Suvarnabhumi Airport

Suvarnabhumi Airport (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ, RTGS: Tha-akatsayan Suwannaphum, pronounced [tʰâː.ʔāː.kàːt̚.sā.jāːn.sùʔ.wān.nā.pʰūːm] ⓘ;[3] from Sanskrit सुवर्णभूमि (Suvarṇabhūmi), literally 'golden land') (IATA: BKK, ICAO: VTBS), also known unofficially as Bangkok International Airport,[4][5] is the main international airport serving Bangkok, Thailand.[6][7] Located mostly in Racha Thewa, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, it covers an area of 3,240 ha (32.4 km2; 8,000 acres), making it one of the biggest international airports in Southeast Asia and a regional hub for aviation. The airport is also a major Cargo Air Freight Hub (20th busiest in 2019), which has a designated Airport Free Zone, as well as road links to the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) on Motorway 7.[8]

"BKK" redirects here. For the airport which held this code until 2006, see Don Mueang International Airport. For other uses, see BKK (disambiguation).

Suvarnabhumi Airport

ท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ
Summary
Airport typePublic
Owner/OperatorAirports of Thailand PCL (AOT)
ServesBangkok Metropolitan Region
LocationRacha Thewa, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, Thailand
Opened
  • 15 September 2006 (2006-09-15)
    (operational)
  • 28 September 2006 (2006-09-28)
    (official)
Hub for
Focus city for
Operating base for
Elevation AMSL5 ft / 2 m
Coordinates13°41′33″N 100°45′00″E
Websitesuvarnabhumi.airportthai.co.th
Maps
BKK is located in Bangkok
BKK
BKK
Location In Samut Prakan
BKK is located in Thailand
BKK
BKK
Location in Thailand
BKK is located in Southeast Asia
BKK
BKK
Location in Southeast Asia
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
01L/19R 3,700 12,139 Asphalt concrete
01R/19L 4,000 13,123 Asphalt concrete
02L/20R 4,000[1] 13,123 Asphalt concrete (under construction)
Statistics (2022)
Total passengers28,754,350 Increase407.61%
International passengers17,898,100 Increase1262.45%
Domestic passengers10,856,25 Increase149.51%
Aircraft movements221,331 Increase98.10%
Freight (tonnes)1,184,157 Increase5.69%
Sources:AOT 2019[2]

The airport faced several delays to completion in part due to corruption allegations, and faced operational issues after opening in 2006.

Etymology

The name Suvarnabhumi is Sanskrit for "land of gold" (Devanagari:सुवर्णभूमि IAST: Suvarṇabhūmi; Suvarṇa[9] is "gold", Bhūmi[10] is 'land'; literally "golden land"). The name was chosen by the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej whose name includes Bhūmi, referring to the Buddhist golden kingdom, thought to have been to the east of the Ganges, possibly somewhere in Southeast Asia. In Thailand, government proclamations and national museums insist that Suvarnabhumi was somewhere on the coast of the central plains, near the ancient city of U Thong, which might be the origin of the Indianised Dvaravati culture.[11] Although the claims have not been substantiated, the Thai government named the new Bangkok airport Suvarnabhumi Airport, in celebration of this tradition.

History
A Thai Airbus A340-500 (HS-TLA, Chiang Kham) at Suvarnabhumi Airport in 2008.

The airport is currently the main hub for Thai Airways International, Thai Smile and Bangkok Airways, as well as the operating base for Thai VietJet Air, Thai AirAsia and Thai AirAsia X. It also serves as regional gateway and connecting point for various foreign carriers connecting to Asia, Oceania, Europe and Africa.

Suvarnabhumi was officially opened for limited domestic flight service on 15 September 2006, and opened for most domestic and all international commercial flights on 28 September 2006.[12]

The airport is on what had formerly been known as Nong Nguhao (Cobra Swamp) in Racha Thewa in Bang Phli, Samut Prakan province as well as the districts of Bang Kapi, Lat Krabang, Bang Na and Prawet in the eastern side of Bangkok, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from downtown. The terminal building was designed by Helmut Jahn of Murphy/Jahn Architects. It was constructed primarily by ITO JV. The airport had the world's tallest free-standing control tower (132.2 metres or 434 feet) from 2006 to 2014,[13] and the world's fourth largest single-building airport terminal (563,000 square metres or 6,060,000 square feet).

