South African National Bowls Championships
The South African National Bowls Championships is organised by Bowls South Africa (BSA). The first National Singles Championships were held in 1897 in Kimberley despite the fact that the South African Bowls Association was not formed until 1904.[1] [2] [3] [4]
| Tournament information | |
|---|---|
| Sport | Lawn bowls |
| Location | South Africa |
| Established | 1897 |
| Administrator | Bowls South Africa |
| Website | Bowls South Africa |
The Rinks was first held in 1906 at Kimberley. The winner received the Pyott Cup and runner-up the Dewar Shield (until 1927 when the Dewar Shield was renamed the Sir David Harris Cup). The event was not held during the Second World War and when it returned in 1948, it featured a squad of up to five players.[1]
Men's Singles Champions
| Year | Champion | Runner-Up | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1897 | F Wightman (Kimberley) | ||
| 1898 | James Watson (Gardens) | G Hankinson (Gardens) | |
| 1899 | W H Smith (Kimberley) | J Johnston (Gardens) | |
| 1903 | J P Williamson (Kimberley) | R Sumner (Kimberley) | |
| 1904 | J F Thomson (Port Elizabeth) | D Byrne (Kimberley) | |
| 1905 | George Roulston (Kimberley) | H Parkin (Port Elizabeth) | |
| 1906 | R Sumner (Kimberley) | D Byrne (Kimberley) | |
| 1907 | J F Thomson (Port Elizabeth) | J Bauchop (Pretoria) | |
| 1908 | F Wightman (Kimberley) | R Rosser (Gardens) | |
| 1909 | S B Malcolm (Pretoria) | A H Stirrat (Johannesburg) | |
| 1910 | J Bauchop (Pretoria) | J F Gough (Victoria Park) | |
| 1911 | J Roxburgh (Gardens) | J Farish (Port Elizabeth) | |
| 1912 | James Gilbert (Port Elizabeth) | R Sumner (Kimberley) | |
| 1913 | R Paterson (Johannesburg) | D Watson (Durban) | |
| 1914 | W Paterson (Johannesburg) | T A Duncan (East London) | |
| 1919 | J Johnson (Green & Sea Point) | W Lester (Wynberg) | |
| 1920 | R W Boyd (Kimberley Mine) | A W T Downie (Pretoria) | |
| 1921 | A G Webber (Berea) | J A Stewart (Maritzburg East) | |
| 1922 | T McMurray (Kensington) | R Sumner (Kimberley Mine) | |
| 1923 | T McMurray (Kensington) | J A Stewart (Maritzburg East) | |
| 1924 | J G Donaldson (Brakpan) | D Cuthbert (Crown Mines) | |
| 1925 | H J Matthew (Boskburg) | C Marr (New Modder) | |
| 1926 | J E Miller (Grahamstown) | C J Crawford (Rondebosch) | |
| 1927 | H J Matthew (Boskburg) | A J Ogg (Port Elizabeth) | |
| 1928 | A Kopel (Boskburg) | D Sneddon (Stadium) | |
| 1929 | L Sewell (Plumstead) | W McCracken (Liesbeck Park) | |
| 1930 | F Stevenson (Brakpan) | W Gibb (Kimberley Mine) | |
| 1931 | J Steel (Brakpan) | H S Walters (Wanderers) | |
| 1932 | N Foulds (Camps Bay) | A McMillan (Berea) | |
| 1933 | John Southern (Stadium) | H Oldbury (Kensington) | |
| 1934 | John Southern (Stadium) | C A Proudfoot (Observatory) | |
| 1935 | W F Keppler (Maritzburg Railway) | J Clark (Bloemfontein) | |
| 1936 | J G Donaldson (Brakpan) | S Young (West Rand Cons.) | |
| 1937 | Horace Harvey (Brakpan) | J Henderson (Maritzburg) | |
| 1938 | J Thomson (Durban Prisons) | W Eaton (Rondebosch) | |
| 1939 | T Willmott (Durban Deep) | Norman Snowy Walker (Pretoria West) | |
