Shiva crater

The Shiva crater is the claim by paleontologist Sankar Chatterjee[2] and colleagues that the Bombay High and Surat Depression on the Indian continental shelf west of Mumbai, India represent a 500-kilometre (310 mi) impact crater, that formed around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Chatterjee and colleagues have claimed that this could have contributed to the K-Pg extinction event. Other scholars have questioned the claims, finding that there is no evidence of an impact structure.

Shiva crater
Shiva crater is located in India
Shiva crater
Location of the proposed crater offshore India
Impact crater/structure
ConfidenceDubious
Diameter500 km (310 mi)
AgeClaimed to be ~66 million years[1]
Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
ExposedNo
DrilledNo
Location
LocationMumbai Offshore Basin
Coordinates18°40′N 70°14′E
CountryIndia

Arguments

Chatterjee argues that the Shiva crater was formed around 65 million years ago, about the same time as a number of other impact craters and the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary / K-Pg boundary). Although the site has shifted since its formation because of sea floor spreading, the formation is approximately 600 kilometres (370 miles) long by 400 km (250 mi) wide. If its status as an impact crater is ever confirmed, the Shiva crater would be the largest known impact crater on Earth. It is estimated that this proposed crater would have been made by an asteroid or comet approximately 40 km (25 mi) in diameter.[2][3]

At the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction, India was located over the Réunion hotspot of the Indian Ocean. Hot material rising from the mantle flooded portions of India with a vast amount of lava, creating a plateau known as the Deccan Traps. It has been hypothesized that either the crater or the Deccan Traps associated with the area is the reason for the high level of oil and natural gas reserves in the region.[4]

Geology and morphology

Unlike typical known extraterrestrial impact structures, Shiva is teardrop shaped, roughly 600 km × 400 km (370 mi × 250 mi). It is also unusually rectangular. Chatterjee argues that the low angle of an impact combined with boundary fault lines and unstable rock led to this unusual formation.[3] The age of the structure is inferred from the Deccan Traps which overlie part of it.[3]

Shiva and mass extinction
Main article: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

The proposed Shiva crater and other possible impact craters along with the Chicxulub crater have led to the hypothesis that multiple impacts caused the massive extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period. Chatterjee is confident that Shiva was one of many impacts, stating that "the K-T extinction was definitely a multiple-impact scenario."[5] Other theories have argued that since the Chicxulub impact is believed by some researchers to have occurred earlier than the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, Shiva's impact was enough to cause the mass extinction by itself.[6] An article published in Science 2013 by Paul R. Renne at the University of California at Berkeley suggests that the Chicxulub crater is in fact within the time frame of when the mass extinction occurred.[7]

Criticism

The claims of an impact crater have been criticised. Christian Koeberl, a Professor of Geology at the University of Vienna and a specialist on impact craters, described the claims in 2004 as "a figment of imagination", stating that the claims were "inconsistent not only with the regional geology and geophysics, but also with anything we know about impact cratering."[8] American geologist Gerta Keller stated in 2007, "We have worked extensively throughout India and investigated a number of the localities where Sankar Chatterjee claims to have evidence of a large impact he calls Shiva crater... Unfortunately, we have found no evidence to support his claims. Sorry to say, this is all nonsense." Geophysicist Steve Gulick stated in the same year, "There's a bunch of problems to say the least. There is no evidence that [Chatterjee is] presenting of it actually being a crater", and described the oval shape of the structure as unlikely for an impact crater.[9] In the chapter "Impact Cratering from an Indian Perspective", from the 2013 book Earth System Processes and Disaster Management, geologists Jayanta K. Pati and Puniti Pati write that "...the proposed Shiva structure in the Arabian Sea to the southwest of the Indian subcontinent (Chatterjee et al. 2006) have also been suggested to be of possible impact origin. However, Chatterjee et al. (2006) do not provide any substantial evidence for the existence of a crater structure and certainly not for the existence of an impact structure at Shiva."[10]

See also
Impact craters in India
Other related topics
Indian Ocean submerged features

References
  1. Renne, Paul R.; Deino, Alan L.; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mark, Darren F.; Mitchell, William S.; Morgan, Leah E.; Mundil, Roland; Smit, Jan (7 February 2013). "Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary". Science. 339 (6120): 684–687. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..684R. doi:10.1126/science.1230492. PMID 23393261. S2CID 6112274.
  2. Chatterjee, S. (1997). "'Multiple impacts at the KT boundary and the death of the dinosaurs". Comparative Planetology, Geological Education, History of Geology: Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress, Beijing, China, 4–14 August 1996. VSP. pp. 31–54. ISBN 978-90-6764-254-5.
  3. Chatterjee, S., N. Guven, A. Yoshinobu, and R. Donofrio. (2006) Shiva Structure: a possible KT boundary impact crater on the western shelf of India. Museum of Texas Tech University Special Publications. 50, 39pp.
  4. Agrawal, P., Pandey, O. (November 2000). "Thermal regime, hydrocarbon maturation and geodynamic events along the western margin of India since late Cretaceous". Journal of Geodynamics. 30 (4): 439–459. Bibcode:2000JGeo...30..439P. doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(00)00002-8.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. Rampino, M. R., and B. M. Haggerty (1996) The “Shiva Hypothesis”: Impacts, mass extinctions, and the galaxy. Earth, Moon, and Planets. 72(1–3):441–460.
  6. Davis, J. W. (2006) archived copy of Texas Tech Paleontologist Finds Evidence That Meteorite Strike Near Bombay May Have Wiped Out Dinosaurs. Texas Tech Today, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.
  7. Renne, Paul (8 February 2013). "Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary" (PDF). Science. 339 (6120): 684–7. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..684R. doi:10.1126/science.1230492. PMID 23393261. S2CID 6112274.
  8. Mullen, Leslie (7 November 2004). "Shiva: Another K-T Impact?". Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved 2022-01-16 – via www.spacedaily.com.
  9. Moskowitz, Clara (2009-10-18). "New Dino-destroying Theory Fuels Hot Debate". Space.com. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
  10. Pati, Jayanta K.; Pati, Puniti (2013), Sinha, Rajiv; Ravindra, Rasik (eds.), "Impact Cratering from an Indian Perspective", Earth System Processes and Disaster Management, Society of Earth Scientists Series, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 213–229, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28845-6_15, ISBN 978-3-642-28845-6, retrieved 2022-01-16
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