Foreign relations of Peru
Peru is an important first-tier state in South America,[1] Peru has been a member of the United Nations since 1945,[2] and Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar served as UN Secretary General from 1981 to 1991. Former President Alberto Fujimori's tainted re-election to a third term in June 2000 strained Peru's relations with the United States and with many Latin American and European countries, mainly small countries like Yemen but relations improved with the installation of an interim government in November 2000 and the inauguration of Alejandro Toledo in July 2001.
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Peru is planning full integration into the Andean Free Trade Area. In addition, Peru is a standing member of APEC and the World Trade Organization, and is an active participant in negotiations toward a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).
Bilateral relations

Africa
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() | 10 March 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 1972[3] |
![]() | 6 September 1985 | |
![]() | 22 November 2017 |
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![]() | May 5, 1989 |
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![]() | March 1966 |
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![]() |
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![]() | 1 November 1988 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1988[7]
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![]() | 12 July 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 July 1975[8] |
![]() | 3 August 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1975.[9]
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![]() | 18 August 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 August 1964.[10] |
![]() | 28 February 2018 |
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![]() | 7 October 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1963.[12]
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![]() | 28 April 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1981[13] |
![]() | 5 August 2005 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1989[14] and on 5 August 2005[15]
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![]() | 10 September 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1967[16]
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![]() | 23 June 1987 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987[17] |
![]() | 8 January 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 January 1975[18]
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![]() | 29 September 1986 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1986[19]
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![]() | 25 February 1976 |
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![]() | 21 July 1989 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1989[22]
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![]() | 25 April 1974 |
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![]() | 16 July 1998 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1998[23] |
![]() | 19 June 1990 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 June 1990[24] |
![]() | December 14, 2005 |
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![]() | 18 June 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1964[25] |
![]() | 20 February 1986 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1986[26]
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![]() | 11 July 1990 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1990[27] |
![]() | 17 November 1965 |
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![]() | 5 July 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1971[29]
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![]() | 7 December 2017 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 2017[30]
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![]() | 5 May 1987, broken 9 September 1996 8 September 2021, broken 18 August 2022 15 September 2022, broken 8 September 2023[31] |
|
![]() | 4 May 1989 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1989[39]
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![]() | ||
![]() | 15 January 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1992[40]
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![]() | 15 May 1989 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1989[41]
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![]() | 28 July 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 July 1993[42] |
![]() | October 7, 1988 | |
![]() | 12 August 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1975[8] |
![]() | 18 December 2017 |
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![]() | September 1966 | |
![]() | 4 June 2021 |
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![]() | 5 October 1970 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1970[46] |
![]() | March 1986 |
Americas
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() | 24 June 1985 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1985[47]
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![]() | 10 July 1822 |
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![]() | September 18, 1985 |
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![]() | 29 February 1968 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 February 1968[50]
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![]() | 27 November 1991 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 November 1991[51]
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![]() | 24 June 1826 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1826[53] |
![]() | 3 February 1827 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1827.[54] |
![]() | 30 January 1944 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1944[55]
|
![]() | 8 October 1822 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1822[59]
