Shallot latent virus

Shallot latent virus (SLV), a species of Carlavirus, was first identified in shallots in Netherlands.[1] The virus particle is elongated, 650 nm in length.

Shallot latent virus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Alsuviricetes
Order: Tymovirales
Family: Betaflexiviridae
Genus: Carlavirus
Species:
Shallot latent virus

Epidemiology

Since its first detection in shallots, SLV has been found infecting garlic, onion, and leek on five continents.[2][3][4][5][6] In Indonesia, the virus has been identified in shallot, which is widely grown and used as a food ingredient, and also in garlic.[7] In Turkey, where shallot is less commonly cultivated, SLV was identified in onion in Amasya province instead.[8] However, SLV was not detected in onion samples collected in Ankara province.[9] Molecular study also detected SLV in other Allium species such as Allium cyathophorum, Allium moly, Allium scorodoprasum, and Allium senescens subsp. montanum.[10]

The virus is widespread in shallot and garlic without causing any clear symptoms, hence its name 'latent'. However, in mixed infection with leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV, Potyvirus) induces severe chlorotic and white stripes on shallot leaves.[1] The aphids Myzus ascalonicus and Aphis fabae transmit SLV in a non-persistent manner, but Myzus persicae does not transmit the virus.[1] It is also mechanically transmitted.

Genome

SLV genome (excluding poly-A tail) is around 8338 nt in length.[11]

References
  1. Bos L, Huttinga H, Maat DZ (November 1978). "Shallot latent virus, a new carlavirus". Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology. 84 (6): 227–237. doi:10.1007/BF01987033. ISSN 0028-2944. S2CID 32386688.
  2. Tsuneyoshi T, Matsumi T, Deng TC, Sako I, Sumi S (June 1998). "Differentiation of Allium carlaviruses isolated from different parts of the world based on the viral coat protein sequence". Archives of Virology. 143 (6): 1093–107. doi:10.1007/s007050050358. PMID 9687867. S2CID 19211402.
  3. Klukáčková J, Navrátil M, Duchoslav M (June 2007). "Natural infection of garlic (Allium sativum L.) by viruses in the Czech Republic". Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. 114 (3): 97–100. doi:10.1007/BF03356714. ISSN 1861-3829. S2CID 56085690.
  4. Ward LI, Perez-Egusquiza Z, Fletcher JD, Clover GR (2009). "A survey of viral diseases of Allium crops in New Zealand". Australasian Plant Pathology. 38 (5): 533. doi:10.1071/AP09039. ISSN 0815-3191. S2CID 39328059.
  5. Torrico AK, Celli MG, Conci LR, Conci VC (May 2015). "Incidence of Garlic common latent virus in Argentina, and phylogenetic and recombination analyses of isolates". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 50 (5): 363–373. doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2015000500003. hdl:11336/61854. ISSN 0100-204X.
  6. Abraham AD, Kidanemariam DB, Holton TA (May 2019). "Molecular identification, incidence and phylogenetic analysis of seven viruses infecting garlic in Ethiopia". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 155 (1): 181–191. doi:10.1007/s10658-019-01760-9. PMC 7680954. PMID 33304030.
  7. Kadwati, Kadwati; Hidayat, Sri Hendrastuti (1 August 2015). "Deteksi Virus Utama Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih dari Daerah Jawa Barat dan Jawa Tengah". Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia. 11 (4): 121–127. doi:10.14692/jfi.11.4.121.
  8. Sevik, Mehmet Ali; Akcura, Cemile (June 2013). "Viruses Occurring in Onion Crop in Amasya Province, the Major Onion Producing Region in Turkey". Indian Journal of Virology. 24 (1): 78–81. doi:10.1007/s13337-012-0114-z. PMC 3650194. PMID 24426263.
  9. Santosa, Adyatma Irawan; Ertunc, Filiz (August 2020). "Identification, molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of four viruses infecting Allium cepa in Ankara Province, Turkey". Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. 127 (4): 561–569. doi:10.1007/s41348-020-00347-5. S2CID 225488130.
  10. Mansouri F, Krahulec F, Duchoslav M, Ryšánek P (2021-05-21). "Newly identified host range of viruses infecting species of the genus Allium and their distribution in six habitats in the Czech Republic". Plant Pathology. 70 (6): 1496–1507. doi:10.1111/ppa.13391. ISSN 0032-0862. S2CID 235584351.
  11. Ohshima K, Okamura K, Yasaka R, Fukuda S, Ishimaru K, Tomitaka Y, Yamashita K (August 2017). "First Genome Sequence of Shallot Latent Carlavirus from Allium macrostemon Bunge". Genome Announcements. 5 (33). doi:10.1128/genomeA.00809-17. PMC 5604777. PMID 28818904.
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