Social welfare programmes in South Africa

The pre-apartheid social programmes in South Africa was mainly concerned with white poverty.[4] The earliest social welfare programmes in South Africa was the poor relief distributed by the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) in 1657.[4] The poor relief aimed at helping white farmers (Boers) whose crops failed and excluded Black farmers from the relief.[4]

The institutionalised social welfare system was established after the British occupied the Cape Colony in 1806.[5] The welfare resources for children and the disabled were created.[5] The organised occupational insurance after retirement was established in the 1920s.[5] However, the occupational insurance after retirement included mostly skilled workers, most of whom were white.[5]

The labour movement organised by poor white industrial workers in the 1920s drew the government's attention to the poor white problem.[5] The Department Of Labor was created to create work opportunities for white labours.[5] The Wage Act in 1925 established a minimum wage for white labours, called "the white survival line," to protect white workers from poverty and ensure white privilege over non-white workers.[5]

In 1937, a state Department of Social Welfare was established.[5] The Department of Social Welfare was responsible for providing social welfare services to the public but its main focus was on poor whites.[5]

In the early 1950s, the social welfare services for African, Indian and Colored persons were separated from the Department of Social Welfare and transferred to the Departments of Bantu Administration, Indian Affairs and Colored Affairs, respectively.[4] The separation of social welfare resources led to unequal allocation of resources based on race.[4] The budget for welfare services for whites were higher than that for the majority blacks and the available grants for whites were more abundant than those for blacks.[5]

Moreover, the way of the delivery of the services also reflected racial discrimination: the grants for whites, Indians, and Coloreds were distributed by check while the grants for Blacks were distributed at mobile sites, such as under trees and in stores.[4]

Occupational retirement insurance was created in the 1920s.[5] However, low skilled labour was not included in the insurance until the 1960s. In the 1960s and 1970s, occupational retirement insurance expanded rapidly to include many low skilled labour, many of whom were black.[5] Meanwhile, trade union movement organised by white workers extended the coverage of occupational retirement insurance to more industries.[5]

In the 1980s, in response to the growing protests against apartheid, the white minority government increased expenditure on social welfare services for black South Africans.[5] According to economist Sampie Terreblanche, "by 1990 whites accounted for only 23% of welfare spending, whilst Coloureds and Indians received 24% and Africans 52%."[13]

The post-apartheid government published the White Paper for Social Welfare in 1995 and it was adopted by Cabinet in 1997.[5] The White Paper proposed policies and programmes to implement the principles established in RDP. The programmes proposed by the White Paper included Unemployment Insurance, free health care programs for pregnant women and small children, free meals for students, and poor relief that would guarantee a minimum income for families and children.[4][5] The White Paper also integrated the 14 welfare departments based on race and established the Ministry for Welfare and Population Development and nine provincial departments to administer social welfare services.[4]

GEAR was the conservative macroeconomic policy South African government adopted in response to the 1996 currency crisis in an attempt to regain confidence in domestic and global capital market.[5] GEAR prioritised economic growth, believing that economic growth could solve poverty problem by job creation.[5] GEAR emphasised that economic growth should be led by the private sector and reduced the role state took in economy.[5] As a result, the decrease in public spending led to the elimination or shrinkage of social services.[5]

The Child Support Grant was introduced in 1998.[15] CSG is a cash assistance to poor children under the age of 6 and expanded to children under the age of 14 in 2005.[15] CSG paid the guardians of the eligible children R460 per month per child in 2022 through the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) under the DSD.[16] According to the National Treasury of South Africa, "the CSG is now one of the largest social assistance programmes in post-apartheid South Africa reaching 11.2 million children in 2012–13, i.e., approximately 59 per cent of children."[9] The government expenditure on CSG accounted for 3.4 per cent of GDP in 2014.[9]

The government did not add any conditions upon the reception of CSG initially.[9] However, since 2010, the children have to attend school to be eligible to receive CSG.[9]

Studies have revealed that the recipients of CSG showed better nutrition status, higher scores on a height to weight growth chart, and better school enrolment rates compared to children who are equally poor.[9][17]

