Sink the Bismarck!

Sink the Bismarck! is a 1960 black-and-white CinemaScope British war film based on the 1959 book The Last Nine Days of the Bismarck by C. S. Forester. It stars Kenneth More and Dana Wynter and was directed by Lewis Gilbert.[4] To date, it is the only film made that deals directly with the operations, chase and sinking of the battleship Bismarck by the Royal Navy during the Second World War.[5] Although war films were common in the 1960s, Sink the Bismarck! was seen as something of an anomaly, with much of its time devoted to the "unsung back-room planners as much as on the combatants themselves".[6] Its historical accuracy, in particular, met with much praise despite a number of inconsistencies.[7]

This article is about the 1960 film. For other things of the same name, see Sink the Bismarck (disambiguation).

Sink the Bismarck!
UK quad crown theatrical release poster
by Tom Chantrell
Directed byLewis Gilbert
Screenplay byEdmund H. North
Based onThe Last Nine Days of the Bismarck
1958 novel
by C. S. Forester
Produced byJohn Brabourne
Starring
CinematographyChristopher Challis
Edited byPeter R. Hunt
Music byClifton Parker
Distributed by20th Century Fox
Release date
  • 11 February 1960 (1960-02-11)
Running time
97 minutes
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Budget$1,330,000[1]
Box office$3,000,000 (US/Canada rentals)[2][3]

Sink the Bismarck! was the inspiration for Johnny Horton's popular 1960 song, "Sink the Bismarck".[8][Note 1] The film had its Royal World Premiere in the presence of the Duke of Edinburgh at the Odeon Leicester Square on 11 February 1960.

Plot

In February 1939, Nazi Germany's most powerful battleship, Bismarck, is launched, beginning a new era of German sea power. In May 1941, British naval intelligence discovers Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen are about to sail into the North Atlantic to attack Allied convoys. From an underground war room in London, Captain Jonathan Shepard (Kenneth More) coordinates the hunt for the dreaded Bismarck. The two German warships encounter HMS Hood and HMS Prince of Wales in the Denmark Strait, and the four warships engage in a deadly gun duel. The battle results in the annihilation and violent disintegration of the Hood, shocking combatants on both sides. Prince of Wales is alone and is fired on by the two German ships. It manages to inflict damage on the Bismarck's bow, but Bismarck returns fire, destroying the Prince of Wales' bridge. Prince of Wales emits a smoke screen behind which to retreat. Bismarck and Prinz Eugen also retreat, but they are shadowed by the cruisers HMS Suffolk and HMS Norfolk using radar. Later, Prinz Eugen breaks away and heads toward the port of Brest, in occupied France, while Bismarck turns and fires at the British cruisers to provide cover as it escapes. The attack forces the cruisers to retreat. An air assault from the carrier HMS Victorious damages Bismarck's fuel tanks, but the vessel is otherwise largely undamaged.

Back at London's operations headquarters, Captain Shepard gambles that Admiral Gunther Lütjens, the Fleet Commander aboard Bismarck, has ordered a return to friendly waters where U-boats and air cover will make it impossible to attack. He plans to intercept and attack the German vessel before it reaches safety. Shepard commits a disproportionately large force to the search, and his wager pays off when Bismarck is located steaming toward the French coast. British forces have a narrow time window in which to destroy or slow their prey before German support and their own diminishing fuel supplies will preclude further attacks. Swordfish torpedo planes from HMS Ark Royal have two chances. The first fails when the pilots misidentify HMS Sheffield as Bismarck, but thankfully their new magnetic torpedo detonators are faulty, with most exploding as soon as they hit the sea. Returning to the carrier and changing to conventional contact exploders, their second attack, this time on the Bismarck, is successful. One torpedo causes only minor damage; but a catastrophic second hit near the stern jams the German battleship's rudder.

Unable to repair the rudder, Bismarck steams in circles. During the night two British destroyers attack the crippled battleship with torpedoes. One hits, but Bismarck returns fire, sinking the destroyer HMS Solent.[Note 2] The main force of British ships, including battleships HMS Rodney and HMS King George V, find Bismarck the next day and rain shells upon her. Lütjens insists that German forces will arrive to save them, but he is killed when a shell strikes Bismarck's bridge. The remaining bridge officers are killed and the crew abandon their sinking ship. On board King George V, Admiral John Tovey orders the newly joined cruiser HMS Dorsetshire to finish Bismarck off. The cruiser fires torpedoes at the German battleship, causing the vessel to sink faster than its crew can escape. The captain of King George V, Wilfrid Patterson, lowers his head as Bismarck disappears beneath the waves. Admiral Tovey orders Dorsetshire to pick up survivors, finally saying tersely: "Well, gentlemen, let's go home."

