Municipalities of Puerto Rico

The municipalities of Puerto Rico (Spanish: municipios de Puerto Rico) are the second-level administrative divisions in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. There are 78 such administrative divisions covering all 78 incorporated towns and cities. Each municipality is led by a mayor and divided into barrios, third-level administrative divisions, though the latter are not vested with any political authority. Every municipality is governed as stated by the Autonomous Municipalities Act of 1991, which establishes that every municipality must have an elected strong mayor with a municipal legislature as the form of government. Each legislature must be unicameral, with the number of members related to adequate representation of the total population of the municipality. In contrast to other jurisdictions, both the mayors and the municipal legislators are elected on the same date and for the same term of four years in office.

Municipalities of Puerto Rico
LocationCommonwealth of Puerto Rico
Number78
Populations1,818 (Culebra) – 395,326 (San Juan)
Areas4.84 square miles (12.5 km2) (Cataño) – 125.95 square miles (326.2 km2) (Arecibo)
Government
Subdivisions

From a political and ekistic perspective, several differences and similarities exist between municipalities of differing population sizes. For instance, municipalities with 50,000 inhabitants or more are considered incorporated cities, while those with fewer than 50,000 are considered incorporated towns.[1] Size affects the autonomy exercised by the jurisdiction: cities provide and manage their own services, while towns typically depend on nearby cities for certain services. Demographically, municipalities in Puerto Rico are equivalent to counties in the United States, and Puerto Rican municipalities are registered as county subdivisions in the United States census.[2] Statistically, the municipality with the largest number of inhabitants is San Juan, with 342,259, while Culebra is the smallest, with around 1,792. Arecibo is the largest in terms of geography, with around 125 mi2, and Cataño the smallest, with around 4.8 mi2.[3]

All municipalities have a barrio called pueblo proper, officially called barrio-pueblo (literally "district-town"), which typically is the site of the historic Spanish colonial settlement, administrative center and urban core of the municipality.[4] Municipalities with large populations, however, may have an urban core that consist of several barrios.

Overview
See also: Puerto Rico statistical areas

Just like in Spain, in Puerto Rico the municipality is not "merely a city, but something similar to a wide-extending township in New England—like Plymouth, Massachusetts, or Barnstable, on Cape Cod comprising a central town or city with perhaps several outlying districts or barrios, usually rural in character, and occasionally having sizeable concentrated populations in villages, the municipality bearing the name of the central urban portion and all under one local government."[5] Because Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony until 1898, its system of local government bears more resemblance to that of the Hispanophone nations of the Americas than to local government in the United States. Thus, there are no literal first-order administrative divisions akin to counties, as defined by the U.S. Federal Government; instead, Puerto Rico has 78 municipalities as the secondary unit of administration.[6] For U.S. Census purposes, the municipalities are considered county equivalents. The municipalities are grouped into eight electoral districts, but these do not possess administrative functions. In 1991, the Autonomous Municipalities Act was passed, which slightly modified the rights and responsibilities of Puerto Rican municipalities with the aim of decentralizing control and improving government services.[7]

Every municipality is composed of barrios, except for Florida, which has only one barrio. The municipality of Ponce has the largest number of barrios, 31.[8][9][10][11][12]

Every municipality (except San Juan) also has an urban area made up of one or more barrios.[13] When the urban area is made up of only one barrio, it is called "Barrio Pueblo". Some urban areas are made up of multiple barrios: Ponce's urban area, for example, is made up of 12 barrios. All of San Juan's barrios are urban barrios, and the municipality of San Juan is composed of urban barrios only - thus, the entire municipality of San Juan consists of one large urban zone.[14]

Politics
Main article: Mayors in Puerto Rico

The municipalities elect a mayor and a municipal legislature in the general elections every four years.

