Vice President of Peru

The Republic of Peru has two vice presidents, the First Vice President and the Second Vice President, who are elected along with the President in democratic elections.[1] Their only constitutional mission is to replace the President in case of death, permanent or temporary incapacity, resignation, being abroad without the permission of Congress, failure to return from abroad at fixed time, and/or dismissal or removal from office as allowed by the Constitution.Note 1[2] They cannot be appointed outside of general elections.

First Vice President and
Second Vice President of
the Republic of Peru
Primer Vicepresidente Constitucional de la República
Segundo Vicepresidente Constitucional de la República
Gran Sello de la República del Perú
Great Seal of the State
Incumbent
First Vice President:
Vacant (latest incumbent Dina Boluarte)
Second Vice President:
Vacant (latest incumbent Mercedes Aráoz)
since 7 December 2022 (First)
and 7 May 2020 (Second)
ResidenceGovernment Palace
AppointerOnly direct popular election
Term lengthFive years, renewable indefinitely
Inaugural holderDiego de Aliaga (1823)
Juan Antonio Pezet and Pedro Diez Canseco (1862)
Formation1823 (Vice President)
1862 (First Vice President and Second Vice President)
SuccessionFirst and Second

The First and Second Vice Presidents are first and second in the presidential line of succession.[3] The leader of Congress, the President of the Congress, follows the First Vice President and the Second Vice President in the line of succession.

In modern Peruvian history, two Vice Presidents have acceded to the presidency after the President could no longer serve, Martín Vizcarra and Dina Boluarte. The 32nd First Vice President Martín Vizcarra assumed the office of the presidency in 2018 after the graft scandal that led to the resignation of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.[4] The 33rd First Vice President Dina Boluarte assumed the office of the presidency in 2022 after President Pedro Castillo attempted to dissolve Congress and was impeached and removed from the presidency.

Historically, the position was one of a sole Vice President, which was in place in the years 1829–1831 and 1858–1862. The dual positions of First and Second Vice Presidents have been in place since 1862.

The office of the First Vice President is currently vacant, the most recent First Vice President having been Dina Boluarte. The office of the Second Vice President is also currently vacant, the most recent Second Vice President having been Mercedes Aráoz.

History

Vice President

The position of Vice President of Peru appeared for the first time in the Constitution of 1823:[5]

"ARTICLE 76: There will be a Vice President in whom the same qualities concur. He/she will administer and withhold Executive Power in event of the death, resignation, or impeachment of the President, or when the president is unable to control the armed forces." Constitution of 1823

The Constitution of 1828 and the Life Constitution of 1826 also proposed only one vice president, who had to be appointed by the president. In the Constitution of 1834, the office was disbanded until the Magna Carta of 1856, which reinstated the sole vice-presidency.

First Vice President and Second Vice President

The Constitution of 1860 established two vice-presidents, elected jointly with the President.

Article 89: "There will be two Vice Presidents of the Republic, named first and second, who will be elected at the same time, with the same qualities and for the same period as the President. Constitution of 1860

In the Constitution of 1867, the power of vice-presidents was eminently curtailed. However, this constitution held in place for a short period until a successful revolution of that same year restored the Constitution of 1860.

Similarly, the Constitution of 1920 abolished the positions of vice-presidents. The Constitution of 1933 failed to change this, but the office was eventually restored by the second presidency of Óscar R. Benavides, by law on 1 April 1936. In 1939, via plebiscitary consultation, a constitutional amendment was made restoring the office of vice president and second vice president.

The 1993 Constitution and the current constitution in force — put forth by President Alberto Fujimori — recognizes the double vice-presidency in the Executive Branch.

In recent history, there have been two instances where the First Vice President has acceded to the presidency after the President could no longer serve. The 32nd First Vice President Martín Vizcarra assumed the office of the presidency in 2018 after the graft scandal that led to the resignation of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. The 33rd First Vice President Dina Boluarte assumed the office of the presidency in 2022 after President Pedro Castillo attempted to dissolve Congress and was impeached and removed from the presidency. No Second Vice President has recently acceded to the presidency.

Current officeholders

The office of the First Vice President is currently vacant. The most recent First Vice President is Dina Boluarte, who held the office until 7 December 2022 after President Pedro Castillo's self-coup d'état attempt and removal from the presidency. The office of the Second Vice President is also currently vacant because Castillo's second running mate, Vladimir Cerrón, was disqualified by the National Jury of Elections to run as Second Vice President in the 2021 election due to Cerrón having served a prison sentence for corruption since 2019.[6][7]

The most recent Second Vice President is Mercedes Aráoz, who held the office until her resignation was accepted by Congress on 7 May 2020.[8] Earlier, on 30 September 2019, the Peruvian Congress had been in the midst of the 2019 Peruvian constitutional crisis and named Aráoz as Acting President after having declared President Martín Vizcarra unfit for office.[8][4][9] Given that Congress had itself been dissolved earlier that day by President Vizcarra and that Aráoz supported the Vizcarra's call for new congressional elections, she irrevocably resigned as Second Vice President on 1 October 2019, to leave Vizcarra as the sole claimant to the presidency. Aráoz's resignation was not accepted until 7 May 2020, by a newly elected Congress.[8][4][9][10][11][12]

