Semyon Ivanov

Ivanov was born to a peasants' family. He began working in railroad maintenance at the age of twelve, while continuing to study during his spare time. He volunteered for the Red Army in 1926 and was sent to the 1st Infantry School in Moscow. After he graduated in 1929, he was given command of a platoon in the 16th Infantry Division. He joined the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in the same year.

In 1936, Ivanov was sent to the Frunze Military Academy. Three years later, when he completed his studies, he was assigned to the Ural Military District as an assistant to the chief of operations. During the Winter War, he served as the chief of staff in the 1st Infantry Corps of the 8th Army.[1][2]

Shortly after the beginning of the German-Soviet War on 22 June 1941, Colonel Ivanov was appointed operations chief of the 13th Army and took part in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk.[3] In December, he was made chief of staff in the Southwestern Front's 38th Army. In July 1942, he was given the same office in the 1st Tank Army, and later in the 1st Guards Army.[4] He became a major general and the Southwestern Front's chief of operations on 14 October, and participated in the Battle of Stalingrad.

In December, he was promoted to the front's chief of staff. On 19 January 1943, he was promoted to lieutenant general. When the Southwestern Front was reformed as the Voronezh Front, Ivanov retained his position under General Nikolai Vatutin and took part in the Battle of Kursk. When the 1st Ukrainian Front was created from the Voronezh's forces, he remained as its chief of staff.[5][2]

On 11 November 1943, Ivanov was relieved from his post after making two contradictory reports to Moscow on the military situation in Fastiv Raion, without noticing that he was submitting data on the same region on both occasions. He was removed from the front and made chief of staff on the Transcaucasian Front.[6] In October 1944, he was assigned in the same capacity to the 3rd Ukrainian Front, which was engaged in fighting near Budapest. He remained in this post until the end of the war with Germany, and was promoted to colonel general on 19 April 1945. Later, he took part in the Moscow Victory Parade of 1945.[7]

In late June, Ivanov was transferred to the Far East Command, where he served as Marshal Aleksandr Vasilevsky's chief of staff during the Soviet–Japanese War.[8] For his role in planning the operation, he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 8 September 1945.[9]

Ivanov served as chief of staff in a variety of Soviet formations: the Belorussian Military District (March 1946 – November 1948), the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (November 1948 – June 1952), the Odesa Military District (1952–1953), the Moscow Military District (1953 – April 1956) and the Kiev Military District (April 1956 – September 1959).[10]

In September 1959, Ivanov became the chief of the Soviet Army's Main Operations Directorate and a deputy to the Army's chief of general staff, Marshal Vasily Sokolovsky.[11] In that role, he was involved in Operation Anadyr[12] and the Cuban Missile Crisis.[13] During the latter, he stayed in the Kremlin and assisted the Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev.[14]

In 1963, when Colonel Oleg Penkovsky was arrested, Ivanov committed negligence in his work; Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that he did not recall the exact deed, but that it might have ended in a security risk. Ivanov was removed from office and sent to command the remote Siberian Military District, where he remained until 1968.[15]

On 19 February 1968, Ivanov was promoted to army general, and in May, he became commander of the Voroshilov Academy. This was his last post in the army. He retired from the Armed Forces in February 1973, and served as an inspector in the Ministry of Defence until 1992.[16]