List of professional sports team owners

This is a list of individuals, groups of individuals, and companies who have owned and operated a professional sports organization. The list is organized first by sport, then by franchise or team, then by owner. If an organization has gone through a significant change (e.g. the team has moved and/or changed names), that information is noted after the years of ownership.

Association football club owners

England

Italian Serie A owners

La Liga

Athletic Bilbao, Osasuna, Barcelona and Real Madrid: these four clubs are not organised as limited companies, but remain as registered associations due to a grandfather clause of the late 1980s. Unlike a limited company, it is not possible to purchase shares in these club, but only membership. Each club member (socio) has a vote to elect democratically the club president and board of directors. The club president cannot invest his own money into the club and the club can only spend what it earns, which is mainly derived through merchandise sales, television rights and ticket sales. This means that each club is owned by its own registered supporters. FC Barcelona has over 150.000 socios, Real Madrid counts over 100.000 socios, Athletic Club over 40.000 and Osasuna over 15.000.

Atlético Madrid: major shareholders are the Gil Marin family which owns 50% of the shares, these used to belong to former club president Jesús Gil y Gil; Israeli businessman Idan Ofer, 33%; current president Enrique Cerezo 10% and the Chinese Wanda Group a 2%.

Eibar: more than 11.130 shareholders located across 65 countries due to a crowdfunding campaign in 2014. There is no major shareholder with an ownership over 5%.

Real Sociedad: Due to club's statutes no shareholder has vote rights over 2% of the shares.

La Liga 2

AD Alcorcón: David Blitzer (2019–present)

Bundesliga owners

Bundesliga clubs are required to be majority-owned by German club members (known as the 50+1 rule to discourage control by a single entity) and operate under tight restrictions on the use of debt for acquisitions (a team only receives an operating license if it has solid financials).

  • Exceptions:
Bayer Leverkusen
VfL Wolfsburg
1899 Hoffenheim
RB Leipzig

France

Ligue 1 owners

Ajaccio
    Angers
    • Saïd Chabane
    Auxerre
    • James Zhou
    Brest
    • Denis Lesaint
    Clermont
    Lens
    Lille
    • Merlyn Partners
    Lorient
    Lyon
    Marseille
    Monaco
    Montpellier
    • Laurent Nicollin
    Nantes
    Nice
    Paris Saint-Germain
    Reims
    • Jean-Pierre Caillot
    Rennes
    Strasbourg
    Troyes
    Toulouse
    • RedBird Capital Group

    Eredivisie owners

    Ajax
    • AFC Ajax N.V. — The club's holding company; owned by a large number of shareholders.
    Feyenoord
    • 70% of the shares owned by Stichting Continuïteit Feyenoord, 30% are owned by Vrienden van Feyenoord
    PSV Eindhoven
    Vitesse
    • Valeriy Oyf

    Eerste Divisie owners

    ADO Den Haag

    Major League Soccer (MLS) owners

    Austin FC
    Atlanta United FC
    Charlotte FC
    Chicago Fire FC
    Colorado Rapids
    Columbus Crew
    D.C. United
    FC Cincinnati
    FC Dallas
    Houston Dynamo FC
    Inter Miami CF
    Los Angeles FC
    LA Galaxy
    Minnesota United FC
    CF Montréal
    Nashville SC
    New England Revolution
    New York City FC
    New York Red Bulls
    Orlando City SC
    • Flávio Augusto da Silva – (2013–2021)
    • The Wilf Family (Mark Wilf, Zygi Wilf, Lenny Wilf; November 2021–present)[3]
    Philadelphia Union
    Portland Timbers
    Real Salt Lake
    St. Louis City SC
    San Jose Earthquakes
    Seattle Sounders FC
    Sporting Kansas City
    Toronto FC
    Vancouver Whitecaps FC

