Stateless nation

A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state.[2] The term "stateless" implies that the group has the right to self-determination, to establish an independent nation with its own government.[3][4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without a state are classified as fourth-world nations.[5][6][7] Some stateless nations have a history of statehood, while some were always stateless.

The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[8]

Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yoruba people found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China - which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[9][10] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians that were once part of the multinational state of Yugoslavia and gained independence during the breakup of Yugoslavia).

Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.[11] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, and Kabyle in North Africa, the Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya, and Shan in Myanmar, and the Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians, and Andalusians in Spain.[12]

Nation-states and nations without states

The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in Western Europe during the 18th century and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.[4] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations".

Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[4]

Consequences of colonialism and imperialism

During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and being described as stateless nations thereafter.[13] Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony).[14] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[15][16][17][18] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and the exploitation of labor and natural resources.[19][20]

Nationalism and stateless nations

People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a nation through the awakening of national consciousness.[21] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[22] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism, and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[23] Nationalism is often connected to separatism because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.[24]

Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[25][26][27][28] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[29][30]

Unionism vs separatism

Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with unionism (such as Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Indonesian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[31] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, and Russian nationalism). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal.

Claims by stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status


The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles.

States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.

People Flag Languages Language family[lower-alpha 1] Predominant religion Population Continent States Homeland[lower-alpha 2] Irredentist movement Notes
Cantonese[32][33]
Cantonese Sino-Tibetan languagesChinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism)135,210,000AsiaChinaGuangdongCantonese nationalismHistorically occupied the Nanyue kingdom.
Tamils[34][35][36][37]