In November 1999, Peru and Chile signed three agreements which put to rest the remaining obstacles holding up implementation of the 1929 Treaty of Lima, which officially ended the 1879 War of the Pacific. In December 1999, President Alberto Fujimori made the first visit ever to Chile by a Peruvian head of state. Relations between the two nations have since mostly recovered. In 2005, the Peruvian Congress unilaterally approved a law which increased the stated sea limit with Chile. This law superseded the Peruvian supreme decree 781 for same purpose from 1947, which had autolimited its maritime border to geographical parallels only. Peru's position was that the border has never been fully demarcated, but Chile disagreed reminding on treaties in 1952 and 1954 between the countries, which supposedly defined seaborder. The border problem has still not been solved. However, Chile's Michelle Bachelet and Peru's Alan García have established a positive diplomatic relationship, and it is very unlikely any hostilities will break out because of the dispute. Nevertheless, in early April 2007, Peruvian nationalistic sectors, mainly represented by left wing ex-presidential candidate Ollanta Humala decided to congregate at 'hito uno' right at the border with Chile, in a symbolic attempt to claim sovereignty over a maritime area known in Peru as Mar de Grau (Grau's Sea) just west of the Chilean city of Arica. Peruvian police stopped a group of nearly 2,000 people just 10 km from the border, preventing them from reaching their intended destination. Despite these incidents, the presidents of both Chile and Peru have confirmed their intentions to improve the relationships between the two countries, mainly fueled by the huge amount of commercial exchange between both countries' private sectors. |
![]() | 6 July 1822 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1822.[60] |
![]() | 28 April 1851 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1851[61] |
![]() | 11 January 1905 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1905.[62] |
![]() | 18 March 1986 |
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![]() | 6 April 1874 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 April 1874[64]
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![]() | 26 September 1831 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1831[65]
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![]() | 10 July 1857 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1857[68]
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![]() | 16 March 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1983.[69][70]
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![]() | 20 April 1857 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1857[71]
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![]() | 17 July 1971 |
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![]() | 1929 |
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![]() | 5 August 1856 |
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![]() | 23 January 1823 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1823[76]
Peru and Mexico have historically had a unique relationship solidly based on that they share two of the most significant ancient cultures in the Americas. Both countries have expressed solidarity over the need to defend the recovery of cultural and archaeological heritage in the form of artifacts that have been illegally stolen from Peru and Mexico and which are to this date, illegally or legitimately kept in foreign locations. Peru's President Alan García and Mexico's Felipe Calderón signed a joint declaration in April 2011 aimed at deepening the two countries' friendship, cooperation, integration, trade, investments and the permanent fight against poverty and organized crime. The two countries aim to achieve a new model of integration within Latin America, and to represent a positive, realistic, and active example of integration amongst two "brotherly" nations.
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![]() | 29 April 1970 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1970[79] |
![]() | 28 June 1850 | |
![]() | 2 March 1908 | [80]
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Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1908
![]() | 27 October 1858 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1858[81]
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![]() |
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![]() | 1985 |
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![]() | 5 May 1986 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1986[84]
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![]() | 23 June 1978 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1978[85]
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![]() | 5 February 1968 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1968[87]
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![]() | 2 May 1826 | |
![]() | 13 November 1858 |
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![]() | 17 February 1853 | In October 2021, the leftist government of Peru re-established diplomatic relations with the leftist Venezuelan government of President Nicolas Maduro after four years.[89] |
Asia
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() | 27 September 2012 |
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![]() | 9 September 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1992.[90]
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25 June 1996 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1996[91] |
![]() | 22 September 2009 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2009[92]
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![]() | 28 February 1983 |
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![]() | 1 June 1990 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1990[93]
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![]() | 31 May 1976 |
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2 November 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1971[94]
![]() Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative |
![]() | 26 June 1874, broken 2 November 1971 |
|
![]() |
14 January 2010 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 2010[95] |
![]() | 25 March 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1963[96] |
![]() | 12 August 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1975[97] |
![]() | 20 November 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1973[98] |
![]() | 11 October 1975 and 11 July 2012 renew diplomatic relations | |
![]() | 20 August 1957 |
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![]() | 21 August 1873 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1873.[103] |
![]() | 21 October 1985[28] | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1985.[106] |
![]() | 6 February 1997 |
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![]() | 1 December 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1975[108]
|
![]() | 2 July 1999 |
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![]() | 27 April 1989 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1989[110] |
![]() | May 1949 | |
![]() | 24 April 1986 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 April 1986[111]
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![]() | 6 February 1989 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 February 1989[112]
|
![]() | 30 May 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1997[113] |
![]() | 17 April 1989 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1989[114] |
![]() | 28 January 1976 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1976[115]