Municipalities
  • Municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants
  • San Juan, the largest municipality and capital of Puerto Rico.
    San Juan, the largest municipality and capital of Puerto Rico.
  • Bayamón, the second largest municipality of Puerto Rico, located just west of San Juan.
    Bayamón, the second largest municipality of Puerto Rico, located just west of San Juan.
  • Carolina, the third largest municipality of Puerto Rico, located just east of San Juan.
    Carolina, the third largest municipality of Puerto Rico, located just east of San Juan.
  • Ponce, the fourth largest municipality of Puerto Rico and the largest municipality outside the San Juan metropolitan area.
    Ponce, the fourth largest municipality of Puerto Rico and the largest municipality outside the San Juan metropolitan area.
  • Caguas, the fifth largest municipality of Puerto Rico and the largest landlocked municipality.
    Caguas, the fifth largest municipality of Puerto Rico and the largest landlocked municipality.
Name Title FIPS
code[15]		 Population
(2020)[3]		 Population
(2010)[16]		 Area[17] Founded Barrios
Adjuntas Town 001 18,020 19,483 66.69 sq mi (172.73 sq km) 1815 List
Aguada Town 003 38,136 41,959 30.85 sq mi (79.90 sq km) 1639 List
Aguadilla City 005 55,101 60,949 36.53 sq mi (94.61 sq km) 1775 List
Aguas Buenas Town 007 24,223 28,659 30.08 sq mi (77.92 sq km) 1838 List
Aibonito Town 009 24,637 25,900 31.31 sq mi (81.10 sq km) 1824 List
Añasco Town 011 25,596 29,261 39.29 sq mi (101.75 sq km) 1733 List
Arecibo City 013 87,754 96,440 125.95 sq mi (326.20 sq km) 1616 List
Arroyo Town 015 15,843 19,575 15.01 sq mi (38.87 sq km) 1855 List
Barceloneta Town 017 22,657 24,816 18.69 sq mi (48.41 sq km) 1881 List
Barranquitas Town 019 28,983 30,318 34.25 sq mi (88.71 sq km) 1803 List
Bayamón City 021 185,187 208,116 44.32 sq mi (114.80 sq km) 1772 List
Cabo Rojo Town 023 47,158 50,917 70.37 sq mi (182.27 sq km) 1771 List
Caguas City 025 127,244 142,893 58.60 sq mi (151.77 sq km) 1775 List
Camuy Town 027 32,827 35,159 46.35 sq mi (120.06 sq km) 1807 List
Canóvanas Town 029 42,337 47,648 32.87 sq mi (85.12 sq km) 1909 List
Carolina City 031 154,815 176,762 45.32 sq mi (117.38 sq km) 1816 List
Cataño Town 033 23,155 28,140 4.84 sq mi (12.55 sq km) 1927 List
Cayey Town 035 41,652 48,119 51.93 sq mi (134.51 sq km) 1773 List
Ceiba Town 037 11,307 13,631 29.04 sq mi (75.20 sq km) 1838 List
Ciales Town 039 16,984 18,782 66.53 sq mi (172.31 sq km) 1820 List
Cidra Town 041 39,970 43,480 36.02 sq mi (93.29 sq km) 1809 List
Coamo Town 043 34,668 40,512 78.10 sq mi (202.27 sq km) 1579 List
Comerío Town 045 18,883 20,778 28.40 sq mi (73.56 sq km) 1826 List
Corozal Town 047 34,571 37,142 42.57 sq mi (110.26 sq km) 1795 List
Culebra Town 049 1,792 1,818 11.62 sq mi (30.10 sq km) 1880 List
Dorado Town 051 35,879 38,165 23.09 sq mi (59.80 sq km) 1842 List
Fajardo Town 053 32,124 36,993 29.86 sq mi (77.34 sq km) 1772 List
Florida Town 054 11,692 12,680 15.21 sq mi (39.39 sq km) 1971 List
Guánica Town 055 13,787 19,427 37.05 sq mi (95.96 sq km) 1914 List
Guayama Town 057 36,614 45,362 64.99 sq mi (168.32 sq km) 1736 List
Guayanilla Town 059 17,784 21,581 42.27 sq mi (109.48 sq km) 1833 List
