Percival

Percival in Newell Convers Wyeth's illustration for Sidney Lanier's The Boy's King Arthur (1922)

The earliest reference to Perceval is found in Chrétien de Troyes's first Arthurian romance Erec et Enide, where, as "Percevaus li Galois" (Percevaus of Wales), he appears in a list of Arthur's knights.[1] In another of Chrétien's romances, Cligés, Perceval is a "renowned vassal" who is defeated by the knight Cligés in a tournament.[2] He then becomes the eponymous protagonist of Chrétien's final romance, Perceval, the Story of the Grail.[3]

In the Welsh romance Peredur son of Efrawg, the corresponding figure goes by the name Peredur. The name "Peredur" may derive from Welsh par (spear) and dur (hard, steel).[4] It is generally accepted that Peredur was a well-established figure before he became the hero of Peredur son of Efrawg.[5] However, the earliest Welsh Arthurian text, Culhwch and Olwen, does not mention Peredur in any of its extended catalogues of famous and less famous warriors. Peredur does appear in the romance Geraint and Enid, which includes "Peredur son of Efrawg" in a list of warriors accompanying Geraint. A comparable list in the last pages of The Dream of Rhonabwy refers to a Peredur Paladr Hir ("of the Long Spear-Shaft"), whom Peter Bartrum identifies as the same figure.[6] Peredur may derive in part from the sixth-century Coeling chieftain Peredur son of Eliffer. The Peredur of Welsh romance differs from the Coeling chieftain if only in that his father is called Efrawg, rather than Eliffer, and there is no sign of a brother called Gwrgi. Efrawg, on the other hand, is not an ordinary personal name, but the historical Welsh name for the city of York (Latin Eburacum, modern Welsh Efrog).[6] This may represent an epithet that denoted a local association, possibly pointing to Eliffer's son as the prototype, but which came to be understood and used as a patronymic in the Welsh Arthurian tales.[6]

Scholars disagree as to the exact relationship between Peredur and Percival. Arthur Groos and Norris J. Lacy argue that it is most likely that the use of the name Peredur in Peredur son of Efrawg "represent[s] an attempt to adapt the name [Perceval] to Welsh onomastic traditions",[7] as the Welsh romance appears to depend on Chrétien de Troyes, at least partially, as a source, and as the name Peredur is attested for unrelated characters in Historia Regum Britanniae and Roman de Brut.[8] Rachel Bromwich, however, regards the name Perceval as a loose French approximation of the Welsh name Peredur.[9] Roger Sherman Loomis attempted to derive both Perceval and Peredur from the Welsh Pryderi, a mythological figure in the Four Branches of the Mabinogi,[10] a derivation that Groos and Lacy find "now seems even less likely".[8]

In all of his appearances, Chrétien de Troyes identifies Perceval as "the Welshman" (li Galois), indicating that, even if he does not originate in Celtic tradition, he alludes to it.[3] Groos and Lacy argue that, "even though there may have been a pre-existing 'Perceval prototype,' Chrétien was primarily responsible [...] for the creation of [one of] the most fascinating, complex, and productive characters in Arthurian fiction".[11]

In some French texts, the name "Perceval" is derived from either Old French per ce val (through this valley) or perce val (pierce the valley).[12] These etymologies are not found in Chrétien de Troyes, however.[13] Perlesvaus etymologizes the name (there: Pellesvax) as meaning "He Who Has Lost The Vales", referring to the loss of land by his father, while also saying Perceval called himself Par-lui-fet (made by himself).[14] Wolfram von Eschenbach's German Parzival provides the meaning "right through the middle" for the name (there: Parzival).[14] Richard Wagner followed a discredited etymology proposed by journalist and historian Joseph Görres that the name derived from Arabic fal parsi (pure fool) when choosing the spelling "Parsifal" for the figure in his opera.[15]

His story has been featured in many modern works, including Wagner's influential and controversial 1882 opera Parsifal.