Cast

Ashore

and

At sea

Development

Scripting

C. S. Forester reportedly wrote the story as a screen treatment for 20th Century Fox before even writing the book.[9]

Writer Edmund H. North worked closely with Forester's story, compressing events and time lines to make the plot taut. Along with the director, he decided to use a documentary-style technique, switching back-and-forth from a fairly insular war room to action taking place on remote battleships.[10] The action is made more realistic when the human element of men in a game of wits and nerves is involved. The use of Edward R. Murrow reprising his wartime broadcasts from London also lends an air of authenticity and near-documentary feel.[11] Lewis Gilbert said it was a "very well written script" one of the few in his career that he barely altered. "It was more like a detective story," said Gilbert.[12]

Gilbert was offered the film by John Brabourne. They decided to shoot the film in black and white in order to intercut it with newsreel footage and to make it seem more authentic.[12]

The film credits identify the actual Director of Operations as Capt. R. A. B. Edwards and "Capt. Shepard" as fictional. The Shepard-Davis interplay added human interest to the storyline.[13] In a similar manner, the battle between British and German forces is also recreated as a human drama, with Admiral Lütjens pitted against Captain Shepard in a "psychological chess match".[14]

Casting

Lewis Gilbert suggested Kenneth More for the lead, with whom he had worked several times before. Dana Wynter was under contract to 20th Century Fox.[12]

Production

Ships involved

Sink the Bismarck! was made in 1960, as the last major Second World War fleet units were being retired. Producer John Brabourne was able to use his influence as son-in-law of Lord Mountbatten, then Chief of the Defence Staff, to obtain the full co-operation of the Admiralty. The soon-to-be-scrapped battleship HMS Vanguard provided some footage of a capital ship's 15-inch gun turrets in action, and was used for scenes set on board HMS Hood, Prince of Wales, King George V, and Bismarck herself.[15] The cruiser HMS Belfast, now preserved in London, was used to depict the cruisers involved in Bismarck's pursuit, including HMS Norfolk, Suffolk, Sheffield and Dorsetshire. A Dido-class cruiser in reserve was used as the set for Bismarck's destruction,[16] and one of her tall raked funnels is glimpsed in the final scenes.

The aircraft carrier HMS Victorious is briefly shown as herself, despite the postwar addition of a large angled flight deck and a massive Type 984 "searchlight" radar; the same ship is also used to depict HMS Ark Royal sailing from Gibraltar. All flying from both carriers was filmed aboard HMS Centaur – clearly marked with her postwar pennant number R06 – and three surviving Fairey Swordfish aircraft were restored, of which two were flown from her flight deck.[16] These three aircraft now form the core of the Royal Navy Historic Flight.[17] A 2010 article in Aeroplane identifies the Swordfish flown in the production: LS326, carrying its true serial, was marked as "5A" of 825 Naval Air Squadron, while NF389 was marked as LS423 / "5B".[18] The same actor plays the leader of the Swordfish attack from HMS Victorious (in reality, Lt Cdr Eugene Esmonde VC, DSO), and also the pilot from HMS Ark Royal who later fired the torpedo which crippled Bismarck's steering gear (in reality Lt John Moffat RNR).

The destroyers used to depict the torpedo night attacks were the C-class HMS Cavalier, representing the flagship of "Captain (D), of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla" (in reality, Captain Vian in HMS Cossack) and the Battle-class destroyer HMS Hogue, representing the fictitious HMS Solent which Bismarck destroys in the film. Their pennant numbers can be made out quite clearly, although they are reversed because of the film's convention that British ships should move from left to right on the screen and German ships vice versa. These were the last classes of destroyer built during the war, and the last to have the classic War Emergency Programme destroyers' outline. HMS Cavalier remained in service until 1972, the last RN destroyer to have served in the Second World War, and is now preserved at Chatham Dockyard to commemorate all these vessels, but the newer and larger HMS Hogue was broken up shortly after the film was completed, following a collision off Ceylon with the Indian cruiser INS Mysore (formerly HMS Nigeria).[16]