Guaynabo City 061 89,780 97,924 27.58 sq mi (71.43 sq km) 1769 List
Gurabo Town 063 40,622 45,369 27.89 sq mi (72.23 sq km) 1815 List
Hatillo Town 065 38,486 41,953 41.78 sq mi (108.21 sq km) 1823 List
Hormigueros Town 067 15,654 17,250 11.34 sq mi (29.37 sq km) 1874 List
Humacao City 069 50,896 58,466 44.75 sq mi (115.90 sq km) 1722 List
Isabela Town 071 42,943 45,631 55.30 sq mi (143.23 sq km) 1819 List
Jayuya Town 073 14,779 16,642 44.53 sq mi (115.33 sq km) 1911 List
Juana Díaz Town 075 46,538 50,747 60.28 sq mi (156.12 sq km) 1798 List
Juncos Town 077 37,012 40,290 26.49 sq mi (68.61 sq km) 1797 List
Lajas Town 079 23,334 25,753 59.95 sq mi (159.15 sq km) 1883 List
Lares Town 081 28,105 30,753 61.45 sq mi (159.15 sq km) 1827 List
Las Marías Town 083 8,874 9,881 46.36 sq mi (120.07 sq km) 1871 List
Las Piedras Town 085 35,180 38,675 33.88 sq mi (87.75 sq km) 1773 List
Loíza Town 087 23,693 30,060 19.37 sq mi (50.17 sq km) 1719 List
Luquillo Town 089 17,781 20,068 25.81 sq mi (66.85 sq km) 1797 List
Manatí Town 091 39,492 44,113 46.13 sq mi (119.48 sq km) 1738 List
Maricao Town 093 4,755 6,276 36.62 sq mi (94.85 sq km) 1874 List
Maunabo Town 095 10,589 12,225 21.07 sq mi (54.57 sq km) 1799 List
Mayagüez City 097 73,077 89,080 77.65 sq mi (201.11 sq km) 1760 List
Moca Town 099 37,460 40,109 50.34 sq mi (130.38 sq km) 1772 List
Morovis Town 101 28,727 32,610 38.87 sq mi (100.67 sq km) 1818 List
Naguabo Town 103 23,386 26,720 51.66 sq mi (133.80 sq km) 1821 List
Naranjito Town 105 29,241 30,402 27.40 sq mi (70.97 sq km) 1824 List
Orocovis Town 107 21,434 23,423 63.62 sq mi (164.78 sq km) 1825 List
Patillas Town 109 15,985 19,277 46.7 sq mi (120.95 sq km) 1811 List
Peñuelas Town 111 20,399 24,282 44.62 sq mi (115.57 sq km) 1793 List
Ponce City 113 137,491 166,327 114.76 sq mi (297.23 sq km) 1692 List
Quebradillas Town 115 23,638 25,919 22.68 sq mi (58.74 sq km) 1823 List
Rincón Town 117 15,187 15,200 14.29 sq mi (37.01 sq km) 1771 List
Río Grande Town 119 47,060 54,304 60.62 sq mi (157.01 sq km) 1840 List
Sabana Grande Town 121 22,729 25,265 35.83 sq mi (92.80 sq km) 1813 List
Salinas Town 123 25,789 31,078 69.37 sq mi (179.67 sq km) 1851 List
San Germán Town 125 31,879 35,527 54.50 sq mi (141.15 sq km) 1573 List
San Juan City 127 342,259 395,326 47.85 sq mi (123.93 sq km) 1519[18] List
San Lorenzo Town 129 37,693 41,058 53.11 sq mi (137.55 sq km) 1811 List
San Sebastián Town 131 39,345 42,430 70.42 sq mi (182.39 sq km) 1752 List
Santa Isabel Town 133 20,281 23,274 34.02 sq mi (88.119 sq km) 1842 List
Toa Alta City 135 66,852 74,066 27.02 sq mi (69.98 sq km) 1751 List
Toa Baja City 137 75,293 89,609 23.24 sq mi (60.19 sq km) 1745 List
Trujillo Alto City 139 67,740 74,842 20.76 sq mi (53.77 sq km) 1801 List
Utuado Town 141 28,287 33,149 113.53 sq mi (294.04 sq km) 1739 List
Vega Alta Town 143 35,395 39,951 27.73 sq mi (71.82 sq km) 1775 List
Vega Baja City 145 54,414 59,662 45.86 sq mi (118.78 sq km) 1776 List
Vieques Town 147 8,249 9,301 50.77 sq mi (131.49 sq km) 1852 List
Villalba Town 149 22,093 26,073 35.64 sq mi (92.31 sq km) 1917 List
Yabucoa Town 151 30,412 37,941 55.21 sq mi (142.99 sq km) 1793 List
Yauco Town 153 34,172 42,043 68.19 sq mi (176.61 sq km) 1756 List