    National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) owners

    Angel City FC
    Bay FC
    Chicago Red Stars
    • Arnim Whisler (2012–2021)[13]
    • Arnim Whisler; a Board of Managers and Advisory Board composed of Kim Vender Moffat (chairwoman), Colleen Mares (advisory board co-chair), Graham Allen, Kirk Allen, Jim Allen, Bela Bajaria, Jessie Becker, Nick Coleman, Josh Dixon, Channing Dungey, Dean Egerter (original investor), Aimee Garcia, Israel Idonije, Devin Johnson and daughter Carys, Ken Kaufman, Keli Lee, Jordan Levin, Abel Lezcano, Jon Moonves, Scott Power, Michael Raimondi, Steve Ritchie (original investor), Kendall Coyne Schofield, Michael Schofield, Sarah Spain, Marie Tillman, Brian Walsh, Kevin Willer, and David M. Zapata (2021–present)
    Houston Dash
    • Gabriel Brener (majority); Oscar De La Hoya, Jake Silverstein, Ben Guill (minority) (2015–2021)[14]
    • Ted Segal (majority); Gabriel Brener, Oscar De La Hoya, Jake Silverstein, Ben Guill, James Harden (minority) (June 2021–present)[15]
    Kansas City Current
    NJ/NY Gotham FC
    North Carolina Courage
    OL Reign
    Orlando Pride
    • Flávio Augusto da Silva (majority) and Phil Rawlins (minority) (2015–2018)
    • Flávio Augusto da Silva (majority), Phil Rawlins (minority), Albert Friedberg (minority) (2018–2021)[26]
    • The Wilf Family (Mark Wilf, Zygi Wilf, Lenny Wilf; November 2021–present)[27]
    Portland Thorns FC
    Racing Louisville FC
    San Diego Wave FC
    Utah Royals FC
    Washington Spirit

    Greek Superleague owners

    Olympiacos
    Panathinaikos
    PAOK
    AEK Athens
    Skoda Xanthi
    • Christos Panopoulos

    Auto racing owners & team principals

    Formula One team principals

    (Listed by Constructor)

    Ferrari
    Haas F1 Team
    McLaren
    Mercedes Grand Prix
    Aston Martin in Formula One
    Alpine
    Red Bull Racing
    Scuderia AlphaTauri
    Sauber
    Williams Grand Prix Engineering
    • Dorilton Capital 100%

    IndyCar Series team owners

    A. J. Foyt Enterprises
    Andretti Autosport
    Arrow McLaren SP
    Bryan Herta Autosport
    Carlin Motorsport
    Chip Ganassi Racing
    Dale Coyne Racing
    Dreyer & Reinbold Racing
    • Dennis Reinbold – (2000–present)
    • Robbie Buhl – (2000–present)
    Ed Carpenter Racing
    Juncos Racing
    • Ricardo Juncos – (2017–present)
    Michael Shank Racing
    Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing
    Team Penske

    NASCAR Cup Series team owners

    23XI Racing
    Gaunt Brothers Racing
    • Marty Gaunt - (2017–present)
    • Maurice Gaunt - (2017–present)
    Front Row Motorsports
    • Bob Jenkins – (2005–present)
    Hendrick Motorsports
    Joe Gibbs Racing
    JTG Daugherty Racing
    • Brad Daugherty – (2007–present)
    • Jodi Geschickter - (1995–present)
    • Tad Geschickter – (1995–present)
    Petty GMS Motorsports
    Richard Childress Racing
    Rick Ware Racing
    Roush Fenway Keselowski Racing
    Spire Motorsports
    Stewart Haas Racing
    Team Penske
    Trackhouse Racing Team
    Wood Brothers Racing

    Baseball franchise owners

    Major League Baseball owners

    Arizona Diamondbacks
    Atlanta Braves
    Baltimore Orioles
    Boston Red Sox
    Chicago Cubs
    Chicago White Sox
    Cincinnati Reds
    Cleveland Guardians
    Colorado Rockies
    Detroit Tigers
    Houston Astros
    Kansas City Royals
    Los Angeles Angels
    Los Angeles Dodgers
    Miami Marlins
    Milwaukee Brewers
    Minnesota Twins
    New York Mets
    New York Yankees
    Oakland Athletics
    Philadelphia Phillies
    Pittsburgh Pirates
    San Diego Padres
    San Francisco Giants
    Seattle Mariners
    St. Louis Cardinals
    Tampa Bay Rays
    Texas Rangers
    Toronto Blue Jays
    Washington Nationals

    Nippon Professional Baseball owners

    In Japanese baseball, teams are traditionally owned by companies and bear that company's name. Only one team in recent years has not borne a corporate name—the Yokohama BayStars went without a corporate name from 1993 through 2011 because its owner chose not to attach its name to the team. The company identifier is indicated in bold type in the owner list.

