Symphypleona

The order Symphypleona is one of the three main groups of springtails (Collembola), tiny hexapods related to insects. When the springtails were still believed to be an order of insects, the Symphypleona were ranked as a suborder.

Symphypleona
Allacma fusca from forest near Cologne, Germany
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subclass: Collembola
Order: Symphypleona
Superfamilies

Dicyrtomoidea
Katiannoidea
Sminthuroidea
Sminthurididoidea
Sturmioidea

Synonyms

Neopleona

They can be best distinguished from the other springtail groups by their body shape. The Symphypleona are very round animals, almost spherical, and usually have long antennae. The Poduromorpha, by contrast, always have short legs and a plump body, but more oval in shape than the Symphypleona. The Entomobryomorpha are the slimmest springtails, some with long and some with short legs and antennae, but always with a very slender body.

Systematics

The Symphypleona order was previously suggested to also contain family Neelidae, as a very apomorphic relative in the Sminthuridae superfamily. Phylogenetic studies however suggest Neelidae to be the only family of Neelipleona order.[1][2][3][4]

Families
Sminthurus nigromaculatus Sminthuridae
Dicyrtomina minuta inside a pitcher plant

The following is a list of the families within Symphypleona, grouped by superfamily. It includes extinct families known only from fossil remains.

  • Superfamily Sminthuridoidea
  • Superfamily Katiannoidea
  • Superfamily Sturmioidea
  • Superfamily Sminthuroidea
  • Superfamily Dicyrtomoidea

References
  1. Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun & Luan, Yun-Xia (2008): Phylogenetic Relationships of Basal Hexapods Reconstructed from Nearly Complete 18S and 28S rRNA Gene Sequences. Zool. Sci. 25(11): 1139-1145. doi:10.2108/zsj.25.1139 PMID 19267625 (HTML abstract)
  2. Xiong, Y; Gao, Y; Yin, W; Luan, Y (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of Collembola inferred from ribosomal RNA genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (3): 728–735. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.007. ISSN 1055-7903.
  3. Leo, Chiara; Carapelli, Antonio; Cicconardi, Francesco; Frati, Francesco; Nardi, Francesco (2019). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Collembola: Phylogeny, Dating and Gene Order". Diversity. 11 (9): 169. doi:10.3390/d11090169. ISSN 1424-2818.
  4. Sun, Xin; Ding, Yinhuan; Orr, Michael C.; Zhang, Feng (2020). "Streamlining universal single‐copy orthologue and ultraconserved element design: A case study in Collembola". Molecular Ecology Resources. 20 (3). doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13146. ISSN 1755-098X.
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