Suvarnabhumi is the 17th busiest airport in the world,[14] eleventh busiest airport in Asia, and the busiest in the country, having handled 60 million passengers in 2017,[14] and is also a major air cargo hub, with a total of 95 airlines. On social networks, Suvarnabhumi was the world's most popular site for taking Instagram photographs in 2012.[15]

Suvarnabhumi reassigned the IATA airport code, BKK, from Don Mueang after the previous airport ceased international commercial flights. Motorway 7 connects the airport, Bangkok, and the heavily industrial eastern seaboard of Thailand, where most export manufacturing takes place.

Check-in hall at Suvarnabhumi Airport, seen from the upper level

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the airport was temporarily converted to a hospital[16] and vaccination center.[17]

Land purchase, initial early phase of construction

The need for the new airport was recognized in 1973 when 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) of land was purchased 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of Bangkok. The site, known as Cobra Swamp, was drained and named Suvarnabhumi, meaning "realm of gold". On 14 October 1973, student-led protests led to the overthrow of the military government of Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn and the project was shelved.

Suvarnabhumi Airport's development began to take shape in 1992-1993 during the Chuan Leekpai government when the master plan was created. This master plan was prepared by the consulting group of Airports of Thailand Public Company Limited (AOT), with Louis Berger International Inc., a well-known American consulting company, also joining in. On November 20, 1997, Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai declared his intention to accelerate the airport's construction with a budget of 120 billion baht, as approved by the Cabinet around 1994.[18]

However, after a series of ups and downs, the 'New Bangkok International Airport' company (NBIA) was finally formed in 1996.[19] Due to political and economic instabilities, notably the Asian financial crisis of 1997, construction did not commence until six years later in January 2002 by the government of Thaksin Shinawatra. During the Thaksin Shinawatra government in 2001-2002, an auction was held to build Terminal 1. While the winning bid initially exceeded the budget, the government made modifications, reducing the cost to 36,000 million baht. As a result, Terminal 1 wasn't fully constructed according to the master plan, leaving vacant space on the east and west, necessitating future expansion by AOT.[18]

Airport tests, and official opening

The airport was due to open in late 2004, but a series of budget overruns, construction flaws, and allegations of corruption plagued the project.

A further delay was caused by the discovery that the airport had been built over an old graveyard. Superstitious construction workers claimed to have seen ghosts there. On 23 September 2005, the Thai airports authority held a ceremony where 99 Buddhist monks chanted to appease the spirits.[20]

Full tests of the airport took place on 3 and 29 July 2006. Six airlines — Thai Airways International, Nok Air, Thai AirAsia, Bangkok Airways, PBair, and One-Two-GO — used the airport as a base for twenty domestic flights.[21][22] The first international test flights were conducted on 1 September 2006. Two Thai Airways aircraft, a Boeing 747-400 and an Airbus A300-600, simultaneously departed the airport at 09:19 to Singapore and Hong Kong respectively. At 15:50 the same aircraft flew back and made simultaneous touchdowns on runways 19L and 19R. These test flights demonstrated the readiness of the airport to handle traffic.

On 15 September 2006, the airport started limited daily operations with Jetstar Asia Airways operating three Singapore to Bangkok flights. Bangkok Airways moved to the airport on 21 September. AirAsia and Thai AirAsia followed on 25 September and on 26 September Nok Air moved to Suvarnabhumi Airport. During this initial phase, as well as in the previous tests, the airport used the temporary IATA code NBK.[23]

Suvarnabhumi officially opened at 03:00 on 28 September 2006, taking over all flights from Don Mueang. The first flight to arrive was a Lufthansa Cargo flight LH8442 from Mumbai at 03:05.[24] The first commercial arrival was Japan Airlines at 03:30. The first passenger arrival was Aerosvit flight VV171 from Kyiv at 04:30, and the first cargo departure was Saudi Arabian Airlines flight SV-984 to Riyadh at 05:00.[25] Aerosvit also had the first passenger departure (VV172 to Kyiv) around 05:30.[26]

Initial difficulties

Difficulties were reported in the first few days of the airport's operation. On the first day alone, sluggish luggage handling was common—the first passenger arrival by Aerosvit took an hour for the luggage to start coming out, and some flights did not have their luggage coming out even after four hours. Flights were delayed (Thai Airways claimed that 17 of 19 flights were delayed that day), and there were failures with the check-in system.[27][28] Subsequent problems included the failure of the cargo computer system, and the departure boards displaying the wrong information, resulting in confused passengers (especially as unlike Don Mueang, there were no "final calls" issued).[29]