Racial composition

The following is an alphabetical list of the municipalities and their population together with a breakdown of their racial composition.

Municipality (2020)White
(both Hispanic and Non-Hispanic)[19][20]		Black
(Both Hispanic and Non-Hispanic)[21]		Amerindian
(Both Hispanic and Non-Hispanic)		Asian
(Both Hispanic and Non-Hispanic)		Two or more races or some other race
(Both Hispanic and Non-Hispanic)		Hispanic
(Of any Race)
Adjuntas22.23.44.20.165.199.7
Aguada22.74.13.00.263.599.3
Aguadilla21.04.13.50.262.998.4
Aguas Buenas14.57.23.30.361.499.5
Aibonito19.45.43.30.164.899.1
Añasco18.45.73.40.263.999.0
Arecibo19.04.62.20.266.699.3
Arroyo11.512.51.90.460.499.1
Barceloneta15.84.12.40.267.499.5
Barranquitas20.85.22.10.166.299.7
Bayamón17.96.23.00.362.599.0
Cabo Rojo20.33.82.80.265.798.8
Caguas15.96.33.10.363.999.2
Camuy22.73.83.00.164.299.1
Canóvanas13.415.12.60.350.399.3
Carolina14.211.62.60.455.598.5
Cataño13.08.22.90.362.099.0
Cayey17.46.32.50.265.399.4
Ceiba16.09.82.60.457.298.2
Ciales20.82.92.10.369.699.5
Cidra19.56.82.70.162.699.5
Coamo20.07.42.80.261.699.4
Comerío16.96.44.10.263.399.6
Corozal19.83.72.50.267.799.5
Culebra17.78.01.71.151.889.2
Dorado17.67.53.10.658.196.6
Fajardo14.59.32.50.461.398.2
Florida13.82.11.40.374.999.5
Guánica17.15.22.70.267.299.1
Guayama19.09.62.60.256.699.3
Guayanilla18.15.13.60.164.799.6
Guaynabo17.24.82.60.466.297.9
Gurabo15.27.13.30.261.899.2
Hatillo21.23.52.50.266.199.2
Hormigueros18.85.12.80.265.099.2
Humacao13.58.82.50.362.498.0
Isabela17.54.02.40.267.198.7
Jayuya23.32.43.30.165.899.5
Juana Díaz14.58.02.70.263.899.5
Juncos13.09.32.90.261.099.4
Lajas18.94.12.60.267.499.3
Lares20.52.22.50.170.199.3
Las Marías17.23.53.10.369.499.2
Las Piedras15.68.32.90.260.399.4
Loíza5.831.81.60.227.799.4
Luquillo17.212.12.70.354.197.1
Manatí17.14.32.20.267.899.3
Maricao22.27.83.70.561.099.5
Maunabo9.116.72.00.256.099.4
Mayagüez19.74.63.00.363.298.7
Moca17.03.12.60.170.899.6
Morovis19.13.42.50.269.499.6
Naguabo13.39.22.40.263.299.2
Naranjito20.76.43.30.261.099.6
Orocovis16.35.36.40.262.699.6
Patillas15.912.32.60.257.299.3
Peñuelas23.16.73.80.157.299.5
Ponce19.04.93.00.364.499.1
Quebradillas25.43.43.20.262.699.2
Rincón21.45.94.90.258.594.9
Río Grande14.714.72.60.350.498.8
Sabana Grande19.94.02.40.266.699.4
Salinas16.39.83.80.257.699.2
San Germán18.54.63.80.364.199.2
San Juan14.48.22.70.560.297.8
San Lorenzo14.06.62.70.266.099.5
San Sebastián19.22.12.90.170.499.4
Santa Isabel15.78.22.60.260.899.4
Toa Alta16.25.82.70.265.899.4
Toa Baja16.310.12.20.359.199.0
Trujillo Alto14.28.02.30.262.699.1
Utuado21.62.44.00.266.399.2
Vega Alta12.47.32.40.366.698.8
Vega Baja18.56.43.50.261.299.3
Vieques18.815.22.60.452.292.0
Villalba15.56.22.90.265.499.6
Yabucoa16.59.72.60.260.699.4
Yauco21.44.73.20.263.599.4
Puerto Rico17.17.02.80.362.398.9

Finances

In 2012, 36 of the 78 municipalities (46%) were experiencing a budget deficit.[22] In total, the combined debt carried by the municipalities stands at about US$590 million.[lower-alpha 1]

