Siphonarioidea

The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to be the most abundant and species diverse in the warmer temperate to subtropical regions. More specifically, they are found within the southern hemisphere of the Indo-Pacific region.[1] They generally inhabit marine benthic regions,[2] specifically the subtidal zones.

Siphonarioidea are almost entirely marine organisms,[3] as they have been found to have evolved into despite the terrestrial ecosystems inhabited by their ancestors.[4] They inhabit the subtidal zones of marine ecosystems, and resemble true limpets with their non coiled,[1] conical shells. Siphonarioidea are frequently referred to as "false limpets" due to some distinct differences despite their resemblance to these Patellogastropoda. For example, Siphonariid adults' dorso-ventral muscles have a C-shape pattern and surround the central mantle cavity, which contrasts to the U-shaped muscles of patellogastropods. Siphonarioidea have a singular lung on the right side of their bodies that has two openings for inhaling and exhaling water, which cause their asymmetrical shell shape. When they are submerged in water, the Siphonarioidea breathe by inhaling water through the current created by the cilia on their gills and in their lung cavity. They absorb the oxygen from the water, then release the water back into the current, along with exhlalant carbon dioxide. The Siphonarioidea are highly adapted to being able to breathe by accessing oxygen from both the atmosphere and from water. When they are exposed to air, their lung opening remains open, and no longer requires active ventilation.[3] Siphonarioidea move by gliding around with the mucus that they produce, but they are facultatively mobile, and therefore do not move around very often.[2]

A key difference between the Siphonarioidea and the Patellogastropoda is the fact that Siphonarioidea are simultaneous hermaphrodites[4] that practice internal fertilization.[3] During copulation, a Siphonaria will insert their penis into the other's gential opening; this can be mutual or one-sided. The sperm is then deposited in the female gentials, which produces egg masses. The masses are known to have a high surface area to volume ratio.[6] This provides protection against desiccation and other environmental factors, although development is still affected, sometimes to a fatal extent.[4] In each egg, the juveniles develop and then eventually hatch. Some adaptations to these threats are spawning in intertidal pools, or coiling to trap water.[6] Once hatched, they must at one point settle and undergo metamorphosis before they can become an adult.[3]

Siphonarioidea have characteristically weak radula, which limits them to only being able to consume softer, delicate algae,[3] usually only grazing on the top layers instead of fully uprooting it.[1] This selective physical trait causes them to usually be inferior in terms of competition with true limpets,[3] although they are never completely outcompeted.[1]