|
![]() | 15 December 1988 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1988[116] |
![]() | 14 May 1986 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 1986[117] |
![]() | 1 September 1974 |
|
![]() | 30 April 2011 | |
![]() | 30 November 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1974[119] |
![]() | 7 November 1989 | At an official level, both countries began diplomatic relations in 1989.[120] |
![]() | 19 March 1986[28] | |
![]() | 27 October 1980 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1980[121] |
![]() | 1 April 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1963[122] |
![]() | 17 March 1975 | |
![]() | 16 August 1975 | |
![]() | 21 January 2000 |
|
![]() | 10 November 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1965.[124] |
![]() | 30 September 2002 | |
![]() | 1952[126] | |
![]() | 7 May 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1997[127]
|
![]() | 17 June 1986 |
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![]() | 22 December 1999 |
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![]() | 14 November 1994 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1994[129] |
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Europe
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() | 6 December 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1971[130]
|
![]() | 3 June 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1997[131] |
![]() | 2 November 1949[132] | |
![]() | 19 February 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1997[134] In 1999, Foreign Minister Sergei Martynov visited Peru.[135]
|
![]() | 1 April 1852 |
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![]() | 23 January 1998 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1998[136]
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![]() | 18 April 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1969[137] |
![]() | 12 January 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1993[139]
|
![]() | 19 September 1966 | |
![]() | 11 July 1922, broken 4 October 1957, restored 27 December 1968 ( with Czech Republic from 2 January 1993) | Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1968[144]
|
![]() | ||
![]() | 27 July 1995 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1995[147]
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![]() | 29 March 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 March 1963[149]
|
![]() | 2000[150] | |
![]() | 1826 | |
![]() | 28 June 1951 (Federal Republic) 28 December 1972 – 1990 (Democratic Republic) | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1871.[151]
|
![]() | 3 December 1965 | |
![]() | 16 April 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1969[153] |
![]() | 14 November 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1967[154] |
![]() | 27 June 1999 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1999[155]
|
![]() | 23 December 1874 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1874[156] |
![]() | 23 July 1996 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1996[159] |
![]() | 5 July 1996 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1996[160]
|
![]() | 9 June 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1997[161]
|
![]() | 14 June 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 1962[162][163] |
![]() | 27 April 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1977[164] |
![]() | 11 August 1995[165] | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1995[166]
|
![]() | 13 October 2010 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 2010[167] |
![]() | 12 September 2006 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 September 2006[168]
|
![]() | 1 February 1826 | |
![]() | 29 June 2005 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 2005[169]
|
![]() | 3 August 1923 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1923[170] |
![]() | 6 September 1923 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1923.[171] Peru refused to recognize the Polish government in London on December 29, 1945. Peru and Poland re-established diplomatic relations on 14 April 1969.[172] |
![]() | 26 March 1853 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1853[175] |
![]() | 10 October 1939, broken 5 March 1942, Re-established diplomatic relations 9 November 1968 |
Diplomatic relations' level:
Diplomatic relations' timeline:
|
![]() | 16 May 1874 to 1918 1 February 1969 |
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![]() | 24 February 2005 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 2005[179] |
![]() | 10 December 1968 |
|
![]() | 1 January 1993 |
|
![]() | 9 September 1992 |
|
![]() | 15 April 1953 | |
![]() | 15 November 1879 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1879[183] |
![]() | 11 February 1938 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1938.[186] |
![]() | 16 September 1884 | |
![]() | 7 May 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1992[188] |
![]() | 10 October 1823 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 1823.[189]
|
![]() | 1 November 1852 |
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Oceania
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() | 1 March 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1963[190]
Both countries have an expanding relationship in all areas. In February 2018 trade ministers from both Peru and Australia signed a free trade agreement.[191] Until 2019, the Peruvian ambassador was also accredited to New Zealand.[192] |
![]() | 5 October 2017[193][194] |
|
![]() | 1983[195] |
|
![]() | 29 October 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations at embassy level on 29 October 1983[196][197]
|
![]() | 14 November 1991 |
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![]() | 7 May 1992 |
|
![]() | 1984 | |
![]() | 4 July 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1972[202]
|
![]() | 3 July 2020 |
|
![]() | 14 February 2019 |
|
![]() | 14 September 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1983[205]
|
![]() | 23 January 1984 |
|
![]() | 14 March 2012 |
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![]() | 20 January 1984 |
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![]() | 29 March 2012 |
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![]() | 30 May 1986 |
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Transnational issues
Illicit drugs
Until recently the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru has reduced the area of coca under cultivation by 24% to 387 km2 at the end of 1999; most of cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia, Bolivia, and Brazil for processing into cocaine for the international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are increasing by maritime conveyance to Mexico, US, and Europe.