List of vice presidents of Peru

Portrait Pos. Vice PresidentPolitical partyInauguratedLeft officePresidentNotes
-Diego de AliagaNovember 1823February 1824José Bernardo de Tagle[5]
-Manuel Salazar y BaquíjanoAugust 1827June 1829José de la Mar[5]
-Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente1 September 182916 April 1831Agustín Gamarra[5]
-Juan Manuel del Mar24 October 185816 June 1862Ramón Castilla[5]
FirstJuan Antonio PezetMilitary24 October 18625 August 1863Miguel de San Román[5]
SecondPedro Diez Canseco[5]
FirstMariano Herencia ZevallosMilitary2 August 186827 July 1872José Balta[5]
SecondFrancisco Diez Canseco[5]
FirstManuel Costas ArceCivilista Party2 August 18722 August 1876Manuel Pardo y Lavalle[5]
SecondFrancisco Garmendia Puértolas[5]
FirstLuis La Puerta2 August 187618 December 1879Mariano Ignacio Prado[5]
SecondJosé Francisco Canevaro[5]
FirstLizardo Montero Flores12 March 18816 November 1881Francisco García Calderón[5]
SecondAndrés Avelino Cáceres[5]
FirstRemigio Morales BermúdezConstitutional Party3 June 188610 August 1890Andrés Cáceres[5]
SecondAurelio Denegri[5]
FirstPedro Alejandrino del SolarConstitutional Party10 August 18901 April 1894Remigio Morales Bermúdez[5]
SecondJustiniano Borgoño[5]
FirstCésar CanevaroConstitutional Party10 August 189420 March 1895Andrés Cáceres[5]
SecondCesáreo Chacaltana Reyes[5]
FirstGuillermo BillinghurstDemocratic Party8 September 18958 September 1899Nicolás de Piérola[5]
SecondAugusto Seminario Váscones[5]
FirstIsaac AlzamoraAlianza Civil-Demócrata8 September 18998 September 1903Eduardo López de Romaña[5]
SecondFederico Bresani[5]
FirstLino Alarco BrediñanaCivilista Party--Manuel CandamoDied 13 June 1903 before taking office[5]
SecondSerapio Calderón8 September 19037 May 1904[5]
FirstJosé Salvador Cavero OvalleCivilista Party24 September 190424 September 1908José Pardo y Barreda[5]
SecondSerapio Calderón1907[5]
FirstEugenio Larrabure y UnanueCivilista Party24 September 190824 September 1912Augusto Leguía[5]
SecondBelisario SosaConstitutional Party[5]
FirstRoberto LeguíaCivilista Party24 September 19124 February 1914Guillermo Billinghurst[5]
SecondMiguel Echenique[5]
FirstRicardo Bentín SánchezAlianza Civil-Constitucional-Liberal18 August 19154 July 1919José Pardo y Barreda[5]
SecondMelitón Carvajal[5]
FirstCésar Canevaro12 October 191931 October 1922Augusto Leguía[5]
SecondAgustín de la Torre González12 October 1924[5]
FirstErnesto Montagne MarkholzPeruvian Army13 April 19368 December 1939Óscar R. Benavides[5]
SecondAntonio Rodríguez Ramírez[5]
FirstRafael Larco HerreraConservative8 December 193928 July 1945Manuel Prado Ugarteche[5]
SecondCarlos D. Gibson[5]
FirstJosé Gálvez BarrenecheaNational Democratic Front28 July 194529 October 1948José Bustamante y Rivero[5]
SecondEduardo Ganoza y Ganoza[5]
-Zenón Noriega AgüeroPeruvian Army29 October 19481 June 1950Manuel A. OdríaDe facto
FirstHéctor BozaOdriíst National Union28 July 195028 July 1956[5]
SecondFederico Bolognesi[5]
FirstLuis Gallo PorrasPeruvian Democratic Movement28 July 195618 July 1962Manuel Prado Ugarteche[5]
SecondCarlos Moreyra y Paz Soldán[5]
FirstNicolás Lindley LópezPeruvian Army18 July 19623 March 1963Ricardo Pérez GodoyDe facto
SecondPedro Vargas PradaDe facto
FirstEdgardo Seoane CorralesPopular Action28 July 19633 October 1968Fernando Belaúnde Terry[5]
SecondMario Polar UgartecheChristian Democracy[5]
-Luis Edgardo Mercado JarrínPeruvian Army3 October 196830 August 1975Juan Velasco AlvaradoDe facto
-Pedro Richter Prada30 August 197528 July 1980Francisco Morales BermúdezDe facto
FirstFernando Schwalb Popular Action28 July 198028 July 1985Fernando Belaúnde Terry[13][5]
SecondJavier Alva Orlandini[13][5]
FirstLuis Alberto SánchezPeruvian Aprista Party28 July 198528 July 1990Alan García Pérez[13][5]
SecondLuis Alva Castro[13][5]
FirstMáximo San RománChange 9028 July 19905 April 1992Alberto Fujimori[13][5]
SecondCarlos García y García[13][5]
FirstRicardo Márquez FloresChange 90-New Majority28 July 199528 July 2000[13]
SecondCésar Paredes Canto[13]
FirstFrancisco TudelaPeru 200028 July 200022 November 2000Resigned.[13]
SecondRicardo Márquez Flores
FirstRaúl Diez CansecoPopular Action28 July 200114 December 2004Alejandro Toledo ManriqueResigned[13]
SecondDavid WaismanPossible Peru28 July 2006[13]
FirstLuis Giampietri Peruvian Aprista Party28 July 200628 July 2011Alan García Pérez[13]
SecondLourdes Mendoza[13]
FirstMarisol Espinoza Peruvian Nationalist Party (until 2015)

