Soyuz TM-16

Soyuz TM-16 was the sixteenth expedition to the Russian Space Station Mir.[1]

Soyuz TM-16
Spacecraft properties

Operator	Rosaviakosmos
COSPAR ID	1993-005A
SATCAT no.	22319
Mission duration	179 days, 43 minutes, 45 seconds
Orbits completed	~2,790


Spacecraft type	Soyuz-TM
Manufacturer	NPO Energia
Launch mass	7,150 kilograms (15,760 lb)


Crew
Crew size	2 up 3 down
Members	Gennadi Manakov Alexander Poleshchuk
Landing	Jean-Pierre Haigneré
Callsign	Вулка́н (Vulkan - Volcano)


Start of mission
Launch date	24 January 1993, 05:58:05 (1993-01-24UTC05:58:05Z) UTC
Rocket	Soyuz-U2


End of mission
Landing date	22 July 1993, 06:41:50 (1993-07-22UTC06:41:51Z) UTC
Landing site	140 kilometres (87 mi) S of Dzhezkazgan


Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Perigee altitude	393 kilometres (244 mi)
Apogee altitude	394 kilometres (245 mi)
Inclination	51.6 degrees


Docking with Mir
Docking date	26 January 1993, 07:31:17 UTC
Undocking date	22 July 1993, 3:00:30 UTC

Soyuz programme (Crewed missions)

The Soyuz-TM crew transports (T - транспортный - Transportnyi - meaning transport, M - модифицированный - Modifitsirovannyi- meaning modified) were fourth generation (1986–2002) Soyuz spacecraft used for ferry flights to the Mir and ISS space stations. It added to the Soyuz-T new docking and rendezvous, radio communications, emergency and integrated parachute/landing engine systems. The new Kurs rendezvous and docking system permitted the Soyuz-TM to maneuver independently of the station, without the station making "mirror image" maneuvers to match unwanted translations introduced by earlier models' aft-mounted attitude control.

Crew


Position	Launching crew	Landing crew
Commander	Gennadi Manakov Second spaceflight
Flight Engineer	Alexander Poleshchuk First spaceflight
Research Cosmonaut	None	Jean-Pierre Haigneré First spaceflight

Mission highlights

Soyuz TM-16 shown with the APAS-89 docking mechanism

APAS-89

16th expedition to Mir.

First Soyuz without a probe and drogue docking system since 1976. It carried an APAS-89 androgynous docking unit different from the APAS-75 unit used for ASTP in 1975, yet similar in general principles. Soyuz-TM 16 used it to dock with an androgynous docking port on the Kristall module. This was a test of the docking system in preparation for dockings by the Space Shuttles with Mir.

References

The mission report is available here:http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-tm16.htm

Soyuz programme

Main topics

Past missions
(by spacecraft type)

Soyuz 7K-OK (1966–1970)	Kosmos 133† Soyuz 7K-OK No.1† (uncrewed) Kosmos 140 Soyuz 1† Kosmos 186 188 212 213 238 Soyuz 2 (uncrewed) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Soyuz 7K-L1 (1967–1970) (Zond lunar programme)	Kosmos 146 154† Zond 1967A† 1967B† Zond 4 1968A† 1968B† 5 6 1969A† Zond-M 1† M 2† Zond 7 8 9 10
Soyuz 7K-L1E (1969–1970)	Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1† Kosmos 382
Soyuz 7K-LOK (1971–1972)	Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1† No.2†
Soyuz 7K-OKS (1971)	Soyuz 10† 11†
Soyuz 7K-T (1972–1981)	Kosmos 496 573 Soyuz 12 Kosmos 613 Soyuz 13 Kosmos 656 Soyuz 14 15† 17 18a† 18 20 (uncrewed) 21 23† 24 25† 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 (uncrewed landing) 33† 34 (uncrewed launch) 35 36 37 38 39 40
Soyuz 7K-TM (1974–1976)	Kosmos 638 672 Soyuz 16 19 (Apollo–Soyuz) 22
Soyuz 7K-S (1974–1976)	Kosmos 670 772† 869†
Soyuz-T (1978–1986)	Kosmos 1001† 1074 Soyuz T-1 (uncrewed) T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8† T-9 T-10a† T-10 T-11 T-12 T-13 T-14 T-15
Soyuz-TM (1986–2002)	Soyuz TM-1 (uncrewed) TM-2 TM-3 TM-4 TM-5 TM-6 TM-7 TM-8 TM-9 TM-10 TM-11 TM-12 TM-13 TM-14 TM-15 TM-16 TM-17 TM-18 TM-19 TM-20 TM-21 TM-22 TM-23 TM-24 TM-25 TM-26 TM-27 TM-28 TM-29 TM-30 TM-31 TM-32 TM-33 TM-34
Soyuz-TMA (2002–2012)	Soyuz TMA-1 TMA-2 TMA-3 TMA-4 TMA-5 TMA-6 TMA-7 TMA-8 TMA-9 TMA-10 TMA-11 TMA-12 TMA-13 TMA-14 TMA-15 TMA-16 TMA-17 TMA-18 TMA-19 TMA-20 TMA-21 TMA-22
Soyuz-TMA-M (2010–2016)	Soyuz TMA-01M TMA-02M TMA-03M TMA-04M TMA-05M TMA-06M TMA-07M TMA-08M TMA-09M TMA-10M TMA-11M TMA-12M TMA-13M TMA-14M TMA-15M TMA-16M TMA-17M TMA-18M TMA-19M TMA-20M
Soyuz MS (2016–present)	Soyuz MS-01 MS-02 MS-03 MS-04 MS-05 MS-06 MS-07 MS-08 MS-09 MS-10† MS-11 MS-12 MS-13 MS-14 (uncrewed test flight) MS-15 MS-16 MS-17 MS-18 MS-19 MS-20 MS-21 MS-22 (uncrewed landing) MS-23 (uncrewed launch)

Current missions

MS-24

Future missions

2024
- MS-25

Uncrewed missions are designated as Kosmos instead of Soyuz; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)".
The † sign designates failed missions. Italics designates cancelled missions.