Tamil languageDravidian languagesHinduism (mostly Shaivism)78,000,000AsiaIndia, Sri LankaTamil Nadu, Tamil EelamTamil nationalism, Greater Tamil Nadu, TNRT, Tamil Nadu Liberation Army, Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, LTTE, Sri Lankan Civil War, TGTE, Vaddukoddai ResolutionHistorically ruled Tamilakam and parts of Sri Lanka. Seeks more regional autonomy for the Indian state of Tamil Nadu or form a sovereign nation as Dravida Nadu. Demand autonomy in North Eastern Province or total secession from Sri Lanka.[38]
Pashtuns
Pashto language Iranian languagesIslam (Sunni, Shia)c.42–50 million[39][40][41]AsiaPakistan, AfghanistanPashtunistanPashtun nationalism
Kurds[42]
Kurdish languages, (originally) Arabic, Turkish, Persian (assimilation) Iranian languagesIslam (Sunni, Shia, Alevi), Zoroastrianism, Yarsanism, Yazdânism30,000,000–45,000,000[43][44]AsiaTurkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria (homeland), Germany (largest diaspora)KurdistanKurdish nationalism, Kurdish–Turkish conflict, Kurdish-Iranian conflict, Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, and Kurdish–Syrian conflict, 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendumRegional autonomy achieved in Iraqi Kurdistan and Rojava.[45] Data rough due to censuses not taking ethnicity in homeland countries.
Yoruba people[42]
Yoruba language Volta-Congo languagesChristianity, Islam, Yoruba religion35,000,000[46][47]AfricaNigeria, Benin and Togo, GhanaYorubalandOodua Peoples Congress
Oromo people[48]
Oromo Cushitic languagesChristian, Muslim, Waaqeffanna41,693,650 [49]AfricaEthiopia, KenyaOromiaOromo conflict
Igbo people[50]
Igbo, English Volta-Congo languagesChristianity (primarily Roman Catholicism with significant Protestant minorities), Indigenous beliefs30,000,000[51]AfricaNigeria (almost exclusively)IgbolandMovement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Indigenous People of BiafraAttempted secession from Nigeria in 1967 sparked the Nigerian Civil war.
Occitan people
Occitan, French, Italian, Spanish Romance languagesRoman Catholicism16,000,000EuropeFrance, Monaco, Italy and Spain (Val d'Aran)OccitaniaOccitan nationalism (Occitan Party, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Libertat)Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France.
Assamese people [52][53][54]
Assamese languageIndo-Aryan languagesHinduism15,000,000[55]AsiaIndiaAssamAssam separatist movements, ULFA Insurgency in Northeast IndiaSeeks greater regional autonomy for natives of Assam or total secession from India.[56]
Uyghur people[57][58]
Uyghur language Turkic languagesSunni Islam15,000,000[59]AsiaChina, Kazakhstan, UzbekistanEast Turkestan (Uyghuristan)Irredentism is politically fragmented (East Turkestan Liberation Organization, East Turkestan independence movement)Limited autonomy in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Zulu people
Zulu language Volta-Congo languagesChristianity, Zulu religion12,159,000AfricaSouth Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, EswatiniKwaZulu-NatalInkatha Freedom PartyLimited autonomy in the KwaZulu-Natal region, which maintains a traditional Zulu king.
Kongo people
Kongo language, Lingala, Portuguese, French Volta-Congo languages Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), African Traditional Religion10,000,000AfricaDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola KongoKongo nationalism, Bundu dia KongoHistorically occupied the independent Kingdom of Kongo.
HazarasHazaragi dialect of Persian LanguageIranian LanguagesIslam
mostly Shia
10,000,000-14,000,000AsiaAfghanistanHazaristanPersecution of HazarasNo movement.
Baloch people
Balochi Iranian languagesSunni Islam10,000,000[60]AsiaPakistan, Iran, Afghanistan(homeland), UAE (diaspora)BalochistanBalochistan conflict, Baloch nationalismSeeks total independence from Pakistan.
Kabyle people
Kabyle language, Algerian Arabic Berber languagesIslam4,000,000[61]AfricaAlgeriaKabylieMovement for the Autonomy of Kabylie, Provisional Government of Kabylia
Ahwazi Arabs
Arabic, Persian (assimilation) Semitic languagesShia Islam1,320,000[62]AsiaIranAl AhwazArab separatism in Khuzestan Democratic Solidarity Party of AhwazAhwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation.[63] Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from Iran.
Andalusians
Andalusian Spanish, English (in Gibraltar) Romance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)9,500,000EuropeSpain, GibraltarAndalusiaAndalusian nationalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Catalans[64][65]
Catalan, Spanish, Occitan, French, Italian Romance languagesRoman Catholicism, Agnosticism8,500,000[66]EuropeSpain, Italy, Andorra and FranceCatalan CountriesCatalan independence movement, Catalan nationalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Québécois[67]