    Chiba Lotte Marines
    Chunichi Dragons
    Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
    Hanshin Tigers
    Hiroshima Toyo Carp
    • Matsuda family (the founding family of Mazda — about 60%); Mazda (34.2%); other minority shareholders
      • The "Toyo" name comes from the former corporate name of Mazda, Toyo Kogyo.
    Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters
    • Senators (1946) – Did not use a corporate name. Owned by retired Japanese statesman Kinkazu Saionji.
    • Tokyu Flyers (1947) – Tokyu Corporation (100%)
    • Kyuei Flyers (1948) – Tokyu and Daiei (50-50)
    • Tokyu Flyers (1949–1953) – Tokyu (100%)
    • Toei Flyers (1954–1972) – Toei Company
    • Nittaku Home Flyers (1973) – Not directly owned by a corporation, but bore a corporate name nonetheless. The team was owned that season by Akitaka Nishimura, owner of Nittaku Home.
    • Nippon-Ham Fighters (1974–2003), Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (2004–present) – Nippon Ham
    Orix Buffaloes
    Saitama Seibu Lions
    Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles
    Tokyo Yakult Swallows
    • Kokutetsu Swallows (1950–1965) – Japanese National Railways, known as Kokutetsu in Japanese
    • Sankei Swallows (brief period in 1965) – Sankei Shimbun
    • Sankei Atoms (1965–1968) – Sankei Shimbun
    • Atoms (1969) – Sankei Shimbun (chose to drop its corporate name from the team)
    • Yakult Atoms (1970–1973), Yakult Swallows (1974–2005), Tokyo Yakult Swallows (2006–present) – Yakult
    Yokohama DeNA BayStars
    • Taiyō Whales (1950–52) – Taiyō Fishing Company (100%)
    • Taiyō-Shōchiku Robins (1953) – Taiyō and Shōchiku (50-50)
    • Yō-Shō Robins (1954) – Tai and Shōchiku (50-50)
    • Taiyō Whales (1954–1977), Yokohama Taiyō Whales (1978–1992) – Taiyō (100%)
    • Yokohama BayStars (1993–2011) – Taiyō changed its name to Maruha Corporation, and chose to drop its corporate name from the team.
    • Yokohama DeNA BayStars (2012–present) – DeNA
    Yomiuri Giants

    Basketball team owners

    National Basketball Association owners

    Atlanta Hawks
    Boston Celtics
    Brooklyn Nets
    • Arthur Brown (1967–1969)
    • Roy Boe (1969–1978) (New York Nets/New Jersey Nets)
    • The "Secaucus Seven", a group of local New Jersey businessmen led by Jay Taub and Alan Cohen (1978–1998)
    • Local real estate developers Raymond Chambers and Lewis Katz (1998–1999)
    • YankeeNets, a joint venture between Chambers and Katz, and New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner (1999–2003)
    • Bruce Ratner (principal owner 2003–2010), Shawn Carter (aka Jay-Z) and other minority owners
    • Mikhail Prokhorov (principal owner 2010–2019)
      • Jay-Z sold his interest (less than 1%) in 2013 so that his management company, Roc Nation Sports, could represent NBA players.
      • In October 2017, billionaire businessman Joseph Tsai announced he agreed to buy a 49% stake in the Nets from Prokhorov. At the time, Tsai also took an option to buy the remaining 51% of the team no later than October 2021.
    • Joseph Tsai (2019–present) – Tsai exercised his option to buy Prokhorov's share of the Nets in August 2019, and the sale closed the next month.
    Charlotte Hornets
    Chicago Bulls
    Cleveland Cavaliers
    Dallas Mavericks
    Denver Nuggets
    • Red McCombs (1978–1985)
    • Sidney Shlenker (1985–1989)
    • Peter Bynoe, Bertram Lee, and Comsat Video Enterprises (1989–1997)
    • Liberty Media (1997–2000)
    • Kroenke Sports & Entertainment (2000–present)
      • Stan Kroenke, previously a minority owner of the NFL's Rams, acquired full ownership in 2010. Under the NFL's then-current cross-ownership rules, principal team owners were prohibited from owning controlling interests in teams in any other professional sport (except soccer) in a different NFL market. From late 2010 until the cross-ownership ban was permanently lifted in October 2018, his wife Ann Walton Kroenke technically held a controlling interest in order to comply with these rules; their son Josh runs the team's day-to-day affairs.[44]
    Detroit Pistons
    Golden State Warriors
    Houston Rockets
    Indiana Pacers
    Los Angeles Clippers
    Los Angeles Lakers
    Memphis Grizzlies
    Miami Heat
    Milwaukee Bucks
    Minnesota Timberwolves
    • Marv Wolfenson and Harvey Ratner (1989–1994)
    • Glen Taylor (1994–2023)
    • Marc Lore & Alex Rodriguez (2023–present)
      • Taylor reached a deal with Lore and Rodriguez in April 2021, with the pair initially purchasing 20% with a plan to purchase an additional 20% in 2022 and 40% in 2023, at which time they will be become the principal owners
    New Orleans Pelicans
    • George Shinn (100%, 1988–2007; Charlotte/New Orleans Hornets)
    • George Shinn (75%) and Gary Chouest (25%) (2007–2010)
    • National Basketball Association (2010–2012) — The NBA purchased the team in December 2010 after a planned sale of Shinn's interest to Chouest fell through.
    • Tom Benson (2012–2018)[50]
    • Gayle Benson (2018–present)
      • Gayle Benson is also the owner of the NFL's New Orleans Saints. At the time of Tom Benson's death, NFL rules allowed team owners to own teams in other sports if the other team(s) were in the same media market. In 2013, Gayle's late predecessor and husband Tom Benson announced that the New Orleans Hornets would permanently change their team nickname to the Pelicans.
    New York Knicks
    Oklahoma City Thunder
    Orlando Magic
    • William du Pont III, Jim L. Hewit, and Robert Hewitt (1989–1991)
    • Richard DeVos (1991–present)[51]
    Philadelphia 76ers
    Phoenix Suns
    Portland Trail Blazers
    • Herman Sarkowsky, Robert Schmertz, and Larry Weinberg (1970–1972)
    • Herman Sarkowsky & Larry Weinberg (1972–1975)
    • Larry Weinberg (1975–1988)
    • Paul Allen (1988–2018)
    • Estate of Paul Allen (2018–present)
      • From 1997 to 2018, Paul Allen was also the principal owner of the NFL's Seattle Seahawks. At the time he purchased the Seahawks in 1997, the NFL had a blanket prohibition of cross-ownership (apart from soccer), but the league soon modified the rule to allow NFL owners to own teams in other leagues under either of the following conditions:
        • The other team is in the same market as the owner's NFL team.
        • The other team is in a market without an NFL team, as is the case with Portland.
    Sacramento Kings
    San Antonio Spurs
    Toronto Raptors
    Utah Jazz
    Washington Wizards