The large models of the major warships Bismarck, HMS Hood, HMS Prince of Wales, HMS King George V, HMS Rodney and the County-class cruisers, are generally accurate, although HMS Hood is depicted in a slightly earlier configuration than that which actually blew up. The use of models in a studio tank was intercut with wartime footage and staged sequences using available full-size warships.[13] Bismarck's anti-aircraft guns, however, are represented by stock footage of British QF 2-pounder naval guns.[15]


Reception

Critical

For the most part, the historical accuracy in Sink the Bismarck! was praised by critics, with Variety calling it a "first-rate film re-creation of a thrilling historical event".[7] A contemporary The New York Times review by A. H. Weiler, likewise championed its realism in saying "a viewer could not ask for greater authenticity". However, it went on to criticise both the acting and the constant scene changes "from Admiralty plotting rooms to the bridges of the ships at sea", claiming that this lessened the "over-all effectiveness" of both scenes.[4] Film4 praised its cinematography, noting that it "very realistically re-enacted scenes in the War Room of the Admiralty" as well as "excellently filmed episodes using miniature models".[19]

During the postwar period, war films were one staple of the British film industry, with Sink the Bismarck! an exemplar, sharing the "common themes, actors ... visual style and ideological messages" of the genre.[20] British magazine Radio Times viewed Sink the Bismarck! positively, stating that "this fine film fully captures the tensions, dangers and complexities of battle by concentrating on the unsung back-room planners as much as on the combatants themselves" while also praising More's performance. Attention was drawn to the ways in which it deviated from other war films of the period, specifically commenting on how "there is a respect for the enemy that is missing in many previous flag-wavers". The film was given a four-star rating.[6]

Gilbert's continual forays into events that shaped the British war experience mirrored his own background as a wartime filmmaker. His films merged historical episodes and the role of the individual, with Sink the Bismarck! characterised as having an "emotional punch, not least because Gilbert's direction relentlessly focuses on the human dimension amidst the history".[21]

Box office

Sink the Bismarck! was well received by the public and, according to Kine Weekly, it was the second most popular film released in Great Britain in 1960 (after Doctor in Love).[22] The film replicated the success of other British war-themed productions in the decade that also received healthy box office, including The Cruel Sea (1953), The Dam Busters (1955) and Reach for the Sky (1956).[23] Unlike most British war films Sink the Bismarck! was a surprise hit in North America.[24] Gilbert was surprised by the film's popularity in the USA as Reach for the Sky had flopped in that country, and that had a strong personal story which Sink the Bismarck! did not. And the battle did not involve the USA at all.[12] (This led to Gilbert turning down the offer of a significant percentage of the profits in Sink the Bismarck! which he later regretted. In 1996 he said he was still receiving some money from it.[25])

Variety estimated half a million of the gross could be attributed to the success of the title tune, even though the song did not appear in the film.[26] It was More's most successful film in the US.[27]

Historical accuracy

Sink the Bismarck! was made before 1975, when the British code-breaking at Bletchley Park was declassified, so it did not reveal that Shepard's hunches about the movements of the Bismarck were supported by intelligence. Direction finding and traffic analysis showed that on 25 May, Bismarck stopped talking to Wilhelmshaven and resumed with Paris, and Shepard committed to the belief that Bismarck was headed for the French coast. The radio switch from Wilhelmshaven to Paris might have been caused by Bismarck crossing the line between southern Greenland and the northern Hebrides, which placed her under Group West instead of Group North.[28] Nonetheless, Shepard's hunch was proved correct when, by good luck, a Luftwaffe Enigma transmission was intercepted and decoded at Bletchley Park, revealing that Bismarck was headed for Brest to repair an oil leak. The Luftwaffe's Enigma code had been broken early in the war, unlike the German naval Enigma code, which was only broken later and was subject only to traffic analysis during the Bismarck pursuit.[29] Damage during its battle with HMS Hood and HMS Prince of Wales caused flooding that put Bismarck's bow barely above sea level. Oil slicks caused by hits from HMS Prince of Wales were apparent. In the film, Bismarck's bow remains at its normal height above sea level.