See also
References
- Schenoni, Luis (2017) "Subsystemic Unipolarities?" in Strategic Analysis, 41(1): 74-86
- "Peru - Countries - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov.
- "50° Aniversario del establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre el Perú y Argelia". gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- Directorio de misiones extranjeras en Perú - Guia Diplomática (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-28. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
- "Comunicado sobre el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre la Republica del Peru y la Republica Popular de Angola". Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 June 2023.
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- Current Background Issues 1035-1040. American Consulate General. 1975. p. 69. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- Laurent Klein, Brigitte Klein. "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique — 1975". persee.fr (in French). p. 1118. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
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- "El 7 de octubre de 2023 se conmemora el 60° aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y Egipto, nación con la cual nuestro país mantiene una histórica relación de amistad, cooperación y entendimiento mutuo". Embajada del Perú en Egipto (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 October 2023.
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- "Diplomatic Relations Between Peru and Swaziland as of 8 June 1989". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
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- "Vicecanciller se reúne con el Exministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Etiopía y candidato a Director General de la OMS". gob.pe. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- "Diplomatic Relations Between Peru and Ghana as of 23 June 1987". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- Información política mensual - Issues 28-39 (in Spanish). Desco, Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo. Area de Estudios Políticos. 1975. pp. 75–5.
- Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens - Issues 2134-2146 (in French). 1986. p. 2559.
- "La Llegada a Kenia: El Primer Paso al Este del África Subsahariana". Cumanana (XIV): 1. 2022-05-21.
- Mariátegui, Juan (1997). El diferendo fronterizo Perú-Ecuador (1994-1997): reflexiones en voz alta (in Spanish). J. Mariátegui. p. 280.
Cuando él [Alberto Fujimori] fue presidente, en julio de 1990, existían seis embajadas en Africa. Luego, unos meses después suprimió cuatro (Kenia, Zimbabwe, Zambia y Argelia), quedando hasta el presente, Marruecos y Egipto.
- "Diplomatic Relations Between Peru and Lesotho as of 21 July 1989". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- "Comunicado conjunto entre la Republica del Peru y la Republica de Mali para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas". Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- "Diplomatic Relations Between Peru and Mauritania as of 19 June 1990". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- "Canciller recibio al presidente de la Camara de Representantes de Marruecos". rree.gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- "Diplomatic Relations Between Mozambique and Peru as of 20 Feb. 1986". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- "Diplomatic Relations Between Peru and Namibia as of 11 July 1990". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- Muñoz, Heraldo (1987). Las Políticas exteriores de America latina y el Caribe: continuidad en la crisis (in Spanish). Grupo Editor Latinoamericano. p. 278. ISBN 9789509432864.
En lo que respecta al Africa sahariana y el Medio Oriente, además de la reapertura de la Embajada del Perú en Marruecos, se han establecido relaciones diplomáticas con Arabia Saudita en abril de 1986, con Bahrein y Oman en mayo de 1986 y con los Emiratos Árabes Unidos en junio de 1986. Además, se han establecido relaciones con el Reino Hachemita de Jordania en octubre de 1985, con Malasia en abril de 1986 y finalmente con la SWAPO, Movimiento de Liberación del pueblo de Namibia.