Months after its opening, issues of congestion, construction quality, signage, provision of facilities, and soil subsidence continued to plague the project, prompting calls to reopen Don Mueang to allow for repairs to be made.[30] Expert opinions varied widely on the extent of Suvarnabhumi's problems as well as their root cause. Most airlines stated that damage to the airport was minimal.[31][32] Then Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont reopened Don Mueang for domestic flights on a voluntary basis on 16 February 2007, with 71 weekly flights moved back initially, but no international flights.[33]

Tarmac problems

In January 2007, ruts were discovered in the runways at Suvarnabhumi.[34] The east runway was scheduled to close for repairs. Expert opinions varied as to the cause of the ruts.[31] Airport authorities and airline representatives maintained that the airport was still safe and resisted suggestions that the airport should be completely closed and all flights moved back to Don Mueang.[35]

On 27 January 2007, the Department of Civil Aviation declined to renew the airport's safety certificate, which had expired the previous day. The ICAO requires that international airports hold aerodrome safety certificates, but Suvarnabhumi continued to operate because the ICAO requirement had yet to be adopted as part of Thai law.[36]

As of early 2016, tarmac problems persisted at Suvarnabhumi. Soft spots on the tarmac, taxiways, and apron area had not been permanently fixed. Aircraft were getting stuck on the soft surfaces that are the result of sub-standard materials. "The constant resurfacing of the tarmac, taxiways and apron area with asphalt is an unacceptable patchwork solution. We literally need a "concrete" solution", said Tony Tyler, IATA's director general and CEO.[37]

Plans to re-open Don Mueang for domestic flights

In January 2007, Thai Airways announced a plan to move some of its domestic operations back to Don Mueang International Airport due to overcrowding. Three days later, the Ministry of Transport recommended temporarily reopening Don Mueang while repair work on the runways at Suvarnabhumi proceeded. At that time, Thai Airways said it would shift most of its domestic flights back to Don Mueang while keeping flights with high international passenger connections such as Chiang Mai and Phuket at Suvarnabhumi. On 28 March 2009, Thai Airways discontinued all domestic flights from Don Mueang. Bangkok Airways and One-Two-GO Airlines had similar plans, but Bangkok Airways remained at Suvarnabhumi. Thai AirAsia said it would not move unless it could shift both its international and domestic operations, prompting them to stay at Suvarnabhumi for the time being. Nok Air and PBair were undecided, but Nok Air later relocated all flights to Don Mueang, where they operate today.[38][39] As of January 2010, only Nok Air and One-Two-GO operated domestic flights from Don Mueang Airport. PBair have ceased operations altogether. One-Two-GO was integrated into Orient Thai Airlines in July 2010, but continues to operate from Don Mueang Airport. As of 1 October 2012, Air Asia has moved all of its Bangkok operations to Don Mueang International Airport (DMK) from Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK).[40]

Repair and upgrades

Airports of Thailand found that the cost of fixing 60 identified problems at the airport would be less than one percent of the total airline cost and the problems could be fixed in up to four to five years. Dr Narupol Chaiyut, a member of a committee overseeing service problems at the new airport, estimated that 70 percent of the problems would be fixed in 2007. Twenty of the 60 problems were successfully fixed by February 2007.[41]

Architectural design
A depiction of the "Churning of the Ocean of Milk", Samudra manthana, at the airport
Suvarnabhumi Concourse Architecture: 5-pin arch-truss-girders with glazed facades and a translucent fabric membrane set-up, spanning across to bridge the 27 m spacing between the glass facades

Suvarnabhumi Airport's main terminal roof is designed with structural elements and bays placed in a cantilevered, wavelike form to appear to "float" over the concourse beneath. This overall design principle was to express the former essence of the site, from which water had to be drained before construction could begin. The eight composite 2,710-ton trusses supporting the canopy of the main terminal are essentially diagrams of the bending moments acting on them, with the greatest depth at mid-span and over the supports.[42]

The result of Helmut Jahn's vision is a structure with performance materials serve in their total composition and in use more than in their conventional roles. This maximizes daylight use in comfort with substantial energy life-cycle cost savings. The installed cooling system reduced up to 50 percent compared to a conventional system. A translucent membrane with three layers was developed to mediate between the interior and exterior climate, dealing with noise and temperature transmission, while still allowing natural flow of daylight into building along with views of greenery outside.[43]

