fans. The murals by artist Brady Black were commissioned by tourism agency Visit Seattle to celebrate the 2023 MLB All-Star Game, which Seattle is set to host in early July. Black and several volunteers painted the portraits onto mural cloth and transferred them to vinyl to be installed by crane on the columns.[209]

The Regional Transit Authority (later Sound Transit) was formed in 1993 to create a regional light rail plan that was ratified by voters in November 1996. Taxi driver Dick Falkenbury conceived a separate proposal in 1996 to build a citywide monorail system and submitted a ballot initiative after a signature-gathering campaign.[220] Falkenbury's proposal envisioned an "X"-shaped system with service from Downtown Seattle to Ballard, Lake City, the Rainier Valley, and West Seattle, which would cost $850 million to construct ($1.38 billion in 2021 dollars).[62][221][222] 53 percent of voters approved the monorail plan, named Initiative 41, in a general election on November 4, 1997, creating the Elevated Transportation Company (ETC) to seek financing.[223]

The city government appointed a board for the ETC (later renamed the Seattle Monorail Project) and funded early planning work, but did not agree to fund a $4 million feasibility study in 2000.[224] The original monorail initiative was repealed and replaced by a new plan approved by voters in November 2000, which included $6 million for a study.[225] The first corridor, the 14-mile (23 km) "Green Line" from West Seattle to Ballard, was estimated to cost $1.75 billion; a motor vehicle excise tax would fund it. The tax was adopted through a ballot measure that voters narrowly approved in the November 2002 election, creating the Seattle Popular Monorail Authority to manage the program.[226]

The monorail project initially attracted two bids led by Hitachi and Bombardier, but both pulled out in April 2004 over cost concerns and the availability of local contractors.[227] The project was stymied by tax revenue that was lower than expected and design changes to keep construction costs within the proposed budget and open by 2009—a two-year delay from the original plan.[228] A recall measure on the November 2004 ballot aimed to prevent monorail construction, but voters rejected it, allowing the expansion project to continue.[229] The monorail operator reached a tentative agreement with Cascadia Monorail to build the system in June 2005 but had not published the full financial analysis required by the city government before construction was permitted to begin.[230] A revised cost estimate of $11 billion, including debt payments until 2050, was unveiled later that month and withdrawn by the Seattle Monorail Project after public criticism from elected officials.[231]

The monorail project, including a $4.9 billion financing plan for a 10-mile (16 km) line, was abandoned after a fifth ballot initiative in November 2005, when 64 percent of voters rejected it.[232][233] The Seattle Monorail Project was formally dissolved in January 2008, having spent $124.7 million on planning and property acquisition.[234] The "Green Line" corridor from West Seattle to Ballard was later included as a light rail project in the Sound Transit 3 ballot measure, which was passed by voters in 2016.[235] The light rail line, scheduled to open in the 2030s, incorporated some elements from the monorail plan into its early project feasibility studies.[235][236]