Sound mass

In musical composition, a sound mass (also sound collective, sound complex, tone shower, sound crowd, or cloud) is the result of compositional techniques, in which, "the importance of individual pitches", is minimized, "in preference for texture, timbre, and dynamics as primary shapers of gesture and impact", obscuring, "the boundary between sound and noise".[2]

A texture may be arranged so as to "closely approach the single-object status of fused-ensemble timbres, for example, the beautiful 'northern lights' chord..., in a very interesting distribution of pitches, produces a fused sound supported by a suspended cymbal roll".[1]

Techniques which may create or be used with sound mass include extended techniques such as muted brass or strings, flutter tonguing, wide vibrato, extreme ranges, and glissandos as the continuum for "sound mass" moves from simultaneously sounding notes – clusters etc., towards stochastic cloud textures, and 'mass structure' compositional textures which evolve over time.[2] In a sound mass, "the traditional concept of 'chord' or vertical 'event' [is] replaced by a shifting, iridescent fabric of sound".[3]

The use of "chords approaching timbres" begins with Debussy and Edgard Varèse often carefully scored individual instrumental parts so that they would fuse into one ensemble timbre or sound mass.[4] Explored by Charles Ives and Henry Cowell in the early part of the twentieth century, this technique also developed from the modernist tone clusters and spread to orchestral writing by the mid 1950s and 1960s.[2] "Unlike most tonal and non-tonal linear dissonances, tone clusters are essentially static. The individual pitches are of secondary importance; it is the sound mass that is foremost."[5] One French composer active in this period whose music takes a sound-mass approach directly influenced by both Debussy and Varèse is Maurice Ohana.[6]

Examples

Examples can be found in Metastasis (1953–54), Pithoprakta (1955–56), and Achorripsis (1956–57), all orchestral works by Iannis Xenakis,[7] as well as in Gesang der Jünglinge for concrete and electronic sounds (1955–56), Zeitmaße for five woodwinds (1955–56), and Gruppen for three orchestras (1955–57), by Karlheinz Stockhausen.[8] Other composers and works include Barbara Kolb, Pauline Oliveros' Sound Patterns for chorus (1961), Norma Beecroft's From Dreams of Brass for chorus (1963–64), and Nancy Van de Vate. Beecroft "blurs individual pitches in favor of a collective timbre through the use of vocal and instrumental clusters, choral speech, narrator, and a wash of sounds from an electronic tape".[2]

A very early example is the opening of Jean-Féry Rebel's ballet Les Elémens (1737–38), where chaos is represented by a gradually cumulating orchestral cluster of all seven notes of the D minor scale.[9] A later example is the third movement of Ruth Crawford Seeger's String Quartet 1931[10] while more recently Phill Niblock's multiple drone based music serves as an example.[11]

Other examples include European "textural" compositions of the fifties and sixties such as Krzysztof Penderecki's Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima (1959) and György Ligeti's works featuring micropolyphony in works like Atmosphères (1961) and his Requiem (1963–65).[12] Other composers with works using this technique include Henryk Górecki, Karel Husa, Witold Lutosławski, Kazimierz Serocki, Steven Stucky, and George Crumb.[12] Sound-mass techniques also appear in the music of Monic Cecconi-Botella[13] and Harry Freedman.[14]

See also

References
  1. Erickson 1975, pp. 166, 168.
  2. Edwards 2001, pp. 326–327.
  3. Kostka, Payne, and Schindler 1995, 546.
  4. Erickson 1975, pp. 18, 21.
  5. Reisberg 1975, p. 355.
  6. Rae 2001.
  7. Salzman 1987, p. 185.
  8. Stockhausen 1963, p. 235.
  9. Henck 2004, pp. 52–54.
  10. Composers Quartet 1973.
  11. Palmer 1982.
  12. McLaird 1999.
  13. Andrieux 2001.
  14. Dixon 2004, 93.

Sources
  • Andrieux, Françoise (2001). "Cecconi-Botella, Monic". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.
  • Composers Quartet. Babbitt, Milton: String Quartet No. 2; Ruth Crawford Seeger: String Quartet; George Perle: String Quartet No. 5. Program notes, principally by Robert P. Morgan, on slipcase. LP recording, 1 disc: analog, 12 in, 33⅓ rpm. Nonesuch H-71280. New York: Nonesuch Records, 1973.
  • Dixon, Gail Susan (2004). The Music of Harry Freedman. University of Toronto. ISBN 9780802089649.
  • Edwards, J. Michele (2001). "North America since 1920". In Women & Music: A History, second edition, edited by Karin Pendle. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21422-X.
  • Erickson, Robert (1975). Sound Structure in Music. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02376-5.
  • Henck, Herbert (2004). Klaviercluster: Geschichte, Theorie und Praxis einer Klanggestalt. Signale aus Köln 9. Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7560-1.
  • Kostka, Stefan M., Dorothy Payne, and Allan Schindler (1995). Tonal Harmony, third edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070358744.
  • [McLaird, John] [1999]. "Synopsis of Twentieth Century Styles and Composers". University of Northern Colorado website (Archive from 2 September 2005, accessed 20 October 2011).
  • Palmer, Robert. 1982. "Modern Twists on the Ancient Drone". The New York Times (8 August): 2:17col1 (accessed18 November 2016)
  • Rae, Caroline (2001). "Ohana, Maurice". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.
  • Reisberg, Horace (1975). "The Vertical Dimension". In Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music, edited by Richard DeLone and Gary Wittlich. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 9780130493460.
  • Salzman, Eric (1987). Twentieth-Century Music: An Introduction, third edition. Prentice-Hall History of Music Series. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-935057-8.
  • Stockhausen, Karlheinz (1963). "Erfindung und Entdeckung". In his Texte zur Musik 1, edited by Dieter Schnebel, 222–258. DuMont Dokumente. Cologne: Verlag M. DuMont Schauberg.

Further reading
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