A comparison of the real Bismarck (bottom) in 1940 and that from the film (top) during the scene in which it engages HMS Prince of Wales.

Some minor continuity errors involve the visual appearance of Bismarck. When a spy in Kristiansand, Norway, sees Bismarck arrive in Norwegian waters (sailing from the east), the ship is shown sailing from right to left (from the west). Bismarck has no apparent camouflage but in fact, the ship still had striped "Baltic camouflage" along her sides, which was removed shortly before she headed out to sea. Also, the photo-reconnaissance Spitfire that photographs Bismarck and Prinz Eugen in a fjord is shown as two different versions, each with different canopies.

Sink the Bismarck! simplifies the movements of HMS Hood and HMS Prince of Wales in the battle. The film shows an early order to turn to allow the British ships to fire full broadsides. In reality, they sought to close the distance first, presenting smaller targets to the German ships but using only their forward gun turrets which reduced their firepower advantage by eight big guns, while Bismarck and Prinz Eugen were firing full broadsides of all their main guns. The film does not show that HMS Hood mistook heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen for Bismarck, at first firing at the wrong ship before correcting her fire. Only in its final moments did HMS Hood begin a turn to fire a broadside on Bismarck. HMS Hood was hit during this turn and she exploded. The turn presented Hood's deck armour at an angle more vulnerable to shell penetration and has been cited as a possible cause for the explosion and her subsequent destruction, an issue the film does not cover. HMS Hood is shown firing to port while the Bismarck is shown firing to starboard; in fact it was the other way around.[30]

In one scene, Lütjens speculates that after Bismarck has undergone repair in Brest, the two German battleships based there, Gneisenau and Scharnhorst, could join Bismarck in raiding Allied shipping. There is no record of such a discussion at that time, although it would have been possible for Bismarck to sortie with the two battleships if Bismarck had reached the port.[Note 3]

Another historical deviation was made in depicting the night engagement between British destroyers and Bismarck. The film portrayal shows three British hits by torpedoes, while the British destroyer HMS Solent is hit and destroyed by Bismarck. There was no destroyer named Solent and no successful torpedo attack, although S-class submarine HMS Solent did exist during the war as a submarine operating in the Eastern Fleet in 1944. On 26 May, a Royal Navy destroyer squadron, led by Captain (later Admiral) Philip Vian in HMS Cossack, did exchange gunfire during unsuccessful torpedo attacks, with Bismarck inflicting minor damage to the destroyers. [Note 4] The heroic action of the attached Polish destroyer Piorun (ex N-class HMS Nerissa) was not depicted, although she sailed straight for Bismarck, signalling "I am a Pole" as she went, but none of her shots found their mark.

The aircraft that finally located Bismarck after she escaped detection by HMS Suffolk and HMS Norfolk is correctly shown as a Catalina, but the fact that it was piloted by an American Naval Reserve officer, Ensign Leonard Smith, could not be revealed until long after the war, since the United States was neutral at the time of the engagement.[34] The attacks by Fleet Air Arm Swordfish show some aircraft being shot down; no Swordfish was lost to Bismarck's guns and all were recovered. However, from HMS Victorious's air raid, two Fairey Fulmar escort fighters ran out of fuel and ditched. Three fliers were picked up from a rubber boat.[35]

Sink the Bismarck! also does not show controversial events after Bismarck sank, including HMS Dorsetshire's quick departure after rescuing only 110 survivors, because the ship suspected that a German U-boat was in the area and withdrew.[Note 5]

Portrayal of Günther Lütjens

The film has been criticised for its portrayal of German Admiral Günther Lütjens, who is portrayed as a stereotypical Nazi, committed to Nazism and crazed in his undaunted belief that Bismarck is unsinkable. In reality, Lütjens did not agree with Nazi policies; along with two other navy commanders, he had publicly protested against the brutality of antisemitic crimes during Kristallnacht. He is portrayed as saying "Never forget that you are Nazis", but the term "Nazi" was a short form pejorative term used by Germans to refer to the full name "Nationalsozialisten" ("National Socialists") that has become the common name used in English to refer to the ideology and its followers.[37] He was one of the few officers who refused to give the Nazi salute when Hitler visited Bismarck before its first and final mission, deliberately using instead the traditional naval salute.[38][28] He was pessimistic of the chances of success of Bismarck's mission and realised that it would be a daunting task.[39][28] The film shows Lütjens ordering Captain Ernst Lindemann to open fire on HMS Hood and HMS Prince of Wales. In reality, Lütjens ordered Lindemann to avoid engaging HMS Hood; Lindemann refused and ordered the ship's guns to open fire.[35]