French Romance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)8,215,000AmericaCanadaQuebecQuebec sovereignty movement, Quebec nationalismThe total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers.
Mon people
Mon language Monic languagesBuddhism8,145,500AsiaMyanmar, ThailandMon StateMon Nationalism, Mon National Party, All Mon Region Democracy PartyHistorically occupied the Mon kingdoms.
Hongkongers[68][69][70]
Hong Kong Cantonese, Hong Kong English Sino-Tibetan languagesChristianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism), Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Islam7,498,100[71]AsiaChinaHong KongHong Kong independence movementLimited autonomy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Circassians
Circassian language, Russian Circassian languagesIslam5,000,000EuropeRussiaCircassiaRusso-Circassian War, Circassian nationalism95–97% of Circassians were killed or exiled by Russia during the Circassian genocide.[72]
Karen people
S'gaw Karen language Karenic languagesChristianity, Theravada Buddhism7,000,000AsiaMyanmar, ThailandKawthooleiKaren nationalism, Karen National Union, Karen National Liberation Army
Maya peoples
Mayan languages Mayan languagesChristianity (Catholicism), Maya religion7,000,000AmericaGuatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, El SalvadorMesoamericaPan-Maya movement, Rigoberta Menchú, Zapatista Army of National LiberationHistorically occupied the Maya civilization.
Veneto
Venetian language Romance languagesCatholicism5,000,000 (est.)EuropeItalyVenetoVenetian nationalismMany groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Historically occupied the independent Republic of Venice.
Tibetan people
Tibetan language, Chinese language Sino-Tibetan languagesBuddhism7,000,000[73]AsiaChina, India, NepalTibetTibetan independence movementLimited autonomy in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Historically occupied the Tibetan Empire.
Riffian people
Riffian language, Arabic AfroasiaticIslam6,000,000[74]AfricaMorocco and SpainRifRif War, Rif Republic95% of the land is controlled by Morocco with the rest being controlled by the Spanish territories of Ceuta and Melilla as autonomous cities.
Shan people
Shan language, Thai Kra-DaiBuddhism6,000,000AsiaMyanmarShan StateShan State Army, Declaration of independence in 2005; see also Hso Khan PhaHistorically occupied the Shan states.
Kashmiri people
Kashmiri language Indo-Aryan languagesIslam5,600,000AsiaIndia, Pakistan and ChinaKashmirInsurgency in Jammu and KashmirAdministered by India (Kashmir Valley, Jammu, Ladakh), Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan) and China (Aksai Chin).
Valencians
Catalan, SpanishRomance languagesRoman Catholicism[75]5,111,706EuropeSpainValencian CommunityValencian nationalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Moro people
Filipino language, other Philippine languages Islam5,100,000AsiaPhilippinesMuslim MindanaoMoro autonomyThe Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region with the adoption of the Bangsamoro Organic Law.
Kuki-Mizo-Zo-Chin people
Kuki-Chin languages Christianity5,000,000AsiaMyanmar, Bangladesh, IndiaMizoram, Zogam and Chin StateMizo National Front, Chin National Front, Kuki National Army, Zomi Revolutionary Army, Zomi nationalismKuki-Mizo-Zo-Chin are an ethnic group known by different names and speak different dialects.
Sicilians[76]
Sicilian, Italian, Gallo-Italic of Sicily, Arbëresh Romance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)5,000,000 (only Sicily)EuropeItalySicilySicilian nationalismRegional autonomy in Sicily.
Bretons
Breton, Gallo, French, Celtic languagesRoman Catholicism4,800,000EuropeFranceBrittanyBreton nationalismSeek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France.
Hmong people
Hmong language Hmong-Mien LanguagesAnimism4,000,000AsiaLaos, China, Vietnam, Myanmar and ThailandHmong ChaoFa Federated StateInsurgency in Laos
Rohingya people
Rohingya language Islam3,600,000AsiaMyanmarRohang StateRohingya conflictThe Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government.[77]
Afrikaners
Afrikaans Christianity (mainly Protestantism)3,500,000AfricaSouth Africa and NamibiaVolkstaatAfrikaner Nationalism, Freedom FrontAfrikaners are an ethno-racial group. Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa.
Assyrians[78]
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Turoyo, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic Semitic languagesChristianity (Chaldean Catholicism Syriac Christianity)3,300,000[79]AsiaSyria, Iraq, Iran and TurkeyAssyria, Beth Nahrain (Mesopotamia)Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian independence movementHistorically occupied the Assyrian empire.
Basque people[65]
Basque, French, Spanish Language isolateChristianity (Roman Catholicism)3,000,000[80]EuropeFrance and SpainBasque CountryBasque nationalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Iraqi Turkmen people
