Sakhnin

Sakhnin (Arabic: سخنين; Hebrew: סַחְ'נִין or סִכְנִין‎ Sikhnin) is an Arab city in Israel's Northern District. It is located in the Lower Galilee, about 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Acre. Sakhnin was declared a city in 1995. In 2021 its population was 32,743,[1] mostly Muslim with a sizable Christian minority.[3] Sakhnin is home to the largest population of Sufi Muslims within Israel, with approximately 80 members.

Sakhnin
  • סַחְ'נִין, סִכְנִין‎
  • سخنين
City (from 1995)
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259Saḥnin, Saknin (Israeli pronunciation)
View of Sakhnin
View of Sakhnin
Official logo of Sakhnin
Emblem of Sakhnin
Sakhnin is located in Northwest Israel
Sakhnin
Sakhnin
Sakhnin is located in Israel
Sakhnin
Sakhnin
Coordinates: 32°52′N 35°18′E
Grid position177/252 PAL
Country Israel
DistrictNorthern
Founded1500 BCE (as Sagone)
1995 (Israeli city)
Government
 • MayorMazen Ghnayim
Area
 • Total9,816 dunams (9.816 km2 or 3.790 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • Total32,743
 • Density3,300/km2 (8,600/sq mi)
Name meaningSukhnin, from personal name,[2]

Geography

Sakhnin is built over three hills and is located in a valley surrounded by mountains, the highest one being 602 meters high. Its rural landscape is almost entirely covered by olive and fig groves as well as oregano and sesame shrubs.

College of Sakhnin for Teacher Education

History

Settlement at Sakhnin dates back 3,500 years to its first mention in 1479 BCE by Thutmose II, whose ancient Egyptian records mention it as a centre for production of indigo dye.

Sakhnin is situated on an ancient site, where remains from columns and cisterns have been found.[4] It was mentioned as Sogane, a town fortified in 66, by Josephus.[5] A cistern, excavated near the mosque in the old city centre, revealed pottery fragments dating from the 1st to the 5th century CE.[6]

Haninah ben Teradion, who was arrested by the Roman authorities for heresy (minut),[7] is said to have run a Torah academy there. It may be the village Kfar Sikhnin referred to in rabbinical accounts of the aftermath of the trial of Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus for heresy.[8]

In 1961 Bellarmino Bagatti, during a visit to the village, was shown a tomb venerated by Christians, Jews and Muslims, which local tradition identified as that of James the Just. On returning to the village, he discovered that restoration had been undertaken and the site renamed the burial place of Rabbi Yehoshua of Sakhnin. Richard Bauckham has raised the possibility that the Yaakov of Sikhnin in accounts of rabbi Eliezer may be James the grandson of Jude.[9]

In the Crusader era, it was known as Zecanin.[10] In 1174 it was one of the casalia (villages) given to Phillipe le Rous.[11] In 1236 descendants of Phillipe le Rous confirmed the sale of the fief of Saknin.[12]

Ottoman era

In 1596, Sakhnin appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Akka (Acre), part of Safad Sanjak. It had a population of 66 households and 8 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 20% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olives, cotton, in addition to a water mill; a total of 12,138 akçe.[13][14]

In 1838, Sakhnin was noted as a Muslim and Christian village in the Shaghur district, located between Safad, Acre and Tiberias.[15] In 1859 the British Consul Rogers estimated the population to be 1,100, and the cultivated area 100 feddans,[16] while in 1875 Victor Guérin found 700 inhabitants, both Muslims and Greek Orthodox Christians.[17]

In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Sakhnin as follows: "A large village of stone and mud, amid fine olive-groves, with a small mosque. The water supply is from a large pool about half a mile to the south-east. The inhabitants are Moslems and Christians".[18] A population list from about 1887 showed that Sakhnin had about 1,915 inhabitants; 1,640 Muslims, 150 Catholic Christians and 125 Greek Christians.[19]

British Mandate era
Members of the Palmach swimming in the pool that used to supply Sakhnin with water. 1947

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Sakhnin had a population of 1,575; 1,367 Muslims and 208 Christians;[20] 87 Orthodox and 121 Greek Catholic (Melchite).[21] The population increased in the 1931 census to a total of 1,891; 1,688 Muslims, 202 Christians, and 1 Jew, in a total of 400 houses.[22]

In the 1945 statistics, Sakhnin had 2,600 inhabitants; 2310 Muslims and 290 Christians.[23] The total jurisdiction of the village was 70,192 dunams of land.[24] 3,622 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 29,366 dunams for cereals,[25] while 169 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[26]

State of Israel
Sakhnin in the autumn

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, Sakhnin surrendered to Israeli forces on July 18, 1948, during Operation Dekel, but was re-captured by Arab forces shortly afterwards. It finally fell without battle during Operation Hiram, 29–31 October 1948. Many of the inhabitants fled north but some stayed and were not expelled by the Israeli soldiers.[27] The town remained under martial law until 1966.