Other productions

A revival of interest in the Bismarck was reflected in numerous publications that followed the film, as well as a variety of scale models that were produced.[40][Note 6] When the 1989 expedition by Dr. Robert Ballard to locate and photograph the remains of the battleship proved to be successful, further attention was directed to the story of the Bismarck.[42] A number of documentaries have also been produced including the Channel 4 miniseries Battle of Hood and Bismarck (2002)[43] and Hunt for the Bismarck aired in 2007 on the History Channel network worldwide.[44]

See also

References

Notes
  1. The Johnny Horton song, which reached No. 3 on both the US pop and country charts, was not a "true" movie tie-in, but was instrumental in introducing the film to an American audience.[8] Horton's song was used in the trailer promoting the film to American audiences.
  2. The (fictitious) HMS Solent is destroyed.
  3. This concept was not an original idea of Lütjens; it had been proposed by German naval staff before the battle, but was scrapped because of the repairs the two German battleships needed from damage during an air raid.[31]
  4. The other destroyers involved in the attack were HMS Maori, HMS Sikh, HMS Zulu and ORP Piorun. Aboard HMS Zulu, a sub-lieutenant in the gunnery control tower lost a hand to shell splinters when a shell landed on the forecastle but did not explode. HMS Cossack had her radio antenna sheared off by a shell.[32] The Royal Navy did lose a destroyer later in the operations – HMS Mashona was sunk by the Luftwaffe on 28 May.[33]
  5. HMS Dorsetshire's crew suspected that a German U-boat was in the area and withdrew. Hundreds of German sailors were left behind in the sea to die.[36]
  6. As a closer tie-in to the film, the original Forester book was re-released as Sink the Bismarck.[41]

Citations
  1. Solomon 1989, p. 252.
  2. "Rental Potentials of 1960". Variety. Vol. 221, no. 6. 4 January 1961. p. 47. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  3. Solomon 1989, p. 228.
  4. Weiler, A.H. (12 February 1960). "Movie Review – Sink the Bismarck – Of Men and Ships". The New York Times.
  5. Rico, José M. (2011). "Sink the Bismarck!". KBismarck.com. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  6. Parkinson, David (2013). "Sink the Bismarck!". Radio Times. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  7. "Review: 'Sink the Bismarck!'". Variety. 31 December 1959. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  8. Polmar and Cavas 2009, p. 251.
  9. Richard, D. M. (21 April 1959). "Authors put film values into books". The Christian Science Monitor. ProQuest 509916574.
  10. Frietas 2011, p. 79.
  11. Mayo 1999, p. 264.
  12. Fowler, Roy (1996). "Lewis Gilbert Side Nine". British Entertainment History Project.
  13. Dolan 1985, p. 88.
  14. Hyams 1984, p. 135.
  15. Niemi 2006, p. 99.
  16. Erickson 2004, p. 254.
  17. "Fairey Swordfish" Archived 29 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Royal Navy Historic Flight, 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  18. Howard, Lee. "Return of the Stringbag". Aeroplane, Volume 38, Number 12, Number 452, December 2010, p. 48.
  19. "Sink the Bismarck! Film4, 2013. Retrieved: 1 December 2013.
  20. Lovell 2000, p. 205.
  21. Allon et al. 2002, p. 115.
  22. Billings, Josh (15 December 1960). "It's Britain 1, 2, 3 again in the 1960 box office stakes". Kine Weekly. p. 8-9.
  23. Emsley et al. 2003, p. 178.
  24. Shipman 1980, p. 417.
  25. Fowler, Roy (1996). "Lewis Gilbert Side 6". British Entertainment History Project.
  26. "'Sales Come-On Ought Never to Mislabel Content' - Hathaway". Variety. 26 October 1960. p. 13.
  27. Vagg, Stephen (16 April 2023). "Surviving Cold Streaks: Kenneth More". Filmink.
  28. Kennedy
  29. Budiansky 2002, p. 189.
  30. Jurens, William J. "Loss of HMS Hood: A Re-Examination". Archived 4 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine International Naval Research Organization. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  31. Zetterling and Tamelander 2009, p. 23.
  32. Ballard and Archbold 1990, p. 117.
  33. Whitley 2000, p. 116.
  34. "Bismarck: British/American Cooperation and the destruction of the German battleship" Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved: 1 December 2013.
  35. Evans 2000, p. 170.
  36. Brennecke 2003, p. 88.
  37. Rabinbach, Anson; Gilman, Sander, eds. (2013). The Third Reich Sourcebook. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0520955141
  38. Ballard 1990, p. 32
  39. Asmussen, John. "Bismarck – Portrait of the Men Involved – Günther Lütjens". bismarck-class.dk, 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  40. "Waterline Sink the Bismarck 1:1200 (A50120)." Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Airfix, 2013. Retrieved: 1 December 2013.
  41. Forester 2003, pp. Cover, back cover.
  42. Mcgowen 1999, p. 63.
  43. "The Battle of Hood and Bismarck." Channel 4, 2013. Retrieved: 1 December 2013.
  44. "Dogfights: Hunt for the Bismarck DVD." History Channel, 2013. Retrieved: 1 December 2013.

