Sociable weaver

Based on a 2017 DNA-analysis, P. socius belongs to the group of sparrow weavers (subfamily Plocepasserinae) and is most related to the genus Pseudonigrita. These two genera are the sister group of the genus Plocepasser. The most basic genus of the subfamily is Sporopipes.[7] Provided that genera are correct clades, the following tree expresses current insights.

In the southern range of the weaver's habitat, breeding may occur any time of the year and is closely linked to rainfall. In the northern range, a discrete breeding season between December and August has been noted.[3] They may skip breeding during years when rainfall is low and a substantial number (sometimes over half) of birds in the colony may never breed in a given season.[2] Under typical conditions, weavers raise up to four broods per breeding cycle. Sociable weavers are known to assist in the care of younger siblings and unrelated hatchlings, and nearly all pairs are assisted by helpers.[2] A mating pair has been recorded as producing nine broods in a single season in response to repeated predation of its young. Unlike northern temperate passerine birds, which commence breeding within the first year of life, sociable weavers exhibit delayed-onset breeding, at sometimes up to two years of age.[2]

The nesting colonies of the sociable weaver are amongst the largest bird-created structures.

Camel thorn with Sociable weavers' nests.

Sociable weavers construct permanent nests on trees and other tall objects. These nests are amongst the largest built by any bird, and are large enough to house over 100 pairs of birds,[9] containing several generations at a time. The nests are highly structured and provide birds with a more advantageous temperature relative to the outside. The central chambers retain heat and are used for nighttime roosting. The outer rooms are used for daytime shade and maintain temperatures of 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) inside while outside temperatures may range from 16–33 °C (61–91 °F).[10]

The nests consist of separate chambers, each of which is occupied by a pair (sometimes with offspring) and used to roost and breed. Nests are built around large and sturdy structures such as acacia trees or sometimes even telephone poles. The trees generally used for nest-building are Acacia erioloba, Boscia albitrunca, and Aloidendron dichotomum. The birds at Etosha National Park also use Colophospermum mopane trees for nesting.[3] Large nesting colonies can be active across many generations, sometimes over 199 years.[2][11] The nest appears like a large haystack in the tree. If seen from below, entrances into the chambers may be seen, giving a honeycomb appearance. The entrances may be about 3 in (76 mm) wide and can be up to 10 in (250 mm) long.[11] Sharp sticks may be placed to deter predators from entering.

Sociable weaver nests form a habitat that is occupied by animals of many different taxa, including several other bird species, which use the nest in different ways, such as for breeding (as with the paradise finch and rosy-faced lovebird), roosting (as with the familiar chat and ashy tit), or as a platform for the nests of larger birds (such as owls, vultures, or falcons).[3][11] Although most birds use sociable weaver nests commensally, cases of predation upon nestlings and animosity with the weavers has been reported of the pygmy falcon in some sites in Kimberley.[12]

Reptile species also use the nests. Snakes, especially Cape cobras and boomslangs, are the most common nest predators, often consuming all the eggs in all the chambers of a large nest.[10] Nest predation is often as high; in one study, 70% of the clutches laid were preyed upon.[2] In addition, Trachylepis spilogaster (Kalahari Tree Skink) associate with the nests. Trees with nests appear to host more skinks than trees without nests.[13] Additionally, these skinks have learned to eavesdrop on sociable weaver alarm calls to determine when a pygmy falcon, one of its main predators, is approaching.[14]

Nests built in electricity poles sometimes cause short circuits in the rainy season and can catch fire in the dry season.[15]

Some evidence indicates that cooperation in nest-building is driven by kin selection.[16][17]

The bird droppings under the nesting colonies of the sociable weaver are used by scarab beetles.[18]

The sociable weaver is insectivorous, with insects comprising 80% of their diet. As an adaptation to living in the dry Kalahari Desert, where standing water is scarce, the sociable weaver obtains all of its water from its diet. it also feeds on seeds and other plant products. Foraging is predominantly on the ground, but also on bark and leaves of trees.[2]