- "Acuerdo sobre establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre la Republica del Peru y la Republica General de Nigeria". Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
- "Establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre Perú y Ruanda". gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- "Comunicado Oficial". Gob.pe. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2023-09-08.
- "Establecimientos de relaciones diplomaticas entre el Peru y la Republica Arabe Saharaui Democratica". Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- "Establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- Ricardo Sánchez Serra (2011-11-28). "Los saharauis y el Perú" (in Spanish).
- Ricardo Sánchez Serra (2008-12-11). "El estoicismo del pueblo saharaui" (in Spanish). La Razón.
- "Restablecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas con la RASD". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru. 2021-09-08. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
- "Perú rompe relaciones con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática luego de un año". Gestión. 2022-08-18.
- "Comunicado Oficial del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores". Gob.pe. 2022-09-15.
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- "Diplomatic Relations Between Peru and Sierra Leone as of 15 May 1989". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- "Transition (1990 - 1994) - Chronologies: 1993". omalley.nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- Muñoz, Heraldo (1987). Las Políticas exteriores de America latina y el Caribe: continuidad en la crisis (in Spanish). Grupo Editor Latinoamericano. p. 278. ISBN 9789509432864.
Respecto a Sudáfrica, a los pocos días de haber asumido el cargo, el Canciller Wagner anunció haber cerrado el Consulado del Perú en la Ciudad del Cabo, como una demostración de condena al apartheid y de rechazo al neo-colonialismo y la discriminación racial. Asimismo, en 1985 el gobierno peruano condenó en Naciones Unidas el ataque realizado por fuerzas sudafricanas contra supuestas bases de guerrilleros en Angola y luego exigió ante el Consejo de Seguridad la imposición de severas sanciones contra el gobierno de Sudáfrica por su política de discriminación racial.
- "Establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre Perú y Togo". gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 June 2023.
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- Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970. p. 5.
- "Chronology of Antigua and Barbuda's bilateral relations". Government of Antigua and Barbuda. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
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- Alexander Panetta, "Canada limits main foreign aid recipients to 20 countries", Canada East website (accessed 3 March2009)
- "Síntesis de las Relaciones Bilaterales Chile -Perú" (PDF). obtienearchivo.bcn.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
- "Relaciones Bilaterales". Embajada de Colombia en Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- "En esta fecha se cumplen 170 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República del Perú". Ministerio Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- Boletin oficial (in Spanish). Vol. 2–5. Cuba. Departamento de Estado. 1908. pp. 68–70.
- Daily Report: Latin America - volume 86,issue 51–61. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1986. p. 3.
- "Hoy se celebran 149 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República Dominicana, nación con la que mantenemos una histórica relación de amistad, cooperación y entendimiento mutuo". Cancillería Perú (in Spanish). April 6, 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- "Estudio del conflicto Perú-Ecuador (1941-1942) con base en el análisis hemerografico del diario La Industria (enero 1941 - febrero 1942)" (PDF). Universidad de Piura (in Spanish). p. 30. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- "Perú exportará energía eléctrica a Ecuador hasta abril de 2010". Archived from the original on 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
- http://www.peru.com/economiayfinanzas/noticias20091114/66081/Presidente-de-Ecuador-Rafael-Correa-agradece-cooperacion-de-Peru-en-crisis-energetica-
- "163 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y El Salvador, iniciadas el 10 de julio de 1857". cultura24.tv (in Spanish). July 10, 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- CEDOI-PL publicación del Centro de Documentación e Información de Prensa Latina (in Spanish). El Centro. 1983. p. 10.
- Jennie K Lincoln, Elizabeth G Ferris. The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies Challenges For The 1980s. 2019.
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