Servilleta Basalt

The formation consists principally of tholeiitic olivine basalt flows[1] with interlayered beds of alluvium.[5] The basalt is distinctive for its olivine content (typically altered to iddingsite) and its diktytaxitic texture, in which the basalt contains microscopic laths of plagioclase that are randomly oriented and have angular spaces between grains.[1]

Geologists have not reached consensus on whether the alluvium beds should be regarded as part of the formation. These are lithologically similar to nearby sedimentary beds of the Santa Fe Group. Those investigators who include the alluvium in the unit[3] tend to refer to the unit as the Servilleta Formation, while those who do not[1][2] tend to refer to the unit as the Servilleta Basalt.

The formation rests unconformably on the Picuris Formation, Santa Fe Group,[5] or Hinsdale Formation.[2] It is up to 1,500 feet (460 m) thick near Embudo but thins to 50 feet (15 m) thick adjacent to the Picuris Mountains. It is downfaulted against Santa Fe Group beds near Pilar and on the northeast side of the Picuris Mountains.[5]

The lavas appear to have all been erupted from five shield volcanoes near the center of the Taos Plateau volcanic field. The shields are very gently sloping (less than 1.3 degrees) except for La Segita Peaks, which may be superimposed on an older basaltic andesite volcano. Another shield, Cerro Mojino, is steeper (11 degrees) but may be a structural dome rather than a vent. The shield volcanoes are free of spatter and cinder, indicating extremely fluid lava that erupted nonexplosively.[7]

The unit can be divided into three sets of flows separated by alluvium in the southern San Luis Valley. The alluvium separating the upper two flows is a significant local aquifer known as the Agua Azul.[4]

The formation was first named by A.P. Butler, Jr., in his unpublished 1946 dissertation.[8] In 1971, Burroughs added the Mesita Member, a trachyandesite flow in the San Luis Hills, to the formation.[1] Lipman and Menhert advocated restricting the unit to the basalt flows in 1979.[2]

• Burroughs, R.L. (1971). "Geology of the San Luis Hills, south-central Colorado" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Guidebook. 22: 277–287. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
• Butler, A. P., Jr. (1946). Tertiary and Quaternary geology of the Tusas-Tres Piedras area, New Mexico [Ph.D. dissertation]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. p. 133.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Drakos, P.; Lazarus, J.; Riesterer, J.; White, B.; Banet, C.; Hodgins, M.; Sandoval, J. (2004). "Subsurface Stratigraphy in the Southern San Luis Basin, New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Guidebook. 55: 374–382. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
• Lipman, Peter W.; Mehnert, Harald H. (1979). "The Taos Plateau Volcanic Field, Northern Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico". Special Publications: 289–312. doi:10.1029/SP014p0289. ISBN 9781118664988.
• Manley, K.A. (1976). "K-Ar age determinations on Pliocene basalts from the Espanola basin, New Mexico". Isochron/West. 16: 29–30.
• Montgomery, Arthur (1953). "PreCambrian Geology of the Picuris Range, northcentral New Mexico" (PDF). State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletins. 30.
• Thompson, R.A.; Machette, M.N. (1989). "Geologic Map of the San Luis Hills Area, Conejos and Costilla Counties, Colorado". U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map. I-1906. doi:10.3133/i1906.