Soyuz spacecraft variants
Early programme	Sever Soyuz 7K Soyuz 9K Soyuz 11K Soyuz-VI Soyuz P Soyuz PPK Soyuz R Soyuz 7K-TK
7K series	Soyuz 7K-OK Soyuz 7K-L1 Soyuz 7K-LOK Soyuz 7K-TK Soyuz 7K-OKS Soyuz 7K-T Soyuz 7K-T/A9 Soyuz 7K-TM Soyuz 7K-MF6
Later series	Soyuz-S Soyuz-T Soyuz-TM Soyuz TMA/Soyuz TMA-M Soyuz MS
Progress	Progress 7K-TG Progress-M Progress-M1 Progress-M2 Progress-MS
Other derivatives	Aelita Gamma

Soviet and Russian government human spaceflight programs
Active	Soyuz ISS (joint) Russian Orbital Segment
In development	Orel
Past	Vostok Voskhod Salyut Almaz (incorporated into Salyut program) / TKS Apollo–Soyuz (joint) Mir Shuttle-Mir (joint)
Cancelled	Moon: Zond (7K-L1), N1-L3, LK-700, Zvezda Interplanetary: TMK Spaceplanes: Spiral, Energia / Buran, MAKS, Kliper, LKS, Tupolev Tu-2000 Capsules: Zvezda, Zarya Space Stations: OPSEK
Related	List of Soyuz missions List of Soviet human spaceflight missions List of Russian human spaceflight missions Cosmonaut ranks and positions

Human spaceflights to Mir
1986–1990	Soyuz T-15 Soyuz TM-2 Soyuz TM-3 Soyuz TM-4 Soyuz TM-5 Soyuz TM-6 Soyuz TM-7 Soyuz TM-8 Soyuz TM-9 Soyuz TM-10 Soyuz TM-11
1991–1995	Soyuz TM-12 Soyuz TM-13 Soyuz TM-14 Soyuz TM-15 Soyuz TM-16 Soyuz TM-17 Soyuz TM-18 Soyuz TM-19 Soyuz TM-20 STS-63 Soyuz TM-21 STS-71 Soyuz TM-22 STS-74
1996–2000	Soyuz TM-23 STS-76 Soyuz TM-24 STS-79 STS-81 Soyuz TM-25 STS-84 Soyuz TM-26 STS-86 STS-89 Soyuz TM-27 STS-91 Soyuz TM-28 Soyuz TM-29 Soyuz TM-30

← 1992 · Orbital launches in 1993 · 1994 →
January	Kosmos 2230 Molniya 1-85 STS-54 (TDRS-6) Kosmos 2231 Soyuz TM-16 Kosmos 2232
February	USA-88 Kosmos 2233 SCD-1, Orbcomm CDS-1 Kosmos 2234, Kosmos 2235, Kosmos 2236 Asuka Progress M-16
March	Gran' No.42L EKA-1 UFO F-1 Kosmos 2237 USA-90, SEDS-1 Kosmos 2238 Progress M-17
April	Kosmos 2239 Kosmos 2240 Kosmos 2241 STS-56 (SPARTAN 201) Kosmos 2242 Molniya-3 No.57 ALEXIS, Orbcomm CDS-2 STS-55 Kosmos 2243 Kosmos 2244
May	Kosmos 2245, Kosmos 2246, Kosmos 2247, Kosmos 2248, Kosmos 2249, Kosmos 2250 Astra 1C, Arsene USA-91 Resurs-F2 No.9 Progress M-18 Molniya-1T No.81 Gorizont No.39L
June	Kosmos 2251 STS-57 Kosmos 2252, Kosmos 2253, Kosmos 2254, Kosmos 2255, Kosmos 2256, Kosmos 2257 Galaxy 4 Resurs-F1 No.57 Radcal USA-92, PMG
July	Soyuz TM-17 Kosmos 2258 Kosmos 2259 USA-93 Kosmos 2260 Hispasat 1B, INSAT-2B
August	Unnamed, Unnamed, Unnamed, SLDCOM-3 Molniya-3 No.58 NOAA-13 Kosmos 2261 Progress M-19 Resurs-F1 No.56 USA-94 Meteor-2 No.24, Temisat
September	USA-95 Kosmos 2262 STS-51 (ACTS, ORFEUS-SPAS) Kosmos 2263 Kosmos 2264 IRS-P1 SPOT-3, Stella, KITSAT-2, Itamsat, Eyesat-1, PoSAT-1, Healthsat-2 Gran' 41L
October	Landsat 6 FSW-15 Progress M-20 STS-58 Intelsat 701 Kosmos 2265 USA-96 Gorizont No.40L
November	Kosmos 2266 Kosmos 2267 Gorizont No.41L Solidaridad 2, Meteosat 6 USA-97
December	STS-61 USA-98 Telstar 401 DirecTV-1, Thaicom 1 Molniya 1-87
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Cubesats are smaller. Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.