  Surplus    Deficit
Municipality Mayor's party Population[16] Surplus or deficit[24] Surplus or deficit per capita[24] Public debt[24] Public debt per capita[24]
Adjuntas PNP 19,483
$525,858
$26.99
$
$
Aguada PPD 41,959
$2,209,807
$52.67
$
$
Aguadilla PNP 60,949
$10,220,728
$167.69
$
$
Aguas Buenas PPD 28,659
$(1,638,355)
$(57.17)
$9,183,000
$320.42
Aibonito PNP 25,900
$681,875
$26.33
$
$
Añasco PPD 29,261
$2,074,042
$70.88
$
$
Arecibo PNP 96,440
$(17,784,327)
$(184.41)
$63,403,451
$657.44
Arroyo PPD 19,575
$(390,219)
$(19.93)
$10,521,000
$537.47
Barceloneta PPD 24,816
$(8,833,426)
$(355.96)
$59,354,780
$2,391.79
Barranquitas PNP 30,318
$6,673,615
$220.12
$
$
Bayamón PNP 208,116
$4,179,967
$20.08
$243,233,534
$1,168.74
Cabo Rojo PPD 50,917
$(60,841)
$(1.19)
$35,561,000
$698.41
Caguas PPD 142,893
$16,938,668
$118.54
$267,248,251
$1,870.27
Camuy PNP 35,159
$(1,810,542)
$(51.50)
$11,603,000
$330.02
Canóvanas PNP 47,648
$203,324
$4.27
$
$
Carolina PPD 176,762
$32,757,250
$185.32
$350,605,890
$1,983.49
Cataño PPD 28,140
$(11,320,761)
$(402.30)
$47,386,000
$1,683.94
Cayey PPD 48,119
$7,544,584
$156.79
$
$
Ceiba PNP 13,631
$1,833,525
$134.51
$
$
Ciales PPD 18,782
$(5,465,145)
$(290.98)
$9,829,100
$523.33
Cidra PNP 43,480
$(1,053,391)
$(24.23)
$29,445,000
$677.21
Coamo PPD 40,512
$1,672,291
$41.28
$
$
Comerío PPD 20,778
$188,417
$9.07
$
$
Corozal PPD 37,142
$854,163
$23.00
$
$
Culebra PPD 1,818
$802,707
$441.53
$
$
Dorado PPD 38,165
$2,620,615
$68.67
$
$
Fajardo PNP 36,993
$17,821,689
$481.76
$
$
Florida PNP 12,680
$(1,619,740)
$(127.74)
$3,702,000
$291.96
Guánica PNP 19,427
$(5,319,384)
$(273.81)
$8,815,000
$453.75
Guayama PPD 45,362
$1,987,097
$43.81
$
$
Guayanilla PPD 21,581
$(2,706,166)
$(125.40)
$16,818,000
$779.30
Guaynabo PNP 97,924
$8,216,448
$83.91
$290,116,691
$2,962.67
Gurabo PNP 45,369
$(5,797,927)
$(127.79)
$46,390,045
$1,022.51
Hatillo PPD 41,953
$(1,024,986)
$(24.43)
$15,456,830
$368.43
Hormigueros PPD 17,250
$1,288,509
$74.70
$
$
Humacao PPD 58,466
$11,360,216
$194.30
$
$
Isabela PPD 45,631
$24,738,813
$542.15
$16,397,000
$359.34
Jayuya PPD 16,642
$629,946
$37.85
$
$
Juana Díaz PPD 79,897
$32,789,400
$97.89
$22,005,000
$433.62