Airport ranking
Airport traffic control tower (ATCT) at Suvarnabhumi Airport. At 132.2 meters, it is the world's third tallest ATC tower[44]

The airport was ranked number 48 among the world's top 100 airports in 2020. Other ASEAN airports in 2020 were ranked: Singapore Changi Airport, 1; Kuala Lumpur International Airport, 63; Jakarta, 35; Hanoi, 87.[45] Suvarnabhumi was ranked 46 in 2019,[46] 38 in 2017[47] and 36 in 2016.[48] According to the Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) in 2018, the airport's ranking had not improved over the past six years. Customer complaints include: lengthy immigration waiting times; transit day room issues; insufficient numbers of chairs and phone charging points; insufficient English-speaking staff; and poor information displays.[49][50]

Events

On 25 January 2007, due to work upgrading the taxiways which suffered from small cracks, a few incoming flights were delayed and several flights were safely diverted to U-Tapao International Airport in Rayong Province.[51]

On 26 November 2008, an illegal occupation of the airport took place by People's Alliance for Democracy, closing the departure lounge and blocking exits and leaving almost 3,000 passengers stranded in the main terminal and another 350,000 stranded inside the country, as all flights were grounded. The People's Alliance for Democracy seized the control tower at 12:00.[52] On 2 December 2008, protesters agreed to leave the airport as they had been illegally protesting and permitted the resumption of flights. Security checks, clean-ups, and re-certification once the illegal occupation ended delayed the airport from being fully functional until 5 December 2008.[53]

In January 2021, a motorist drove his car through security gates and onto the tarmac at the airport while it was in use. It was later revealed that the driver had been under the influence of methamphetamine, which were also discovered in the trunk of the car. The driver claimed that he had taken a wrong turn.[54][55]

Predatory irregularities

Petty thieves and confidence men, the majority of them illegal taxi drivers or tour guides, are known to prey on tourists in the arrival hall. They belong to politically well connected criminal groups: Kamnan Samruay, Boonruang Srisang, Sak Pakphanang, the Pattaya Mafia and Phuyai Daeng.[56] Evicting them has proved difficult as they allegedly are well connected. (The head of the Pirap gang is supposedly related to an Airports of Thailand executive, while the Phuyai Daeng has ties to influential civil servants in Samut Prakan.[56])

On 1 October 2010, two hundred armed men occupied the airport's parking area for an hour, blocking the building's entrances and seizing ticket booths to collect fares from motorists.[57] Airport security personnel failed to respond, reportedly because of an internal dispute within the parking management company, the firm contracted to run the parking facilities.[57]

Airport terminal and future expansion
Airport Layout

Airport terminal

Costing an estimated 155 billion baht (US$5 billion), the airport has two parallel runways (60 m wide, 4,000 m and 3,700 m long) and two parallel taxiways to accommodate simultaneous departures and arrivals.[58] It has a total of 120 parking bays (51 with contact gates and 69 remote gates), with five of these capable of accommodating the Airbus A380. Suvarnabhumi Airport has 72 jet bridges and 69 non-jet bridges. Additionally, flights are able to park at remote locations on the ramp, from which airport buses transport passengers to and from the terminal. Suvarnabhumi Airport has 18 jet bridges and 6 non-jet bridges for Airbus A380.

The airport's two runways can accommodate 64 flights per hour. At peak times the runways average 63 flights per hour. In April 2019 the Thai cabinet approved a sum of 21.8 billion baht for the construction of a third runway. Construction will start in 2019 and be completed in 2021. The third runway will accommodate a maximum of 30 flights per hour. The project will be managed by Airports of Thailand (AOT).[59]

Concourse E
Arrivals hall

The main passenger terminal building, with a capacity of handling 76 flight operations per hour, co-locates the international and domestic terminals, though assigning them to different parts of the concourse. In the initial phase of construction, it was capable of handling 45 million passengers and three million tonnes of cargo per year. Above the underground rail link station and in front of the passenger terminal building is a 600-room hotel operated by Accor under the Novotel brand. The airport's passenger terminal is the world's largest passenger terminal ever constructed in one phase at 563,000 square metres (6,060,000 sq ft), and is also currently the fourth biggest passenger terminal building in the world, after the Hong Kong International Airport (570,000 square metres or 6,100,000 square feet), Beijing Capital International Airport (990,000 square metres or 10,700,000 square feet), with the largest passenger terminal at Dubai International Airport (Terminal 3 is over 1,713,000 square metres or 18,440,000 square feet). The airport air-traffic control tower was the tallest in the world at 135 metres (443 ft) from 2006 to 2014.[13]