In 1976, it became the site of the first Land Day marches, in which six Israeli Arabs were killed by Israeli forces during violent protests of government expropriation of 5,000 acres (20 km2) of Arab-owned land near Sakhnin. Later that same year, three more civilians were killed during clashes with the police. Two natives of the city were killed in Jerusalem during the al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000.

The Israeli transcription of the Arabic toponym is an orthographic error, writing Sakhnas instead of Sakhnin.[28]

Sports
Doha Stadium

In 2003, the town's football club, Bnei Sakhnin, became one of the first Arab teams to play in the Israeli Premier League, the top tier of Israeli football.[29] The following year, the club won the State Cup, and was the first Arab team to do so; consequently, it participated in the UEFA Cup the following season, losing out to Newcastle United. The team received a new home with the 2005 opening of Doha Stadium, funded by the Israeli government and the Qatar National Olympic Committee, whose capital it is named after. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000.[29]

Sakhnin is also the hometown of Abbas Suan, an Israeli international footballer who previously played for Bnei Sakhnin. The town and their soccer team are the subject of the 2010 documentary film After The Cup: Sons of Sakhnin United[30]

On 19 September 2008, Bnei Sakhnin played a game with the Spanish team Deportivo de La Coruña.[31]

Shrines

Sakhnin is home to two shrines:

A-Sheikh Siddiq (Arabic: النبي الصادق) is a shrine located in Sakhnin's historical core, close to the Christian cemetery. It features a Roman-period sarcophagus. The Arabs of Galilee, and the Bedouin of Arab el-Na'im in particular, used to conduct pilgrimages to the shrine in order to make vows and seek for health for themselves and their progeny. The residents of Sakhnin used to beg the saint's forgiveness whenever they went near it out of fear, especially at night. According to a local legend, a-Sheikh Siddiq fought both the Romans and pagans. He was burned by the Romans together with his daughters as he was holding a Torah book. Guerin also referenced another tradition, that claims a-Sheikh Siddiq was interred here next to his wife. Jewish tradition attributes this site to Rabbi Joshua of Sakhnin, an amora who lived in the village in the 4th century CE. Since the 13th century, the shrine has attracted Jewish and Muslim pilgrims alike.[32]

A second shrine, a-Sheikh Ismai'l, is located in the Al-Khalaila clan cemetery in the heart of Sakhnin's western district. This location most likely refers to a local saint rather than the biblical and Quranic Isma'il. Residents of the village claim that one of them had a dream in which the sheikh complained that the sewage water was polluting his tomb. Then, to stop the pollution, this resident constructed a drainage. Every Friday, the women of the Al-Khalaila clan light candles in the tomb.[32]

See also

References
  1. "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  2. Palmer, 1881, p. 116
  3. "Oops, Something is wrong" (PDF). www.cbs.gov.il.
  4. Dauphin, 1998, pp. 663-664
  5. Tsafrir et al, 1994, p. 235
  6. Tahan, 2005, Sakhnin
  7. Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson,'When Rabbi Eliezer was arrested for heresy,' Jewish Studies, an Internet Journal 2012, vol.10, pp.1-37 p.20, n.59
  8. Schwartz, Tomson, 'When Rabbi Eliezer was arrested for heresy,' 2012 p.6 n.15.
  9. Richard Bauckham, Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-1-474-23047-6 p.116.
  10. Frankel, 1988, p. 255
  11. Strehlke, 1869, p. 8, No. 7; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. 137, No. 517; cited in Ellenblum, 2003, p. 109, note 16 and Frankel, 1988, p. 255
  12. Strehlke, 1869, p. 64, No.81; cited Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. 269, No. 1069; cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 265
  13. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah 1977, p. 191
  14. Note that Rhode 1979, p. 6 writes that the Safad register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  15. Robinson and Smith 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. 133
  16. Conder and Kitchener 1881, SWP I, p. 286
  17. Guérin 1880, pp. 469- 471
  18. Conder and Kitchener 1881, SWP I, pp. 285–286
  19. Schumacher 1888, p. 174
  20. Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p.37
  21. Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 50
  22. Mills, 1932, p. 102
  23. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 4
  24. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 41
  25. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 81
  26. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 131
  27. Morris, 1987, p. 226
  28. Liora Bigon, Amer Dahamshe, 'An anatomy of symbolic power: Israeli road-sign policy and the Palestinian minority,' Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2014, volume 32, pages 606 – 621 p.613.
  29. Soccer: In Israel and Italy, storied teams rise International Herald Tribune, 15 April 2007
  30. "After the Cup: Sons of Sakhnin United (2009) - IMDb". IMDb.
  31. El Deportivo de La Coruña vuelve a Europa EL PAÍS, 26 July 2008
  32. Tal, Uri (2023). Muslim Shrines in Eretz Israel: History, Religion, Traditions, Folklore (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-965-217-452-9.

Bibliography
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