| 1940 | Gert Fourie (Parys) | W Davidson (Pretoria) | |
| 1948 | C Marshall (S.A Lands) | S S Paterson (Durban) | |
| 1949 | G Jacobs (Berea Park) | H J van Zyl (Green & Sea Point) | |
| 1950 | T Winter (Wit. Knights) | F Matthews (Silverton) | |
| 1951 | I G Moir (Berea) | O V Gillman (V.F.P Johannesburg) | |
| 1952 | Herbert Currer (Pretoria West) | C K Crossman (Kroonstad) | |
| 1953 | Arthur Saunders (East London Railway) | H C Dyer (Silverton) | |
| 1954 | Norman Snowy Walker (Pretoria West) | D E Singer (Stella Park) | |
| 1955 | E C Hillier (Klipbank) | Herbert Currer (Pretoria West) | |
| 1956 | H J van Zyl (Pinelands) | A I MacNamara (Robinson Deep) | |
| 1957 | Pinky Danilowitz (Kadimah) | E Lyttle (Mowbray) | |
| 1958 | M D Vilettaz (Pretoria) | R A Coats (Old Edwardians) | |
| 1962 | Kelvin Lightfoot | ||
| 1967 | Brian Ellwood (Berea Park) | ||
| 1969 | Kelvin Lightfoot | ||
| 1971 | Edgar Davey (Florida, West Transvaal)[5] | Cecil Bransky (Balfour Park, South Transvaal) | |
| 1972 | Cecil Bransky (Balfour Park, South Transvaal)[5] | ||
| 1996 | Keith Rees-Gibbs (Benoni Municipals) | ||
| 2006 | Wayne Perry (Bloemfontein Municipals) | ||
| 2009 | Wayne Perry (Bloemfontein Municipals) | Reagan Jacobus (Westville) | |
| 2010 | Bruce Makkink (R.D.L.I) | Hertzog Meiring (BFN) | |
| 2011 | Bruce Makkink (R.D.L.I) | Andrew Barrow (Delville Germiston) | |
| 2012 | Arthur Langley (Somerset East) | Willie Kilian (Walmer) | |
| 2013 | Bobby Donnelly (Wanderers) | Francois Koen (Wingate Park) | |
| 2014 | Morgan Muvhango (Discovery) | Billy Radloff (George) | |
| 2015 | Rudi Jacobs (Parys) | Thinus Oelofse (Brakpan Mines) | |
| 2016 | Kenny Kyriacou (PHSOB) | Joel Roebert (WPCC) | |
| 2017 | Wayne Rittmuller (Stella Park) | Bradley Robinson (Lynwood) | |
| 2018 | Wayne Rittmuller (Stella Park) | Joel Roebert (Mowbray) | |
| 2019 | Grant George (Lekkerbreek) | Wayne York (Ramblers) | |
| 2020 | cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic | ||
| 2021 | Niksa Benguric (Wingate Park) | Bradley Robinson (Bryanston Sports)[6][7] | |
| 2022 | Shaun Thomas (Roosevelt Park)[8] | Jason Evans (Morningside CC) | |
| 2023 | Paul White[9] | Jason Evans | |
Men's Pairs Champions
| Year | Champion | Runner-Up | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1959 | Kelvin Lightfoot | ||
| 1971 | Doug Watson (Springwood) | ||
| 2009 | Bobby Donnelly & Shaun Lotter (Johannesburg Northern Suburbs) | Dawie Nell & Philip Bailey (CCB Old Boys) | |
| 2010 | Clinton Ingliis, Graham Turner, Chris Scaife (Westville) | Gidion Vermeulen & Gawie Lessing (Westville) | |
| 2011 | Daniel Loubser & Joel Roebert (WPCC) | Wayne York, Louis Heyns (BFN Municipals) | |
| 2012 | Billy Radloff & Japie Combrink (George) | Nick Rusling & Louis Fourie (Discovery) | |
| 2013 | Robin Ashby & Thomas Minnie, (Harlequins) | Dylon Stafford & Shaun Nell (Wanderers JHBG) | |
| 2014 | Joel Roebert & Robin Gibbs (WPCC) | Tony van der Poel & David Pillay (Milnerton) | |
| 2015 | Robby Piketh & Theo van der Walt (Edgemead) | Adrian Rakic & Michael Mashabela (Dunkeld) | |
| 2016 | Robby Piketh & Theo van der Walt (Edgemead) | Gerry Baker & Kepler Wessels (Belgravia) | |