    Women's National Basketball Association owners

    Atlanta Dream
    Chicago Sky
    Connecticut Sun
    Dallas Wings
    Indiana Fever
    Las Vegas Aces
    Los Angeles Sparks
    Minnesota Lynx
    New York Liberty
    Phoenix Mercury
    Seattle Storm
    Washington Mystics

    National Basketball League (Australia) owners

    Adelaide 36ers
    • Grant Kelley (March 2017–present)
    Illawarra Hawks
    Perth Wildcats

    Euroleague (Europe) owners

    Olympiacos
    Panathinaikos
    Olimpia Milano
    ASVEL

    Philippine Basketball Association owners

    Barangay Ginebra San Miguel
    Blackwater Bossing
    Converge FiberXers
    Magnolia Hotshots
    Meralco Bolts
    NLEX Road Warriors
    NorthPort Batang Pier
    • Sultan 900 Capital, Inc.
    Phoenix Super LPG Fuel Masters
    Rain or Shine Elasto Painters
    • Asian Coatings Philippines, Inc.
    San Miguel Beermen
    Terrafirma Dyip
    • Terrafirma Realty Development Corporation
    TNT Tropang Giga

    Gridiron football franchise owners

    National Football League owners

    Arizona Cardinals
    • Chris O'Brien (1898–1929) — Morgan Athletic Club (Chicago, 1898–1899?), Racine Normals (still in Chicago, 1899?–1901), Racine Cardinals (1901–1921), Chicago Cardinals (1922–1929)
    • Dr. David Jones (1929–1933)
    • The Bidwill Family (1933–present)
    Atlanta Falcons
    • The Smith Family (1966–2002)
    • Arthur Blank – (2002–present) — owns over 90%; seven minority partners own the rest, with Warrick Dunn the latest addition in March 2010[61]
    Baltimore Ravens
    Buffalo Bills
    Carolina Panthers
    Chicago Bears
    Cincinnati Bengals
    Cleveland Browns
    Dallas Cowboys
    Denver Broncos
    Detroit Lions
    Green Bay Packers
    Houston Texans
    Indianapolis Colts
    Jacksonville Jaguars
    Kansas City Chiefs
    • The Hunt family – (1959–present)
      • Lamar (1960–2006) — Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs
      • Family, led by son Clark – (2006–present)
    Las Vegas Raiders
    • Limited partnership led by Y. Charles (Chet) Soda – (1959–1960)
    • F. Wayne Valley and Ed McGah – (1961–1966)
    • Valley, McGah and Al Davis – (1966–1976)
    • Al Davis and McGah (1976–1983) – Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders
    • Al Davis (1983–2011) — Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders
    • Mark and Carol Davis – (2011–present) – Oakland/Las Vegas Raiders

    Note: This list reflects the actual control of the franchise. The ownership structure is considerably more complicated. Notably, it was reported that Al Davis owned only a 47% stake in the team when he died in 2011, although he exercised near-total control as the president of the team's general partner. His widow Carol and son Mark inherited his interest in the team, with Mark exercising day-to-day control. See the relevant section of the team article for more details.

