Sool

Sool (Somali: Sool, Arabic: صول) is an administrative region (gobol) in sout[6]/north western Somalia.[7] It borders Togdheer to the west, Sanaag to the north, Ethiopia to the south and Nugal, Bari to the east. Its capital city is Las Anod. The region is disputed by the self-declared Republic of Somaliland and Puntland, a Federal Member State of Somalia.[8][9][10][11][12][13] The region is partially controlled by both polities.[14][15]

Sool
Sool (Somali)
صول (Arabic)
Region
Dervish fort in Taleh
Dervish fort in Taleh
Location in Somalia
Location in Somalia
Country Somalia Somaliland[1]
Administrative centreLas Anod
Government
 • Governor(disputed January 2023Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye[2][3]
Area
 • Total39,240 km2 (15,150 sq mi)
Population
 (2014)
 • Total767,428 [4]
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
HDI (2021)0.338[5]
low · 8th of 18

Territorial dispute
Main article: Somaliland-Puntland dispute

Sool is disputed by Somaliland and Puntland. The former basis its claim on the British Somaliland protectorate borders, and the later on the territory inhabited by the Harti clan that established the state in 1998.[16]: 36  Khatumo State and its predecessor SSC Movement which rejected both claims also made attempts to establish a separate administration in the region.

In 2003, Puntland sent troops to Las Anod under the pretext of conflict mediation and occupied it outright.[16]: 63  Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict west of Las Anod. In 2007, Somaliland took military control of Las Anod. Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict near Tukaraq.[16]: 68  In 2018, the Somaliland army captured Tukaraq.[17] In April 2019, the Somaliland army took control of Taleh.[18] In May 2022 Somaliland captured Bo'ame, the last town in the region outside of Somaliland control.[19]

Due to the prolonged conflict between Somaliland and Puntland, many Dhulbahante and Warsangeli living in the region do not recognize the Sool region and eastern Sanaag, as either Somaliland or Puntland.[20]

History
British Somaliland district boundaries from 1944.[21]

From 1944 to 1974, the Sool region was formerly Las Anod district. It was one of three districts under British protection. The other two districts were the Burao and hargeysa districts.[22]

In 1974 most Sool was part of the larger Nugaal region, with its capital at Garowe. It was established as a separate region in 1984 with its capital at Las Anod.[23]

Demographics
City, Town, Village in Sool.
Ad=Adhi'adeye, Ay=Aynaba, Bad=Badweyn, Bar=Baran, Be=Berkad Ali Hersi, Boa=Bo'ame, Boh=Bohol, Ce=Ceeldhaab, Da=Darantaleh, Dha=Dharkayn Geenyo, Dhu=Dhummay, Fa=Fardhidin, Gam=Gambadhe, Gau=Gaulo, Gdl=Godaalo, Gdh=Godheeli, Gow=Gowsaweyne, Gu=Guumays, Hab=Habariheshay, Had=Hadhwanaag, Hal=Halin, Hu=Hudun, Kal=Kalabaydh, Kgo=Karin-gorfood, Kar=Karindabaylweyn, La=Las Anod, Laf= Lafaweyne, Oo=Oog, Qd=Qoridheere, Ql=Qoriley, Sah=Sahdheer, Sar=Sarmaanyo, Ta=Taleh, Tu=Tuulo Samakaab, Tu=Tukaraq, Wad=Wadamago, War=War Idaad, Ya=Yagori

The Sool region is almost exclusively inhabited by Dhulbahante.[24][25][26][27] Michael Walls reports:

"The residents of Sool overwhelmingly hail from a single clan grouping in the form of the Dhulbahante [...]. Sool boasts a degree of kinship homogeneity that is rare even in the Somali Horn".[28]

The Habr Je'lo clan of the Isaaq clan-family make up the vast majority of the population in western Sool, including the region's second largest town Aynaba,[29] as well as the wider Aynaba District.[30]

The Habr Yunis sub-division of the Garhajis Isaaq also inhabit the western parts of Hudun and Las Anod districts in northern Sool.[31]