| 2017 | Morgan Muvhango & Wilson Malobolo (The Nest) | Pierre Breitenbach & Carl Smit (Potchefstroom Town) | |
| 2018 | Gawie du Toit & Tinus Crous (Correctional Services) | Alexander Miller & Tommy Potgieter (Stella Park) | |
| 2019 | Brendan Ferns & Andre Rousseau & Ernst Wagner (Wingate Park) | Gerald May & Gordon May (Edenvale) | |
| 2020 | cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic | ||
| 2021 | Jason Evans & Luan Cronje (Roosevelt Park) | Wayne Roberts & Deon Audie (Stella Park)[6][7] | |
| 2022 | Wayne Rittmuller & Jason Lott (Hillary)[8] | Brendan Ferns & Andre Rousseau (Wingate Park) | |
| 2023 | Bradley Robinson & Gerry Baker[10] | Jason Evans & John Ingram | |
Men's Fours/Rinks Champions
| Year | Champion | Runner-Up | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1906 | Kimberley Mine | ||
| 1907 | Gardens, Cape Town | Kimberley | |
| 1908 | Johannesburg | Johannesburg & Gardnes | |
| 1909 | Gardens, Cape Town | Kimberley | |
| 1910 | Port Elizabeth+ | Kimberley Mine+ | |
| 1911 | Johannesburg | Johannesburg | |
| 1912 | Kimberley Mine | Maritzburg | |
| 1913 | Johannesburg | Wynberg, Cape Town | |
| 1914 | Kimberley Mine | Kimberley Mine | |
| 1919 | Wynberg, Cape Town | East Rand Proprietary Mines | |
| 1920 | Boskburg | Kimberley Mine | |
| 1921 | Brakpan Mines | Brakpan Mines | |
| 1922 | Mowbray, Cape Town | Boksburg | |
| 1923 | Durban | Port Elizabeth | |
| 1924 | Green & Sea Point | Green & Sea Point | |
| 1925 | Kimberley Mine | State Mines | |
| 1926 | Crown Mines | Kimberley Mine | |
| 1927 | Observatory, Cape Town | Crown Mines | |
| 1928 | Johannesburg | Kensington | |
| 1929 | Kimberley Mine | Crown Mines | |
| 1930 | Stadium | Boksburg | |
| 1931 | Maritzburg East | Berea | |
| 1932 | Pretoria City | Hoy Park | |
| 1933 | K and A E Railway | Brakpan | |
| 1934 | Observatory | Orangia | |
| 1935 | Pretoria West | Brakpan | |
| 1936 | Brakpan | Kimberley Mine | |
| 1937 | Grahamstown | Brakpan Mine | |
| 1938 | Durban | East Rand Proprietary Mines | |
| 1939 | Southern Suburbs | Berea Park | |
| 1940 | Mowbray | Kimberley Mine | |
| 1948 | Norman Snowy Walker, D D Reich, Herbert Currer, Y Sinclair, R Sinclair (Pretoria West) | J Lindsay, S S Paterson, J Keir, A F T Whyte, John Anderson (Durban) | |
| 1949 | J S Anderson, J Lindsay, G W Grose, A F T Whyte, John Anderson (Durban) | J F A Oordt, A F Lawson, W Millican, V Beagley, E E Kahn (Wanderers) | |
| 1950 | W G Lavington, M T Phillips, Tommy Press, Frank Mitchell, P C Burnley (Pretoria) | W Jackson, R Bayne, H Price, G M Fullerton, I Grant (Johannesburg) | |
| 1951 | Wilfred Randall, C Williams, J N Pearce, H B Williams, J McMillan (Kensington) | Norman Snowy Walker, Herbert Currer, Y Sinclair, R Sinclair, R B Dunlop (Pretoria West) | |
| 1952 | Frank Mitchell, M D Vilettaz, J F G Slattery, P C Burnley, P A Street (Pretoria) | E McElroy, W A Thompson, J Taylor, C W Whiting, J P Zietsman (Regent) | |
| 1953 | C A Proudfoot, H C Millar, A A Robb, D C A Begg, A F Buchanan (Rondebosch) | W S Snowden, D A Walker, D W Norris, L Glover, A F J Hayes, A V Smith (Hoy Park) | |