    Los Angeles Chargers
    Los Angeles Rams
    Miami Dolphins
    Minnesota Vikings
    New England Patriots
    New Orleans Saints
    New York Giants
    • The Mara Family – (1925–present; 100 percent ownership, 1925–1991, 50 percent ownership since 1991)
      • Tim J. – (1925–1959)
      • Jack – (1930–1965)
      • Wellington – (1930–2005)
      • Tim – (1965–1991)
      • John – (2005–present)
    • The Tisch Family – (1991–present; 50 percent ownership)
    New York Jets
    • Harry Wismer (1959–1963) — New York Titans
    • Sonny Werblin, Leon Hess, Donald C. Lillis, Townsend B. Martin, Philip H. Iselin – (1963–1968)
    • Leon Hess, Donald C. Lillis, Townsend B. Martin, Philip H. Iselin – (1968)
    • Leon Hess, Townsend B. Martin, Philip H. Iselin – (1968–1976)
    • Leon Hess, Townsend B. Martin – (1976–1981)
    • Leon Hess – (1981–1999)
    • Estate of Leon Hess – (1999–2000)
    • Woody Johnson – (2000–present)
    Philadelphia Eagles
    Pittsburgh Steelers
    • The Rooney family:
      • Art – (1933–1988)
      • Dan – (1988–2017)
      • Art II – (2017–present)
    San Francisco 49ers
    • Tony Morabito, Victor Morabito, Allen E. Sorrell and E.J. Turre – (1946)
    • Tony and Victor Morabito – (1947–1953)
    • Morabito, Morabito, and Al Ruffo – (1953–1957)
    • Josephine Morabito, Victor Morabito, and Ruffo – (1957–1964)
    • Josephine Morabito, Elizabeth Morabito, and Ruffo – (1964–1977)
    • The DeBartolo Family (1977–present)
    Seattle Seahawks
    Tampa Bay Buccaneers
    Tennessee Titans
    • Kenneth S. Adams, Jr. family – (1959–present)
      • Bud Adams (1959–2013) — Houston/Tennessee Oilers, Tennessee Titans
      • Amy Adams Strunk (33%), Susan Lewis, Kenneth Adams IV (33%), Barclay Adams (33%) (Lewis is the widow of Amy Strunk and Susie Smith's brother; Kenneth IV and Barclay are Lewis' sons), Thomas and Susie Smith (33%)– (2013–2020)
      • Amy Adams Strunk (50%), Kenneth Adams IV (16.67%), Barclay Adams (16.67%) and Susan Lewis (16.67%) – (2020–present)
    Washington Commanders

    Canadian Football League owners

    BC Lions
    Calgary Stampeders
    Edmonton Elks
    Hamilton Tiger-Cats
    Montreal Alouettes
    Ottawa Redblacks
    Saskatchewan Roughriders
    Toronto Argonauts
    Winnipeg Blue Bombers

    Ice hockey franchise owners

    National Hockey League owners

    Anaheim Ducks
    Arizona Coyotes
    Boston Bruins
    Buffalo Sabres
    Calgary Flames
    Carolina Hurricanes
    Chicago Blackhawks
    Colorado Avalanche
    Columbus Blue Jackets
    • The McConnell Family 2000present
    Dallas Stars
    Detroit Red Wings
    • Charles A. Hughes 1926–1931 (Detroit Cougars/Detroit Falcons)
    • Creditors' Committee 1931–1933 (Detroit Falcons/Detroit Red Wings)
    • The Norris Family 1933-1982
    • The Ilitch family 1982–present
    Edmonton Oilers
    Florida Panthers
    Los Angeles Kings
    Minnesota Wild
    Montreal Canadiens
    Nashville Predators
    New Jersey Devils
    New York Islanders
    New York Rangers
    Ottawa Senators
    Philadelphia Flyers
    Pittsburgh Penguins
    San Jose Sharks
    Seattle Kraken
    St. Louis Blues
    Tampa Bay Lightning
    Toronto Maple Leafs
    Vancouver Canucks
    Vegas Golden Knights
    Washington Capitals
    Winnipeg Jets