The Dhulbahante sub-division of the Harti Darod clan primarily inhabits the Taleh, eastern Hudun and Las Anod districts in eastern Sool.[32][33][34] The Fiqishini sub-clan of the Habar Gidir Hawiye[35] integrated into Baho Nugaaled Dhulbahante,[36] inhabit the area around Adhi'adeye.[37][38]

Districts

The Sool region consists of 4 districts.[39]

DistrictGradeCapitalCommentsLocation
Las AnodALas AnodRegional capital
AynaboBAynabo
HudunCHudun
TalehCTaleh

Villages

Map
  • Map of Sool Region

See also

References
  1. "Somalia country profile". BBC. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  2. "Sool Governor Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye in yagoori conference". 28 January 2022.
  3. "Gudomiyaha Gobalka sool Abdikarin Haji Diiriye koormeray taliska sool". 24 February 2022.
  4. "Population Estimation Survey 2013" (PDF). Federal Republic of Somalia. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  5. "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  6. "Catching up on human rights needs in Sool and Sanaag after four years". 22 June 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  7. "Detailed Site Assessment (DSA): Sool region, Somalia (March 2022)". reliefweb.int. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  8. "Completed Project". www.eth.mpg.de. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  9. "Are Somaliland, Puntland ready for war over land?". The East African. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  10. "Somalia: No elections in disputed regions, Puntland says - Somalia". ReliefWeb. 8 April 2003. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  11. "Averting War in Northern Somalia". Crisis Group. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  12. Mahmood, Omar S. (1 November 2019). "Overlapping Claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The Case of Sool and Sanaag". Africa Portal. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  13. ISSAfrica.org (9 December 2019). "The various layers to the Somaliland-Puntland discord". ISS Africa. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  14. "BFA Staatendokumentation/ Andreas Tiwald, Analyse zu Somalia - Lagekarten zur Sicherheitslage". Austrian Federal Office for Immigration and Asylum: 8. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  15. "EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office: 74. February 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  16. Markus Virgil Hoehne (2015). "Between Somaliland and Puntland" (PDF). Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  17. "Somalia: Puntland and Somaliland forces clash in Tukaraq". crisis24.garda.com. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  18. "Somaliland Oo Xoog Kula Wareegtay Degmada Taleex Ee Gobolka Sool". mareeg.com. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  19. "Ciidamada Somaliland oo qabsaday degmada Boocame ee Gobolka Sool". Puntland Post. 18 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  20. Ahmed M. Musa (2021). "Lasanod: City at the margins" (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  21. "Development map, roads, 1944". Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  22. "Development map, roads, 1944". Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  23. "Somalia (1988)". CIA. December 1988. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
  24. "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 10.
  25. Hohne, Markus V. (2006). "Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (3): 405. doi:10.1017/S0022278X06001820. S2CID 54173895.
  26. "Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia" (PDF). Horn of Africa Bulletin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  27. International Crisis Group. "Somaliland: The Strains of Success" (PDF): 4. Retrieved 20 September 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. Walls, Michael. "Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?". Africa Research Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  29. Renders, Marleen (2012). Consider Somaliland : state-building with traditional leaders and institutions. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-22254-0. OCLC 775301944. Eastern Sanaag and Sool had not been Egal's priority. The president did not strictly need these regions to be under his military control in order to preserve and consolidate his position politically or in terms of resources.
  30. "EASO Country of Origin Information Report - Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). February 2016.
  31. "EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office: 74. February 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  32. Walls, Michael. "Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?". Africa Research Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  33. "Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia" (PDF). Horn of Africa Bulletin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  34. "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 10.
  35. Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. London. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5. OCLC 976483444.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  36. Political Orientations and Repertoires of Identification: State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia, 2011, Markus Hoehne, p. 285, "Schlee (1994 [1989]: 223) confirmed that... Fiqishiini ’."
  37. "Waqtiga Celeema saarka Sultaanka Beesha FIQISHINI oo la shaaciyey". halgan.net. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  38. "Qaban-Qaabada Suldaanka Beesha Fiqishini Oo Laga Dareemayo Degmada Laascaanood Iyo Wufuud Kusii Qulqulaysa Adhicadeeye". laascaanood.com. 17 May 2016. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  39. "Sool Region" (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2013.

8°23′46″N 47°41′29″E

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