From the opening of Suvarnabhumi in 2006 to early 2017, eight people had fallen to their deaths from upper-floor walkways, prompting the airport to spend 33 million baht in 2013 building glass barriers to prevent people from falling and/or taking their lives.[60]

Future expansion

By mid-2015, the airport was handling more than 800 flights per day, higher than its 600-flight capacity. It has exceeded its capacity of 45 million passengers per year.[61]

Airports of Thailand (AOT) approved an investment budget for the expansion of Suvarnabhumi Airport and construction was expected to be completed by April 2023.[62] The plan was to strengthen Suvarnabhumi Airport's position as a regional aviation hub. Phase Two would raise the airport's capacity to 65 million passengers a year and would be undertaken in parallel with the construction of a new domestic terminal.[63] The new domestic terminal will be intended to accommodate more than 30 million passengers annually.[64]

The two expansion projects are part of the overall airport enlargement that would see Suvarnabhumi raise its annual passenger handling capacity to 125 million passengers, 90 million international and 35 million domestic passengers by 2024 at an estimated cost of 163 billion baht (US$5.25 billion/€3.62 billion). The expansion includes the construction of one additional runway, subsequent enlargement of domestic and international terminals, and improvements to parking bays, car parks, and other airport infrastructure.[65]

Once completed the expansion plans to increase passenger capacity of Suvarnabhumi Airport to 65 million per year. The new satellite passenger concourse will be linked to the current main terminal via an underground automated people mover (APM) system that was voted by the AOT board during a 17 May 2012 meeting. The new people mover is being provided by Siemens using the VAL technology.[66] The expansion also includes a plan to expand the airport parking garage as well as the expansion of the eastern end of the main passenger terminal by 135 metres (443 ft) along with the construction of a new airline office building. The expansion includes plans to construct a third runway of 3,700 metres (12,100 ft). According to the Bangkok Post, the new satellite terminal will have a total of 28 gates, with eight for the Airbus A380 super jumbo jet.[67]

The new passenger terminal will be used only by Bangkok Airways and flag carrier Thai Airways International (and its regional subsidiary Thai Smile). Upon completion of the satellite terminal, other Star Alliance members will be given the check-in concourse of Thai Airways.[68]