• Daniel Mangrané's The Evil Forest (Spanish: Parsifal) is a free re-telling in Spain during the barbarian invasions, with Gustavo Rojo as the titular character. It features some music by Wagner.[18]
• Richard Monaco's 1977 book Parsival: Or, a Knight's Tale is a re-telling of the Percival legend.[19]
• Éric Rohmer's 1978 film Perceval le Gallois is an eccentrically staged interpretation of Chrétien's original poem.[20]
• John Boorman's 1981 film Excalibur is a retelling of Le Morte d'Arthur in which Percival (Perceval) is given a leading role.
• A version of Percival appears in the 1982-1985 DC Comics maxi-series Camelot 3000.
• The 1991 film The Fisher King written by Richard LaGravenese is, in ways, a modern retelling in which the parallels shift between characters, who themselves discuss the legend.
• In the comic series based on the cartoon Gargoyles, Peredur fab Ragnal (Percival's Welsh name) achieves the Holy Grail and becomes the Fisher King. To honour his mentor Arthur, he establishes a secret order who will guide the world to greater prosperity and progress, which eventually becomes the Illuminati. Part of achieving the Grail is the bestowal of immense longevity upon Peredur and his wife, Fleur, along with certain other members of the order being granted longer lifespans. He is still alive and even appears young by 1996, when his organisation comes into conflict with the re-awakened Arthur and the other characters of the Gargoyles story.[21]
• He is the protagonist of the 2000 book Parzival: The Quest of the Grail Knight by Katherine Paterson, based on Wolfram's Parzival.
• The 2003 novel Clothar the Frank by Jack Whyte portrays Perceval as an ally of Lancelot in his travels to Camelot.
• He appears in the French comedy TV series Kaamelott as a main character, portrayed as a clueless yet loyal knight of the Round Table.
• In the BBC television series Merlin,[22] Percival is a large, strong commoner. After helping to free Camelot from the occupation of Morgana, Morgause, and their immortal army (which is supplied by a grail-like goblet called the Cup of Life), he is knighted along with Lancelot, Elyan and Gwaine, against the common practice that knights are only of noble birth. He is also one of the few Round Table knights to survive Arthur's death.[23]
• In Philip Reeve's Here Lies Arthur, he appears as Peredur, son of Peredur Long-knife, who is raised as a woman by his mother, who had already lost many sons and her husband to war. He befriends the main character, Gwyna/Gwyn. He is one of the few major characters to survive to the end and travels with Gwen (in a male disguise) as 'Peri', his childhood shortened name as a woman, playing a harp to Gwen's stories.
• Erica Schroeder portrayed Percival in the video game Sonic and the Black Knight (2009). Percival's appearance is based on Blaze the Cat.
• The main character of Ernest Cline's 2011 novel Ready Player One (and its film adaptation) names his virtual reality avatar "Parzival" as a reference to Percival and to his role in Arthurian legend.
• Percival appears in Season 5 of the American TV series Once Upon A Time. He is one of King Arthur's knights, who dances with Regina at the ball when she visits Camelot. Percival, however, recognises her as the Evil Queen and tries to kill her, but he is killed by Prince Charming first.
• Patricia A. McKillip's 2016 novel Kingfisher includes many elements of the story of Percival and the Fisher King. Young Pierce (Percival meaning "pierce the valley"), after a chance meeting with knights, leaves his mother, who has sheltered him from the world and travels to become a knight.
• In the 2017 television series Knightfall, Percival (rendered as "Parsifal") appears as a young peasant farmer who joins the Knights Templar as a novice knight.
• In the 2020 television series Cursed, Billy Jenkins plays a boy, nicknamed squirrel, who is Percival.
• In the 2018 film High Life, Rob Pattinson's character is described as being similar to Percival in the Arthurian legend.
• The 2022 novella Spear by Nicola Griffith is a retelling of the story of Percival. The protagonist Peretur disguises herself as a man and hopes to become a knight.

• Bromwich, Rachel (1961). Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
• Carey, John (2007). Ireland and the Grail. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications 11.
• Chrétien de Troyes, Nigel Bryant (translator) (1996) Perceval, the Story of the Grail, D. S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-224-8.
• Chrétien de Troyes, D. D. R. Owen (translator) (1988) Arthurian Romances, Tuttle Publishing, reprinted by Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87389-X.
• Koch, John T. (2006). "Arfderydd". In John T. Koch (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara et al. pp. 82–3.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Koch, John T. (2006). "Peredur fab Efrawg". In John T. Koch (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara et al. pp. 1437–8.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• The Mabinogion. Translated by Davies, Sioned. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. 2007.
• Groos, Arthur; Lacy, Norris J. (2002). "Introduction". In Gross, Arthur; Lacy, Norris J (eds.). Perceval / Parzival: A Casebook. New York and London: Routledge. pp. 1–42.
• Lacy, Norris J. (Ed.) (1991). The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
• Loomis, Roger Sherman (1949). Arthurian Tradition and Chrétien de Troyes. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Lovecy, Ian (1991). "Historia Peredur ab Efrawg". In Rachel Bromwich; A. O. H. Jarman; B. F. Roberts (eds.). The Arthur of the Welsh: the Arthurian legend in medieval Welsh literature. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 171–82.
• Müller, Ulrich (1999). "Wolfram, Wagner, and the Germans". In Hasty, Will (ed.). A Companion to Wolfram's Parzival. Columbia, SC: Camden House.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Percival.

• Perceval at The Camelot Project