| 1954 | Norman Snowy Walker, Herbert Currer, Y Sinclair, H Rynners, J Campbell (Pretoria West) | W May, J Henderson, C Perry, W J James (Ridgeview) | |
| 1955 | W Atkinson, N McPhail, H E Bell, A P Murray, C de V Thompson (Chamber of Mines) | Tommy Press, C G Barnard, W Rodd, J A Tennant, A Mattison (Roodepoort) | |
| 1956 | John Myrdal, C E Elsworth, C R Corbishley, A H Rider, D S Keggie (Sherwood) | Wilfred Randall, J N Pearce, H B Williams, J Rayner, C B Hubbard (Kensington) | |
| 1957 | Edward Stuart, G A Dixon, C Wilson, A Green, J Chadwick (Observatory) | F Black, G Templer, A Sharwood, H Beyers, L Ward (Humewood) | |
| 1958 | M D Vilettaz, Frank Mitchell, M C Leslie, P C Burnley, P T J Wilson (Pretoria) | D A Adamson, J W Trevorrow, W G Funston, W Bell, A Horwitz (Brooklyn) | |
| 1962 | Kelvin Lightfoot | ||
| 1968 | Doug Watson (Springwood) | ||
| 1971 | P. Ravenna, Bill Moseley, R. Wood, G. Walker, H. Boon (Ridge Park)[5] | ||
| 1972 | F. Golding, T. Hall, M. Vey, A.McClymont, J. Bull (Germiston)[5] | ||
| 1975 | Nando Gatti | ||
| 2009 | Ronnie Palmer (Potchefstroom) | Theo van der Walt (Discovery) | |
| 2010 | Nic Russling , Mervyn Lynn, John Bedford-Owen, Louis Fourie (Discovery) | Clinton Bisset, Robbie Johnston, Gary Moffat, Deon Maritz (Bluff) | |
| 2011 | Bruce Makkink, Colin Best, Andrew Caldwell, Kerry Gilder (RDLI) | Gerry Baker, Bill Moseley, Johnnie Pieterse, Dave Renaud (Belgravia) | |
| 2012 | Robin Ashby, Dawie Nel, Willem van Niekerk, Thomas Minnie (Harlequins) | Billy Radloff, Japie Combrink, Piet Lourens, Peter Hufkie (George) | |
| 2013 | Pierre Breitenbach, Pikkie Abbott, Jakkals Mouton, Smithie Smit (Potchefstroom Town) | Gerry Baker, Jason Evans, Kepler Wessels, Johnnie Pieterse (Belgravia) | |
| 2014 | Duanne Abrahams, Des Day, Allen Rowe, Martin Lewis (Bedfordview) | Gary Roach, Ghanie Pick, Enricko Lombard, Jaco Koegelenberg (SANDF) | |
| 2015 | Robby Piketh, Theo van der Walt, Tony O’Reilly, Chas O'Reilly (Edgemead) | Francois Koen, Tommy Jamie, Basil Le Grange, Bernardus van der Spuy (Wingate Park) | |
| 2016 | Theuns Fraser, Mike Marnewick, Morgan Muvhango, Wilson Malobolo (The Nest) | Dave Riley, Louis Tolmay, Joe Marais, Daniel Taljaard (Umhlali) | |
| 2017 | Francois Koen, Tommy Jamie, Jaco du Preez, Bernardus van der Spuy (Wingate Park) | Kenny Kyriacou, Nico Boezart, Robert Parsons, Cobus Britz (PHSOB) | |
| 2018 | Hennie Slabbert, Gary Vermaak, Hilton Cherry, Shaun Cherry (The Woods) | Charles Joyce, Duncan Spence-Ross, Francois Steyn, Paolo Vitali (Knysna) | |
| 2019 | Jake Ireland, Ian Ireland, Haig Randall, Barry Ireland (Jeppe Quondam) | Craig Rimmington, Cecil Behrens, Wade Ferguson, Willem Giesing (Brakpan Mines) | |
| 2020 | cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic | ||
| 2021 | Mike O'Connor Snr, Dylan Mitchell, Garth Wait, Buks Botma (Pretoria Municipals) | Ferdie Jansen, Andre Meyer, Jaco Diedericks, Andre Human (Rustenburg Impala)[6][7] | |
| 2022 | Wilson Malobolo, Prince Neluonde, Ian Mckenzie, Greg Valjalo, Kelvine Theunis (Bryanston Sports)[8] | Greg Burns, David Nel, Gordon May, Matthew Phiri (Edenvale) | |