The satellite terminal, known as SAT-1, is expected to soft-open in September 2023 and fully open from early 2024.[69]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger
AirlinesDestinations
Aeroflot Irkutsk,[70] Khabarovsk,[71] Krasnoyarsk,[72] Moscow–Sheremetyevo, Novosibirsk,[72] Vladivostok,[73][74] Yekaterinburg[71]
Air Arabia Sharjah[75]
AirAsia X Kuala Lumpur–International[76]
Air Astana Almaty
Air Austral Saint-Denis de la Réunion
Air Busan Busan, Seoul−Incheon[77]
Air Canada Seasonal: Vancouver[78]
Air China Beijing–Capital, Chengdu–Tianfu,[79] Hangzhou,[80] Shanghai–Pudong[79]
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air India Delhi, Kolkata,[81] Mumbai
Air Japan Tokyo–Narita (begins 9 February 2024)[82]
Air Macau Macau
Air Premia Seoul–Incheon[83]
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon
Austrian Airlines Vienna
Bamboo Airways Hanoi,[84] Ho Chi Minh City[85]
Bangkok Airways Chiang Mai, Koh Samui, Krabi, Lampang, Luang Prabang, Malé, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Siem Reap,[86] Sukhothai,[87] Trat,[87] Yangon
Beijing Capital Airlines Changsha, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai–Pudong[88]
Bhutan Airlines Kolkata, Paro
Seasonal: Gaya (resumes 15 November 2023)[89]
Biman Bangladesh Airlines Dhaka
Cambodia Airways Phnom Penh
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong
Cebu Pacific Clark, Manila
China Airlines Kaohsiung,[90] Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern Airlines Chengdu–Tianfu,[91] Guangzhou,[91] Kunming, Nanjing,[91] Shanghai–Pudong,[92] Taiyuan[91]
China Southern Airlines Guangzhou, Jieyang,[93] Nanning, Shenzhen
Drukair Bagdogra, Dhaka, Paro
Eastar Jet Seoul–Incheon[94]
El Al Tel Aviv
Emirates Dubai–International, Hong Kong
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa, Hong Kong
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi
EVA Air Amsterdam, London–Heathrow, Taipei–Taoyuan, Vienna
Finnair Helsinki
Garuda Indonesia Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta
Greater Bay Airlines Hong Kong[95]
Gulf Air Bahrain, Singapore[96]
GX Airlines Nanning[97]
Hainan Airlines Beijing–Capital,[98] Guangzhou, Haikou[99][100]
Hebei Airlines Guiyang,[101] Lianyungang,[102] Shijiazhuang[103]
HK Express Hong Kong
Hong Kong Airlines Hong Kong
IndiGo Bangalore,[104] Bhubaneswar,[105] Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai[105]
Japan Airlines Osaka–Kansai, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Jeju Air Busan, Jeju,[106] Muan, Seoul–Incheon
Jetstar Melbourne
Jetstar Asia Airways Singapore[107]
Jin Air Busan, Seoul–Incheon
Juneyao Airlines Nanjing (begins 29 October 2023),[108] Shanghai–Pudong
Kenya Airways Guangzhou, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta (both resume 21 November 2023)[109]
KLM Amsterdam
Korean Air Busan, Seoul–Incheon
Kunming Airlines Kunming
Kuwait Airways Kuwait City
Lanmei Airlines Phnom Penh
Lao Airlines Pakse, Vientiane
Lucky Air Chengdu–Tianfu, Kunming
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich[110]
Mahan Air Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International
Maldivian Malé
MIAT Mongolian Airlines Seasonal: Ulaanbaatar
MYAirline Kuala Lumpur–International (suspended)[111][112]
Myanmar Airways International Mandalay, Yangon
Myanmar National Airlines Yangon
Nepal Airlines Kathmandu
Norse Atlantic Airways Seasonal: Oslo (begins 2 November 2023)[113]
Oman Air Muscat
Pacific Airlines Hanoi,[114] Ho Chi Minh City
Peach Osaka–Kansai[115]
Philippine Airlines Cebu, Manila
Qantas Sydney
Qatar Airways Doha
Qingdao Airlines Qingdao[99]
Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan
Royal Jordanian Amman–Queen Alia
S7 Airlines Irkutsk,[116] Khabarovsk (suspended),[117] Krasnoyarsk (suspended), Moscow–Domodedovo (suspended), Novosibirsk (suspended), Ulan-Ude (suspended), Vladivostok (suspended)[118]
SalamAir Muscat[119]
Saudia Jeddah,[120] Riyadh[121]
Scandinavian Airlines Seasonal: Copenhagen (resumes 30 October 2023)[122]
Scoot Singapore
Shandong Airlines Qingdao[99]
Shanghai Airlines Shanghai–Pudong,[123] Wenzhou[124]
Shenzhen Airlines Shenzhen
Sichuan Airlines Chengdu–Tianfu[125]
Singapore Airlines Singapore
Sky Angkor Airlines Phnom Penh[126]
SpiceJet Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai (resumes 29 October 2023)[127]
Spring Airlines Chengdu–Tianfu,[128] Lanzhou,[129] Nanning,[128] Shanghai–Pudong, Xi'an
SriLankan Airlines Colombo–Bandaranaike
Starlux Airlines Taipei–Taoyuan[130]
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich
Thai AirAsia Chiang Mai, Krabi, Kuala Lumpur–International, Phuket
Thai AirAsia X Osaka–Kansai, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong,[131] Sydney, Tokyo–Narita[132]
Seasonal: Sapporo–Chitose[133]
Thai Airways International Ahmedabad,[134] Bangalore, Beijing–Capital,[135] Chengdu–Tianfu,[136] Chennai, Chiang Mai (resumes 29 October 2023),[137] Chiang Rai (resumes 1 November 2023), Copenhagen, Delhi, Denpasar, Dhaka, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Guangzhou, Hanoi (resumes 29 October 2023),[138] Hat Yai (resumes 1 January 2024),[137] Ho Chi Minh City (resumes 29 October 2023), Hong Kong, Hyderabad, Islamabad, Istanbul (begins 1 December 2023),[139] Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Jeddah,[140] Kaohsiung,[141] Karachi, Kathmandu (resumes 29 October 2023),[142] Khon Kaen (resumes 1 January 2024),[137] Kolkata,[143] Krabi (resumes 1 January 2024), Kuala Lumpur–International, Kunming,[144] Lahore, London–Heathrow, Manila, Melbourne, Milan–Malpensa (resumes 15 November 2023), Mumbai, Munich, Nagoya–Centrair, Narathiwat (resumes 1 January 2024), Osaka–Kansai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Penang,[143] Phnom Penh, Phuket,[137] Sapporo–Chitose,[145] Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Stockholm–Arlanda, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Ubon Ratchathani (resumes 1 January 2024),[137] Udon Thani (resumes 1 December 2023),[137] Vientiane, Yangon,[146] Zürich[147]
Thai Smile Chiang Mai (ends 28 October 2023),[137] Chiang Rai (ends 31 October 2023), Hanoi, (ends 28 October 2023), [148] Hat Yai (ends 31 December 2023),[137] Ho Chi Minh City (ends 28 October 2023), Kathmandu (ends 28 October 2023),[142] Khon Kaen (ends 31 December 2023),[137] Krabi (ends 31 December 2023), Narathiwat (ends 31 December 2023), Siem Reap (begins 29 October 2023), Ubon Ratchathani (ends 31 December 2023),[137] Udon Thani (ends 30 November 2023)[137]
Seasonal: Gaya
Thai VietJet Air Changzhou,[149] Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Da Lat,[150] Da Nang, Fukuoka,[151] Guilin, Haikou,[152] Hat Yai,[153] Hefei,[154] Ho Chi Minh City,[155] Khon Kaen,[153] Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nanjing,[156] Ningbo, Osaka–Kansai,[157] Phnom Penh,[158] Phuket, Phu Quoc,[159] Singapore,[155] Surat Thani,[153] Taipei–Taoyuan, Ubon Ratchathani,[153] Udon Thani[160]
Seasonal: Ahmedabad,[161] Gaya
Seasonal charter: Can Tho, Ulaanbaatar[162]
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
T'way Air Daegu, Seoul–Incheon
Urumqi Air Luoyang (begins 30 October 2023),[163] Ürümqi, Wuhan[99]
US-Bangla Airlines Dhaka
Uzbekistan Airways Tashkent[164]
VietJet Air Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam Airlines Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City[165]
Vietravel Airlines Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City[166][167]
Vistara Delhi, Mumbai[168]
West Air Chongqing
XiamenAir Dalian,[169] Fuzhou,[99] Tianjin,[170] Xiamen[99]
Zipair Tokyo Tokyo–Narita[171]