Turkish language, Azerbaijani language Islam3,000,000AsiaIraqTurkmeneliIraqi Turkmen FrontNot to be confused with Syrian Turkmen of Latakia or Central Asian Turkmens of Turkmenistan who share only their ethnonym.[81]
Welsh people[65]
Welsh, English Celtic languagesChristianity (Protestantism, Catholic minority)3,000,000EuropeUnited KingdomWalesWelsh independence, Welsh nationalism, Meibion Glyndŵr, Plaid CymruRegional autonomy in Wales. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed, Seisyllwg, Morgannwg, and Gwent).
Galician people[65]
Galician language, Spanish Romance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)2,800,000EuropeSpainGaliciaGalician nationalism and Galician RegionalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Galicia.
Kachin people
Jingpo, Zaiwa, Maru, Lashi, Azi Buddhism, Christianity, Animism2,750,000 (2002)[82]AsiaMyanmarKachin StateKachin Independence Army, Kachin Independence Organisation, Kachin conflictThe tribes of Kachin Hills form the Kachin Nation.
Aragonese people
Aragonese language, Spanish Romance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)2,278,000 (Spain only)[83]EuropeSpainAragonAragonese nationalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Aragon.
Meitei people
Meitei language Sino-Tibetan languagesHinduism2,500,000AsiaIndiaImphal Valley, ManipurUNLF, PLA, Insurgency in Manipur, Anglo-Manipur WarHistorically occupied the Kingdom of Manipur.
Chechen people
Chechen language, Russian Islam2,000,000EuropeRussiaChechnyaChechen insurgency, Chechen Republic of IchkeriaRegional autonomy in Chechnya.
Naga people
Tibeto-Burman dialects / Nagamese creole Christianity2,000,000AsiaIndiaNagalandNaga National Council, Insurgency in Northeast IndiaSeeks greater regional autonomy or complete separatation from India.
Sardinian people[84][85][86][87]
Sardinian, Corso-Sardinian, Italian, Catalan, Ligurian Romance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)1,661,521EuropeItalySardiniaSardinian nationalismNational devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Italy.
Ryukyuan people
Ryukyuan, Japanese Buddhism1,600,000[88]AsiaJapanRyukyu IslandsRyukyu independence movementHistorically occupied the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Frisians
Frisian, Dutch, German, Danish Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism)1,500,000EuropeNetherlands, Denmark, and GermanyFrisiaFrisian National Party, Groep fan AuwerkThe creation of a new Frisian state. Historically occupied the Frisian Kingdom.
Friuli
Friulian Romance languagesCatholicism2,000,000 (est.)EuropeItalyFriuliFriuli MovementFriuli is an autonomous region of Italy, but there are also other views as to what status it should have.
Tuareg people
Tuareg language Islam1,200,000AfricaMali and NigerAzawadNational Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Tuareg rebellion (2012), Northern Mali conflictNational devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali.
Mapuche
Mapudungun Christianity (Roman Catholicism)1,000,000[89]AmericaArgentina and ChileWallmapuMapuche conflict
Asturian people
Asturian language, Spanish Romance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)1,925,000 (2020)EuropeSpain and PortugalAsturiasAsturian nationalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Lezgins
Lezgian Islam800,000+EuropeRussia, AzerbaijanLezgistanLezgin NationalismUnification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and Dagestan (Russia).
Fur people
Fur, Arabic Islam800,000[90]AfricaSudanDafurWar in Darfur, SLM/AHistorically occupied the Sultanate of Darfur.
Māori people
Māori, English Christianity with native750,000OceaniaNew ZealandNew ZealandMāori protest movement
Macanese[91]
Macanese Cantonese, Macanese Portuguese Sino-Tibetan languagesChinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism)678,800AsiaChinaMacauMacau independence movementLimited autonomy in the Macau Special Administrative Region.
Karakalpaks
Karakalpak language Islam620,000AsiaUzbekistanKarakalpakstanKarakalpak NationalismRegional autonomy in Karakalpakstan.
Hawaiian people
Hawaiian language Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism) with native527,000OceaniaUnited StatesHawaiiHawaiian sovereignty movementHistorically occupied the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Moravians
Czech (Moravian), Slovak Traditionally Roman Catholicism presently Irreligion525,000[92][93]EuropeCzech Republic and SlovakiaMoraviaMoraviansHistorically occupied Great Moravia.
Ogoni people
Ogoni language Christianity with native500,000AfricaNigeriaOgonilandMovement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatar, Russian, Ukrainian Islam500,000EuropeUkraineCrimeaMejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