Juncos PPD 40,290
$(2,994,898)
$(74.33)
$44,404,819
$1,102.13
Lajas PPD 25,753
$(1,988,168)
$(77.20)
$11,075,000
$430.05
Lares PNP 30,753
$(3,361,629)
$(109.31)
$5,339,000
$173.61
Las Marías PPD 9,881
$660,746
$66.87
$
$
Las Piedras PNP 38,675
$362,063
$9.36
$
$
Loíza PNP 30,060
$(3,171,401)
$(105.50)
$9,207,000
$306.29
Luquillo PPD 20,068
$1,646,739
$82.06
$
$
Manatí PNP 44,113
$(12,622,526)
$(286.14)
$52,688,487
$1,194.40
Maricao PNP 6,276
$(1,812,106)
$(288.74)
$10,928,300
$1,741.28
Maunabo PPD 12,225
$(2,678,351)
$(219.09)
$8,600,000
$703.48
Mayagüez PPD 89,080
$10,816,117
$121.42
$
$
Moca PNP 40,109
$632,570
$15.77
$
$
Morovis PNP 32,610
$(3,742,360)
$(114.76)
$20,239,020
$620.64
Naguabo PNP 26,720
$(3,737,140)
$(139.86)
$7,905,100
$295.85
Naranjito PNP 30,402
$1,581,161
$52.01
$
$
Orocovis PNP 23,423
$367,461
$15.69
$
$
Patillas PPD 19,277
$(6,001,248)
$(311.32)
$17,179,000
$891.17
Peñuelas PPD 24,282
$4,106,788
$169.13
$
$
Ponce PNP 166,327
$(18,480,789)
$(111.11)
$190,625,905
$1,146.09
Quebradillas PPD 25,919
$2,327,410
$89.80
$
$
Rincón PPD 15,200
$1,992,326
$131.07
$
$
Río Grande PPD 54,304
$(4,147,852)
$(76.38)
$32,059,000
$590.36
Sabana Grande PPD 25,265
$(2,835,535)
$(112.23)
$10,176,423
$402.79
Salinas PPD 31,078
$(8,546,853)
$(275.01)
$14,650,000
$471.39
San Germán PPD 35,527
$760,077
$21.39
$
$
San Juan PPD 395,326
$(45,455,571)
$(114.98)
$668,238,329
$1,690.35
San Lorenzo PPD 41,058
$(2,998,994)
$(73.04)
$27,034,000
$658.43
San Sebastián PNP 42,430
$2,296,524
$54.13
$
$
Santa Isabel PNP 23,274
$(3,900,907)
$(167.61)
$23,273,736
$999.99
Toa Alta PPD 74,066
$(3,387,399)
$(45.73)
$33,140,000
$447.44
Toa Baja PNP 89,609
$(10,543,311)
$(117.66)
$116,363,919
$1,298.57
Trujillo Alto PPD 74,842
$(1,736,394)
$(23.20)
$55,516,000
$741.78
Utuado PPD 33,149
$(3,007,984)
$(90.74)
$8,174,000
$246.58
Vega Alta PNP 39,951
$3,408,501
$85.32
$
$
Vega Baja PPD 59,662
$(1,849,612)
$(31.00)
$44,303,000
$742.57
Vieques PPD 9,301
$(6,672,774)
$(717.43)
$12,420,100
$1,335.35
Villalba PPD 26,073
$(2,228,520)
$(85.47)
$9,969,216
$382.36
Yabucoa PPD 37,941
$(2,216,509)
$(58.42)
$17,394,380
$458.46
Yauco PNP 42,043
$(5,049,263)
$(120.10)
$39,904,000
$949.12