Bibliography
  • Allon, Yoram, Del Cullen and Hannah Patterson, eds. Contemporary British and Irish Film Directors: A Wallflower Critical Guide. New York: Wallflower Press (Columbia University Press), 2002. ISBN 978-1-903364-21-5.
  • Ballard, Robert D. and Rick Archbold. The Discovery of the Bismarck: Germany's Greatest Battleship Surrenders Her Secrets. New York: Warner Books Inc., 1990. ISBN 978-0-446-51386-9.
  • Budiansky, Stephen. Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. New York: Touchstone, 2002. ISBN 0-7432-1734-9.
  • Dolan, Edward F. Jr. Hollywood Goes to War. London: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 0-86124-229-7.
  • Emsley, Clive et al. War, Culture and Memory. Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK: Open University Course Team, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7492-9611-7.
  • Erickson, Glenn. DVD Savant: A Review Resource Book. Rockville, Maryland: Wildside Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8095-1098-6.
  • Evans, Alun. Brassey's Guide to War Films. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2000. ISBN 1-57488-263-5.
  • Forester, C. S. Sink the Bismarck! The Greatest Sea Chase in Military History, (John Gresham Military Library Selection), originally published as the Last Nine Days of the Bismarck. New York: Ibooks, Inc, 2003. ISBN 978-1-59687-067-3.
  • Frietas, Gary A. War Movies: The Belle & Blade Guide to Classic War Videos. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers, 2011. ISBN 978-1-931741-38-5.
  • Hyams, Jay. War Movies. New York: W. H. Smith Publishers, Inc., 1984. ISBN 978-0-8317-9304-3.
  • Kennedy, Ludovic (1991). Pursuit: The Sinking of the Bismarck. London: Fontana. ISBN 978-0-00-634014-0.
  • Lovell, George. Consultancy, Ministry & Mission. London: Continuum, 2000. ISBN 978-0-86012-312-5.
  • Mayo, Mike. Videohound's War Movies: Classic Conflict on Film. Canton, Michigan: Visible Ink Press, 1999. ISBN 978-1-57859-089-6.
  • Mcgowen, Tom. Sink The Bismarck (Military Might). Kirkland, Washington: 21st Century, 1999. ISBN 978-0-7613-1510-0.
  • Niemi, Robert. History in the Media: Film and Television. Santa Barbara, California: ABC/CLIO, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57607-952-2.
  • Polmar, Norman and Christopher P. Cavas. Navy's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Admirable Admirals, Sleek Submarines, and Other Naval Oddities (Most Wanted Series). Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books Inc., 2009. ISBN 1-59797-226-6.
  • Shipman, David. The Great Movie Stars: The International Years. London: Angus & Robertson, 1980. ISBN 0-207-95858-0.
  • Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1.
  • Whitley, M. J. Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-87021-326-7.
  • Zetterling, Niklas and Michael Tamelander. Tirpitz: The Life and Death of Germany's Last Super Battleship. Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors, L.L.C., 2009. ISBN 978-1-935149-18-7.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.