Shamdin Agha

Shamdin was born in Acre to a Kurdish tribal sheikh named Musa. In the early 19th century, he moved to the al-Salihiyah suburb of Damascus. There, he built a power base from Kurdish immigrants and was assigned as the commander of a military garrison in the city,[2] in the service of the Kurdish Wali of Damascus, Kunj Yusuf Pasha. When Sulayman Pasha al-Adil of Acre became Wali of Damascus, Shamdin continued to serve as the commander of the Kurdish cavalry battalion, known as the Dalat.[3] He was one of three of Sulayman Pasha's Kurdish cavalry officers, the other two being Ni'mat Agha and Ayalyaqin Agha.[4]

Sulayman Pasha died in 1819 and was succeeded by his deputy Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali. Shamdin Agha was the only commander from Sulayman's service to continue serving under Abdullah (r. 1820–1831).[5] During the 1820s, the Damascus provincial authorities assigned Shamdin control over certain rural districts in the Damascus Eyalet, including the Beqaa Valley.[1]

When Muhammad Ali of Egypt's forces conquered Damascus (1831-1840), Shamdin maintained his loyalty to the Ottomans and was thanked by Sultan Abdülmecid I.[1] In 1857, the Ottoman authorities tasked him with eliminating another commander of irregulars, Aqil Agha, the semi-autonomous Bedouin chieftain of the Galilee. Shamdin's forces were decisively defeated by Aqil and his men at the Horns of Hattin. He lost his post as garrison commander when the local garrisons were abolished in Damascus by the Ottoman authorities as part of their Tanzimat centralization and modernization efforts. However, his son Muhammad Sa'id became the commander of the new centralized garrison in the city.[2]