| 2023 | Wayne Roberts, Doug Bashford, Roger Boulle, Nick Horne[9] | Niksa Benguric, Dylan Mitchell, Pieter Fourie, Stevan Scott | |
Women's Singles Champions
| Year | Champion | Runner-Up | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Cheryl Mostert (Ladysmith) | Heather Phelan (Collegians) | |
| 2011 | Esme Steyn (Linden) | Louise Larkin (RDLI) | |
| 2012 | Esme Steyn (Linden) | Sharon Glenn (Bedfordview) | |
| 2013 | Jill Hackland (Umhlali) | Maria Dreyer (Northlands) | |
| 2014 | Nici Neal (Leases) | Nan Roos (Dundee) | |
| 2015 | Trish Young (WPCC) | Linda Stringer (Constantia) | |
| 2016 | Nici Neal (Leases) | Sue Tarr (Harlequins) | |
| 2017 | Loraine Victor (Wingate Park) | Elma Davis (George) | |
| 2018 | Esme Kruger (CBCOB) | Hana Gevers (Dundee) | |
| 2019 | Lourenza van der Merwe (Western Suburbs) | Bridget Calitz (Leases) [11] | |
| 2020 | cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic | ||
| 2021 | Esme Haley (Linden) | Nici Neal (Leases)[12] | |
| 2022 | Ina Fourie (CBCOB) | Helen Jansen (Rustenburg)[13] | |
| 2023 | Charlotte Rossouw | Sue Tarr[14] | |
Women's Pairs Champions
| Year | Champion | Runner-Up | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Antoinette Jacobs & Tracy Meyeridricks (Bryanston Sports) | Loraine Victor, Esme Kruger (Wingate Park) | |
| 2011 | Patricia Stallwood & Margaretha Thomas (Durbanville) | Glenda Matthews & Bronwyn Webber (RDLI) | |
| 2012 | Tracy Meyeridricks & Charlotte Rossouw (Bryanston Sports) | Glenda Matthews & Bronwyn Webber (RDLI) | |
| 2013 | Tracy Meyeridricks & Charlotte Rossouw (Bryanston Sports) | Nan Roos & Hanna Gevers (Vryheid) | |
| 2014 | Rika Lynn, Ute Smith (Discovery) | Susan Nel & Anette de Wet (Rustenberg Impala) | |
| 2015 | Nan Roos & Noela Dreyer (Dundee) | Rosa Tunstead & Ilda Forbes (Walmer) | |
| 2016 | Elma Davis & Arlene Bosse (George) (EDB) | Tracy Meyeridricks & Charlotte Rossouw (Bryanston Sports) | |
| 2017 | Anita Groenewald & Sylvia Burns (Edgemead) | Sue Tarr & Liette Jordaan Van Zyl (Harlequins) | |
| 2018 | Colleen Piketh & Elma Davis (George) | Nan Roos & Noela Dreyer (Dundee) | |
| 2019 | Sue Tarr & Liette Jordaan Van Zyl (Harlequins) | Nan Roos & Noela Dreyer (Dundee) | |
| 2020 | cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic | ||
| 2021 | Colleen Piketh & Thabelo Muvhango (Discovery) | Esme Kruger & Trudie le Grange (CBCOB)[12] | |
| 2022 | Nan Roos & Jenny Raymond (Hartenbos)[13] | Sheila Smith & Beata Coetzer (Alberton) | |
| 2023 | Heather Pembroke & Esme Haley | Taz Bright & Colleen Marshall[14] | |
Women's Fours Champions
| Year | Champion | Runner-Up | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Ellen Cawker, Marthie Pringle, Lenie Geyer, Maureen Muller (Margate) | Loraine Victor, Ina Jooste, Esme Kruger, Arlene Neukircher (Wingate Park) | |
| 2011 | Kobie Stander, Denise Westerveld, Dora Vosloo, Helen Proctor (Margate) | Nanette Roos, Yvonne Steenkamp, Hanna Gevers, Noela Dreyer (Vryheid) | |
| 2012 | Loraine Victor, Esme Kruger, Vicky Frost, Jean Erasmus (Wingate Park) | Sheila Buncombe, Eileen Burt, Sylvia Joubert, Trish Watling (Edenvale) | |