Foster parents of children under the age of 15 were eligible for the Foster Child Grant in 2010.[18] Since 2012, the qualification for FCG expanded to include foster children under the age of 18.[18] The value of FCG per month per child is R1050 in 2022, more than twice the size of the Child Support Grant.[19] These benefits are received through cash, direct deposit, or through an overseeing institution.[19] The grant is reviewed every 2 years through a court, and may be suspended or lapse if the child's parental circumstances have changed, the guardians fail to comply with the court, or there is evidence of fraudulence when filing for FCG.[19]

The National School Nutrition Program began in 1994 with a mandate to provide free lunch in all non-fee-paying schools (i.e., those categorized as quintiles 1 through 3 in the South African schools classification system). As of 2020, 9.6 million school children (about two-thirds of whom are primary school students and one-third of whom are secondary school students) benefited from the program. The NSNP reaches an estimated 72% of school-age children in the country. Foods are purchased dometically, and the program is wholly government-funded with a budget of about US$520 million.[20]

The old-age pension accounts for the highest amount of government expenditure among all social assistance programmes in South Africa.[21] The old-age pension was established in South Africa as early as the 1920s.[22] However, the old-age pension system had reflected strong racial inequality until the 1990s.[22] For example, in the early 1980s, whites received benefits 10 times the benefits received by blacks.[22] From 1989 to 1993, the government took efforts to reform the old-age pension to expand it to the entire population and eliminate racial inequality in the pension programme.[22] The benefits blacks received increased from R1555 a year in 1980 to R3081 a year in 1993.[22] The pension programme has not undergone large reforms since 1993 but the government adjusts the monetary value in accordance to inflation rates.[23] In 2010, women aged 60 and above and men aged 61 above could receive R21000 per year.[21]

People with disabilities above the age of 18 are eligible for the disability grant.[21] They can receive R1010 per month per person.[21]

Parents, guardians, and primary caregivers of children with disabilities are able to qualify for the Care Dependency Grant.[28] To qualify, single parents must earn less than R223 200 annually and couples must earn less than R446 400 collectively, with exemptions made for foster parents.[28] The grant provides recipients R1 890 per month via cash, electronic deposit, or administrative institution.[28]

Veterans who fought in the Second World War (1939–1945) or the Korean War (1950–1953) and who are above the age of 60 are eligible to the war veteran grant provided by the Department of Military Veterans.[29] Each veteran can receive R1,800 per month from the South African Social Security Agency.[29] During the Second World War, South Africa sent approximately 200,000 troops to support the Allied Forces and 826 troops to the Korean War in the 2 Squadron.[30][31]

Unemployment insurance was introduced as early as 1966 through the passage of the first Unemployment Insurance Act.[32] However, the first Unemployment Insurance Act excluded black workers, workers in informal sectors, and civil servants from receiving unemployment benefits.[32] The amended Unemployment Insurance Act was passed in 2001.[32] At present, any employers who contribute to the Unemployment Insurance Fund can receive one day of unemployment benefits for every six days of employment once they become unemployed.[21][32] The contributors can receive up to 238 days of unemployment insurance.[32] However, the unemployment insurance excludes workers in informal sectors, civil servants, and workers who have never worked before.[32]

As a response to the Covid-19 pandemic, and the associated national lockdown, the South African government introduced the Social Relief of Distress grant in May 2020. The SRD grant is administered by SASSA and ensures that adults without any other income receive a monthly payment of R350. [33] In February 2022 President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that the SRD grant would be extended until at least March 2024. [34]

In 1994, the post-apartheid government announced its plan to provide one million homes in the next 5 years as part of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP).[38] The program's goal was to address the housing disparity created during apartheid. The government fulfilled its claim by providing 1,155,300 homes that could house 5,776,300 people by 2000.[38] To address housing disparity during apartheid, the post-apartheid government launched housing subsidies based on recipients' income in 1994.[39] Recipients whose monthly income is below R800 can receive a subsidy of R15,000; recipients whose monthly income ranges from 801 to R1500 receive R12,500; recipients whose monthly income ranges from R1501 to R2500 receive R9,500; recipients whose monthly income ranges from R2501 to R3500 receive R5,000.[39] According to Stats SA's GHS of 2018, "the percentage of households that received some form of government housing subsidy increased from 5.6% in 2002 to 13.6%  in 2018."[40]