Tatars in Republic of Crimea
Deportation of the Crimean Tatars
Previously an autonomous republic within Ukraine, after being invaded and annexed by Russia in 2014. The Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy.[94]
Sahrawi people[95]
Hassaniya Arabic (native), Berber languages (native), Modern Standard Arabic (written only), and Spanish (lingua franca) Islam (Sunni Islam (Maliki), Sufism)500,000[96]AfricaMorocco, Algeria, MauretaniaWestern SaharaWestern Sahara conflict, Polisario Front, Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicPartially controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and partially occupied by Morocco.
Chams
Cham language Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism400,000AsiaVietnamSouth Central CoastUnited Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, Cham rights movement[97] Historically occupied the Kingdom of Champa. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government their indigeneity to the region.
Corsican people
Corsican, French, Ligurian, Italian Romance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism322,120EuropeFranceCorsicaCorsica LiberaTerritorial collectivity in France.
Navajo
Navajo language, Navajo language, Navajo Sign Language Navajo Traditional, Christianity (principally Roman Catholicism)300,460AmericaUnited StatesNavajo NationNavajo WarsRegional autonomy on the Navajo Nation.
Lakota people
Lakota, English Christianity with native170,000[98]AmericaUnited StatesLakotahSioux Wars, Lakota Freedom MovementLive on several autonomous Native American reservations.
Sami people
Sami languages, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Russian Christianity (principally Lutheran), AnimismEstimated 80,000[99]EuropeFinland, Norway, Russia and SwedenSapmiSámi politicsHave their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden, and Finland but Sami groups usually seek more territorial autonomy.
Inuit Inuit languages, Danish, English, Russian Christianity with native135,991AmericaCanada, United States and DenmarkAlaska, Northern Canada and GreenlandGreenland ReferendumSemi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark.
Yupik peoples Yupik languages, English, Russian Christianity with native35,567 (est.)Asia and AmericaRussia and the United StatesSiberia and AlaskaCalista Corporation, Bristol Bay Native Corporation
Pamiris
Pamir languages Islam135,000[100]AsiaTajikistanBadakhshanPamiri nationalism, Lali Badakhshan party, Tajikistani Civil WarRegional autonomy in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
Faroese people
Faroese language, Danish Christianity (principally Lutheran)66,000EuropeDenmarkFaroe IslandsFaroese independence movementRegional autonomy in Faroe Islands.
Sorbs
Sorbian language, German Christianity (Roman Catholicism)60,000–70,000 (est.)EuropeGermanyLusatiaDomowinaDivided into Upper Sorbs and Lower Sorbs.

Formerly stateless nations

Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence,[101] Irish people before the Irish War of Independence, and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War.[102]

Some would include the Jews until the 1948 Israeli declaration of independence,[103] however others would argue that different groups of Jews have very different characteristics such as languages, cultures, and territories, rendering the idea that all Jews constitute a single nation questionable.[104][105]

During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.[106]

See also

Notes

  1. Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content.
  2. Proposed or historical homeland desired.

References

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  2. Frank L. Kidner; Maria Bucur; Ralph Mathisen; Sally McKee; Theodore R. Weeks (2013), Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550, Cengage Learning, p. 668, ISBN 978-1-285-50027-0
  3. Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
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  5. David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
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  29. The delegates were linked with the Scottish group 'SNP Friends of Catalonia', which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement". commonspace.scot. Archived from the original on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  30. The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. "EFA brings stateless nations even closer". European Free Alliance. Archived from the original on 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
  31. Ian Adams, Political Ideology Today p.73
  32. Xu, Song-shi (1939). "Cantonese is the old name of the pearl river". Chung Hwa Book Company.
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  38. Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)
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