    Rugby League Football club owners

    National Rugby League owners

    Brisbane Broncos
    Melbourne Storm
    Newcastle Knights
    • Wests Leagues Club (Newcastle)
    South Sydney Rabbitohs

    Super League owners

    Rugby Union Football club owners

    Aviva Premiership (England)

    Bath
    Bristol
    Gloucester
    • Owned by a large number of investors until 1997
    • Tom Walkinshaw (1997–2010)
      • Martin St Quinton (minority interest, 2008–2016)
    • Ryan Walkinshaw (majority interest, December 2010–February 2016)
    • Martin St Quinton (majority interest, February 2016–present)
    Newcastle Falcons
    • John Hall (1996–1999)
    • Dave Thompson (1999–present)
    Sale Sharks
    • Brian Kennedy (?-present)
    Wasps
    • Steve Hayes (??–2013)
    • Derek Richardson and minority investors (2013–present)

    Guinness Pro14

    Aironi (operated from 2010 to 2012; now defunct)
    Benetton Rugby
    Cardiff Blues
    Cheetahs (joined in 2017)
    • Free State Rugby Union
    Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster
    • All are owned and operated by the respective provincial branches of the Irish Rugby Football Union, the sport's governing body throughout the island of Ireland.
    Dragons
    Edinburgh Rugby and Glasgow Warriors
    Ospreys
    Scarlets
    Southern Kings (joined in 2017)
    • Eastern Province Rugby Union
    Zebre (took Aironi's place in the league in 2012)

    Top 14 and Pro D2 (France)

    Brive
    • Daniel Derichebourg[67]
      • Derichebourg has put the club up for sale.
    Castres
    Montpellier
    Perpignan
    Racing 92
    • Jacky Lorenzetti[70]
    Stade Français
    Toulon

    Cricket club owners

    Indian Premier League owners

    Kolkata Knight Riders
    Chennai Super Kings
    • Varun Manian (India Cements)
    Delhi Daredevils
    Kings XI Punjab
    Mumbai Indians
    Rajasthan Royals
    Royal Challengers Bangalore
    Sunrisers Hyderabad

    References

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    2. "New owner brings energy to the Club". houstondynamo.com. 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
    3. "Wilf Family Completes Purchase of Orlando City Soccer Club and Orlando Pride" (Press release). Orlando City SC. 2021-06-21. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
    4. "What they're saying about Portland Thorns FC crest and team name (links)". oregonlive.com. 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
    5. Badenhausen, Kurt (September 28, 2022). "LAFC Tops MLS' Most Valuable Teams at $900 Million". Sportico. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
    6. Clarke, Ryan (September 28, 2022). "Merritt Paulson sold minority stake in Portland Timbers, Thorns last year". The Oregonian. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
    7. Stejskal, Sam; Tenorio, Paul (January 5, 2022). "David Blitzer group finalizes RSL purchase; Details on Lorenzo Insigne's Toronto FC salary: MLS Notebook". The Athletic. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
    8. "Natalie Portman part of L.A. ownership group for NWSL expansion team in 2022". Los Angeles Times. July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
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    11. "The NWSL is expanding to the Bay Area, and four ex-USWNT greats with local ties played a vital role". Jeff Carlisle. ESPN. April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
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    14. "MLS: Brener is new Dynamo majority owner". ESPN.com. 2015-12-16. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
    15. "New owner brings energy to the Club". houstondynamo.com. 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
    16. "Kansas City Returns to the NWSL as Expansion Team in 2021" (Press release). National Women's Soccer League. December 7, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
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    20. "NJ/NY Gotham FC Adds Two Top-Level Sport Executives to Ownership". NJ/NY Gotham FC. 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
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    22. LoRé, Michael. "Kevin Durant, Rich Kleiman Join Gotham FC As Minority Owners". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
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    26. "Orlando City owner sells minority stake". ESPN.com. 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
    27. "Wilf Family Completes Purchase of Orlando City Soccer Club and Orlando Pride" (Press release). Orlando City SC. 2021-06-21. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
    28. "What they're saying about Portland Thorns FC crest and team name (links)". oregonlive.com. 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
    29. Badenhausen, Kurt (September 28, 2022). "LAFC Tops MLS' Most Valuable Teams at $900 Million". Sportico. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
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