Amalgamation

Multiple times, politicians have discussed and proposed consolidating Puerto Rico's municipalities but so far no proposals has been adopted. In 1902 the Puerto Rico legislature, under pressure from the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, passed a law consolidating the then-76 municipalities of Puerto Rico into 46.[25] The law was repealed three years later.[26][27] In October 2009, a Puerto Rican legislator proposed a bill that would reduce the current 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico down to 20. The bill called for a referendum to take place on June 13, 2010, which would let the people decide on the matter.[28] However, the bill never made into law.[29] With the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis that emerged in the first half of 2010s, a new plan to consolidate municipalities was again circulated in the legislature in 2017 as a way to alleviate the government debt crisis.[30][31] In March 2019, then Governor Ricardo Rosselló created an initiative that would preserve the existing municipalities but create regional consolidation by sharing service overhead in the form of counties but he resigned prior to anything coming of his proposal.[32]

See also

Notes
  1. WAPA-TV (2014; in Spanish) "El informe sobre la medida señala que al presente los municipios arrastran una deuda agregada de aproximadamente $590 millones [...]"[23]

References
  1. Sánchez Martínez, Héctor (October 10, 2012). "Puerto Rico: la isla de los 900 barrios". La Perla del Sur (in Spanish). No. 1506. p. 36.
  2. Bureau, US Census. "Puerto Rico". Census.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  3. Bureau, US Census. "Puerto Rico Population Declined 11.8% From 2010 to 2020". Census.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  4. José A. Mari Mut (2013-08-28). Los pueblos de Puerto Rico y las iglesias de sus plazas.
  5. Baxter, Sylvester (August 1920). "Recent Civic Architecture in Porto Rico by Adrian C Finlayson, Architect for the Insular Department of the Interior". The Architectural Record. p. 77. Retrieved September 23, 2022 – via Wikisource.
  6. "Ley Núm. 70 de 2006 -Ley para disponer la oficialidad de la bandera y el escudo de los setenta y ocho (78) municipios". LexJuris de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-06-15.
  7. An Act: To amend Sections 1 and 2 of Act No. 100 of June 27, 1956 Act No. 81 of August 30, 1991: Autonomous Municipalities Act of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. In An Act: To amend Sections 1 and 2 of Act No. 100 of June 27, 1956, Act No. 66, 3rd Session of the 13th Legislature of Puerto Rico. April 14, 1998. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
  8. Historia de Nuestros Barrios: Portugués, Ponce. Rafael Torrech San Inocencio. El Sur a la Vista. elsuralavista.com. 14 February 2010. Accessed 12 February 2011. Archived.
  9. Ponce. Proyecto Salon Hogar. Map of Barrios of Ponce. (Map with fully urbanized barrios conglomerated and merged as "Zona Urbana". Barrio not labeled is named "Machuelo Abajo".) Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  10. "Ponce: General Information." Archived 2012-07-07 at the Wayback Machine Puerto Rico Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  11. Ponce Puerto Rico. AreciboWeb. (Map showing the 31 geo-numbered barrios of Ponce.) Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  12. Un Acercamiento Sociohistorico y Linguistico a los Toponimos del Municipio de Ponce, Puerto Rico. Amparo Morales, María T. Vaquero de Ramírez. "Estudios de lingüística hispánica: homenaje a María Vaquero". Page 113. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  13. Cartographic Boundary Files. U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  14. AREAS IN PUERTO RICO ELIGIBLE FOR RURAL HOUSING LOANS: BARRIOS, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. Archived 2014-05-31 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of Agriculture. Rural Development. Page 8. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  15. "EPA County FIPS Code Listing". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2008-02-23.

  16. "U.S. Census Bureau". Retrieved July 26, 2013.
  17. "U.S. Census Bureau geography". Retrieved August 31, 2011.
  18. El Morro. United States National Park Service. Accessed 6 October 2019.
  19. "2010 Census". Medgar Evers College. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
  20. US Census Bureau: Table QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 retrieved January 22, 2012 - select state from drop-down menu
  21. United States Census
  22. Vázquez, Brenda (November 16, 2012). "Extensa la lista de los municipios con déficit". Metro Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Metro International. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  23. "Nace la Corporación de Financiamiento Municipal" (in Spanish). WAPA-TV. January 23, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  24. "Indicadores Socioeconómicos Municipales" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Ombudsman. August 12, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-25. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  25. Historia de Nuestros Barrios: Barrio Lapa, Salinas. Page 4. Retrieved 13 February 2011. Archived.
  26. Guayanilla. Encyclopedia Puerto Rico. Archived 2010-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  27. Historia de Nuestros Barrios: Lapa, Salinas. Accessed February 13, 2011.
  28. Legislador propone reducir a 20 los 78 municipios de Puerto Rico. PrimeraHora.com 4 October 2009. In Spanish. Accessed 7 November 2009. Archived 15 November 2009.
  29. Los municipios autónomos llegan a la mayoría de edad (documento). Cristina del Mar Quiles. Noticel. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012. Archived 4 June 2012.
  30. Líderes legislativos ponen freno a la eliminación de municipios. Nydia Bauzá. Primerahora.com 31 July 2017. 31 July 2017. Archived 1 August 2017.
  31. Presentan proyecto para consolidar 58 municipios en 20. English (via "Google Translate")=Project presented to consolidate 58 municipalities in 20 Metro.pr 16 May 2016. Accessed 23 February 2022. Archived on 23 February 2022.
  32. Puerto Rico governor to introduce measure to consolidate Puerto Rico into Counties Maria Miranda. CaribbeanBusiness.com March 15, 2019
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