| 2013 | Elma Davis, Maureen Muller, Theuna Grobler, Rozanne Rossouw (George) | Lolly Reed, Estelle Hamblin, Wilna Gouws, Liese Hayward (Western Suburbs) | |
| 2014 | Elma Davis, Maureen Muller, Arlene Bosse, Jenny Raymand (George) | Linda van der Berg, Tracy Herrigton, Dawn Vosloo, Di Smith (Belgravia) | |
| 2015 | Elma Davis, Maureen Muller, Arlene Bosse, Jenny Raymond (George) | Cheery Ann Mills, Mary Barnard, Walda Gary, Vanessa Herron (Boksburg) | |
| 2016 | Nici Neal, Lynne Marnewick, Debbie Peruca, Karen Gerber (Leases) | Nan Roos, Sylvia Malan, Noela Dreyer, Essel Schoeman (Dundee) | |
| 2017 | Maggie van Zyl, Rene Swanepoel, Lydia Maritz, Margaret Thomas (Durbanville) | Marina Brink, Trysie Jute, Julie van der Westhuizen, Rona Grobler (Gordons Bay) | |
| 2018 | Loraine Victor, Jean Erasmus, Gillian Bingham, Rea Potgieter (Wingate Park) | Cherry-Ann Mills, Tracy Graham, Eileen Frame, Ronwen Monoyoudis (Boksburg) | |
| 2019 | Patricia Tiltmann, Nola Warner, Jane Bursey, Jayne Minnie (Old Selbornians) | Annette Dimant, Claire Turner, Dot Savage, Jenny Eagar (Bryanston Sports) | |
| 2020 | cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic | ||
| 2021 | Esme Kruger, Ina Fourie, Trudie le Grange, Rolinda Fourie (CBCOB) | Sega Mokoto, Baby Mojanaga, Rhonda Kallis, Natasha Kallis (Potchefstroom)[12] | |
| 2022 | Sue Tarr, Liette Jordaan-van Zyl, Chantal Nell, Leone Du Rand (Harlequins)[13] | Dezi Rosenblatt, Desire Vermaak, Charlene Colyn, Lanell Cherry (The Woods) | |
| 2023 | Jacqui Janse van Rensburg, Emma Murphy, Francesca Baleri, Shannon Davies[14] | Michele Schliesser, Esme Murphy, Joyce Erasmus, Hayley Erasmus | |
References
- Bolsover, Godfrey (1959). Who's Who and Encyclopaedia of Bowls. Rowland Publishers Ltd (Pre isbn).
- Hawkes/Lindley, Ken/Gerard (1974). the Encyclopaedia of Bowls. Robert Hale and Company. ISBN 0-7091-3658-7.
- "Newsletters". South Africa Bowls.
- Newby, Donald (1987). Daily Telegraph Bowls Yearbook 88. Telegraph Publications. ISBN 0-86367-220-5.
- Hawkes/Lindley, Ken/Gerard (1974). the Encyclopaedia of Bowls. Robert Hale and Company. p. 196. ISBN 0-7091-3658-7.
- "Jason Evans wins gold at SA National Bowls Championship". News24. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- "2021 Bowls SA Men's National Championship". Western Province Bowling Association. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- "/2022 Bowls South Africa mens national championship/". Bowls South Africa. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- "Bowls Competition Draw and Administration". Bowls South Africa. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- "Baker, Robinson storm back to win SA pairs title". The South African. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- "South African Women's Champions crowned". Press Reader.
- "BSA Women's Nationals". Johannesburg Bowls Association. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- "2022 Women's Nationals". Bowls South Africa. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- "Bowls Competition Draw and Administration". Bowls South Africa. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
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