Sepidiini

The Sepidiini is a tribe of ground-dwelling darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae),[1] that occurs across Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia. It is composed of many hundreds of species.[2] The larvae of some species are known to damage crops.[3]

Sepidiini
Somaticus aeneus, subtribe Trachynotina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Tenebrionidae
Subfamily: Pimeliinae
Tribe: Sepidiini
Eschscholtz, 1829
Subtribes
Synonyms

Morphology

Their morphology is complex due to their richly divergent forms.[2] They are distinguished from the diurnal taxa, by their well-developed and true hypomera of the elytra, the free mobility of the thorax and hind body, and the free and non-fused pleurital and pleural margins of the sterna and elytra respectively.[2]

Biology

Their morphology is believed to facilitate moisture absorption and accumulation, via the open body sutures and the loosely joined body parts. Subtribe Trachynotina excepting, they show an almost uniform tendency to be nocturnal, crepuscular or shade-loving.[2] Like the tribe Tentyriini, their daily rhythm is based on a strictly nocturnal ancestral disposition. Their open and non-connate body sutures suggest the enjoyment of nocturnal conditions and night moisture.[2]

At night, a surface secretion of a sometimes pruinescent or waxy substance has been noted on the bodies of genera Brinckia, Namibomodes, Synhimba and Ocnodes (or Phanerotomea). This is assumed to prevent evaporation.[2]

Taxonomy

The tribe Sepidiini is made up of 6 subtribes, 70 genera, and more than 1000 species. These genera belong to the tribe Sepidiini:

  • Hypomelina[4]
    • Argenticrinis Louw, 1979
    • Bombocnodulus Koch, 1955
    • Brinckia Koch, 1962
    • Hypomelus Solier, 1843
    • Iugidorsum Louw, 1979
    • Sulcipectus Louw, 1979
    • Trachynotidus Péringuey, 1899
    • Triangulipenna Louw, 1979
    • Uniungulum Koch, 1962
  • Molurina[5]
    • Amiantus (Fåhreus, 1870)
    • Argenticrinis (Louw)
    • Arturium (Koch, 1951)
    • Bombocnodulus (Koch)
    • Brachyphrynus (Fairmaire, 1882)
    • Chiliarchum (Koch)
    • Dichtha (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871)
    • Distretus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871)
    • Euphrynus (Fairmaire, 1897)
    • Glyptophrynus (Fairmaire, 1899)
    • Huilamus (Koch)
    • Mariazofia (Kamiński, 2022)
    • Melanolophus (Fairmaire, 1882)
    • Moluris (Latreille, 1802)
    • Ocnodes (Fåhraeus)
    • Piesomera (Solier)
    • Phrynocolus (Lacordaire, 1859)
    • Phrynophanes (Koch, 1951)
    • Physophrynus (Fairmaire, 1882)
    • Psammodes (Kirby, 1819)
    • Psammophanes (Lesne, 1922)
    • Psammorhyssus (Kolby)
    • Psammotyria (Koch, 1953)
    • Stridulomus (Koch)
    • Tarsocnodes (Gebien)
    • Toktokkus (Kamiński & Gearner, 2022)
    • Tibiocnodes (Gearner & Kamiński, 2022)
    • Tuberocnodes (Gearner & Kamiński, 2022)
  • Oxurina[6]
    • Decoriplus Louw, 1979
    • Miripronotum Louw, 1979
    • Namibomodes Koch, 1952
    • Oxura Kirby, 1819
    • Palpomodes Koch, 1952
    • Pterostichula Koch, 1952
    • Stenethmus Gebien, 1937
    • Synhimba Koch, 1952
  • Phanerotomeina[4]
    • Huilamus Koch, 1953
    • Ocnodes Fåhraeus, 1870
    • Psammoryssus Kolbe, 1886
    • Stridulomus Koch, 1955
    • Tarsocnodes Gebien, 1920
  • Sepidiina[4]
    • Dimoniacis Koch, 1958
    • Echinotus Solier, 1843
    • Peringueyia Koch, 1958
    • Sepidiopsis Gestro, 1892
    • Sepidiostenus Fairmaire, 1884
    • Sepidium Fabricius, 1775
    • Vieta Laporte, 1840
    • Vietomorpha Fairmaire, 1887
  • Trachynotina[6]
    • Cyrtoderes Dejean, 1834
    • Epairopsis Koch, 1955
    • Ethmus Haag-Rutenberg-Rutenberg, 1873
    • Histrionotus Koch, 1955
    • Microphligra Koch, 1955
    • Ossiporis Pascoe, 1866
    • Oxycerus Koch, 1955
    • Somaticus Hope, 1840
    • Trachynotus Latreille, 1828
    • Trichethmus Gebien, 1937
  • Hypomelus sp., Hypomelina
    Hypomelus sp., Hypomelina
  • Dichtha sp.,Molurina
    Dichtha sp.,
    Molurina
  • Phanerotomea sp., Phanerotomeina
    Phanerotomea sp., Phanerotomeina
  • Sepidium sp.,Sepidiina
    Sepidium sp.,
    Sepidiina

References
  1. Bouchard, Patrice; Lawrence, J.F.; Davies, A.E.; Newton, A.F. (2005). "Synoptic Classification of the World Tenebrionidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with a review of Family-group names" (PDF). Annales Zoologici. 55 (4): 499–53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  2. Koch, C. "The Tenebrionidae of Southern Africa, XXXII New Psammophilous species from the Namib desert" (PDF). Annals of the Transvaal Museum: 107–124. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  3. Drinkwater, T.W. (1991). "Morphology of and key to the larvae of six somaticus spp coleoptera tenebrionidae". Journal of African Zoology. 105 (6): 509–536. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  4. Kamiński, Marcin J.; Kanda, Kojun; Lumen, Ryan; Ulmer, Jonah M.; et al. (2019). "A catalogue of the tribe Sepidiini Eschscholtz, 1829 (Tenebrionidae, Pimeliinae) of the world". ZooKeys (844): 1–121. doi:10.3897/zookeys.844.34241. PMC 6527536. PMID 31143077.
  5. Kamiński, Marcin J.; Gearner, Olivia M.; Raś, Marcin; Hunsinger, Elliot T.; Smith, Amelia L.; Mas‐Peinado, Paloma; Girón, Jennifer C.; Bilska, Aleksandra G.; Strümpher, Werner P.; Wirth, Christopher C.; Kanda, Kojun; Swichtenberg, Kali; Iwan, Dariusz; Smith, Aaron D. (2022). "Female terminalia morphology and cladistic relations among Tok‐Tok beetles (Tenebrionidae: Sepidiini)". Cladistics: cla.12510. doi:10.1111/cla.12510. PMID 35785491. S2CID 250283827.
  6. Bouchard, Patrice; Bousquet, Yves; Aalbu, Rolf L.; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.; et al. (2021). "Review of genus-group names in the family Tenebrionidae (Insecta, Coleoptera)". ZooKeys (1050): 1–633. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1050.64217. hdl:10261/250214. PMC 8328949. PMID 34385881.
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