Alliance for Progress (since 2015)

28 July 201128 July 2016Ollanta Humala[13]
SecondOmar Chehade Peruvian Nationalist Party16 January 2012Resigned [13]
FirstMartín VizcarraPeruvians for Change28 July 201623 March 2018Pedro Pablo KuczynskiSucceeded Kuczynski as President
SecondMercedes AráozIndependent politician-
FirstVacant23 March 201810 November 2020Martín VizcarraVacant upon Martín Vizcarra's accession to the presidency
SecondMercedes AráozIndependent politician-7 May 2020Submitted her resignation on 1 October 2019 amidst the 2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis, but her resignation was not officially accepted by Congress until 7 May 2020
FirstVacant10 November 202015 November 2020Manuel Merino
SecondVacant
FirstVacant17 November 202028 July 2021Francisco Sagasti
SecondVacant
FirstDina BoluarteFree Peru (until 2022)
Independent (since 2022)
28 July 20217 December 2022Pedro CastilloSucceeded Castillo as President
SecondVacantPresident Pedro Castillo's winning ticket in the 2021 election originally had Vladimir Cerrón as nominee for Second Vice President before Cerrón's removal from the ticket due to his conviction on corruption charges[14]
FirstVacant7 December 2022Dina BoluarteVacant since Dina Boluarte's accession to the presidency
SecondVacant

See also

Notes

Note 1.^ While the Constitution itself does not give the Vice Presidents any role beyond deputizing the President, according to the Organic Law of the Executive Branch, however, the Vice Presidents can participate in the sessions and debates of the Council of Ministers "with voice but without vote" and are also part of the Presidential Office's support staff.

References

  1. Artículo 111°, Constitución Política Del Perú. (Retrieved 6 October 2019.)
  2. Artículos 113°, 114°, y 115°, Constitución Política Del Perú. (Retrieved 6 October 2019.)
  3. Artículo 115°, Constitución Política Del Perú. (Retrieved 6 October 2019.)
  4. Disolución del Congreso en Perú: 4 claves para entender el enfrentamiento entre Vizcarra y el Parlamento (y lo que puede pasar ahora)", BBC Mundo, 2 October 2019. (Retrieved 6 October 2019.)
  5. Abog. Freddy Ronald Centurión González. "LA INSTITUCIÓN DE LA VICEPRESIDENCIA DE LA REPÚBLICA EN LA CONSTITUCIÓN PERUANA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  6. "Pedro Castillo: Habrá minería "donde la naturaleza y la población la permitan"". Energiminas (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  7. "JNE declara improcedente candidatura Vladimir Cerrón" (in Spanish). Radio Cumbre. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  8. "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: quién es Mercedes Aráoz, que renunció tras ser nombrada 'presidenta en funciones' por el Parlamento peruano para sustituir a Vizcarra", BBC Mundo, 2 October 2019. (Retrieved 6 October 2019.)
  9. Disolución del Congreso de Perú: las dudas sobre la legalidad de la decisión de Vizcarra de disolver la cámara y sobre la suspensión temporal del presidente", BBC Mundo, 2 October 2019. (Retrieved 6 October 2019.)
  10. Disolución del Congreso en Perú: renuncia Mercedes Aráoz, nombrada "presidenta en funciones" por el Parlamento en sustitución de Vizcarra", BBC Mundo, 2 October 2019. (Retrieved 6 October 2019.)
  11. Aráoz, Mercedes [@MecheAF] (2 October 2019). "He decidido renunciar irrevocablemente al cargo de Vicepresidenta Constitucional de la República. Las razones las explico en la carta adjunta. Espero que mi renuncia conduzca a la convocatoria de elecciones generales en el más breve plazo por el bien del país. t.co/c4tz4tnzMw" [I have decided to irrevocably resign from the post of Constitutional Vice President of the Republic. I explain the reasons in the attached letter. I hope that my resignation leads to the calling of general elections in the shortest possible time for the good of the country.] (Tweet) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022 via Twitter.
  12. "Congreso acepta renuncia de Mercedes Aráoz a la segunda vicepresidencia de la República NNDC | PERU". 7 May 2020.
  13. "Presidentes y vicepresidentes desde 1980 en Perú, crisis y realidades". 26 July 2018.
  14. O'Boyle, Brendan (21 June 2021). "The "Shadowy Figure" Behind Peru's Likely Next President". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
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