Cargo
AirlinesDestinations
Air Hong Kong Hong Kong
Air ACT Istanbul
AeroLogic Bangalore, Frankfurt, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Leipzig/Halle, Penang, Singapore
AirBridgeCargo Hong Kong, Moscow–Sheremetyevo (both suspended)
Atlas Air Anchorage, Hong Kong, Sydney
ANA Cargo Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta,[172] Osaka–Kansai, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita
Asiana Cargo Seoul–Incheon
Air Belgium Cargo Liège[173]
Cardig Air Hong Kong, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Singapore
Cargolux Amman–Queen Alia,[174] Bahrain, Baku, Ho Chi Minh City, Luxembourg, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Zhengzhou,[175] Mexico City, Guadalajara[176][177]
Cargolux Italia Hong Kong,[178] Milan–Malpensa
Cathay Cargo Hong Kong, Singapore
China Airlines Cargo Amsterdam,[179] Chengdu–Tianfu, Taipei–Taoyuan
China Postal Airlines Kunming
China Cargo Airlines Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore
DHL Aviation Auckland,[180] Hong Kong, Leipzig/Halle, Penang[181]
EVA Air Cargo Penang, Taipei–Taoyuan[182]
Emirates SkyCargo Dubai–Al Maktoum, Mumbai, Shanghai–Pudong
Ethiopian Cargo Addis Ababa
European Air Transport (Belgium) Leipzig/Halle
FedEx Express Guangzhou, Hanoi, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Penang, Singapore
Garuda Cargo Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta
Hong Kong Air Cargo Hong Kong
K-Mile Air Hanoi, Hong Kong, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Phnom Penh, Singapore, Shenzhen[183]
Korean Air Cargo Chennai, Penang, Seoul–Incheon, Singapore
Lufthansa Cargo Bangalore, Frankfurt, Mumbai, Sharjah
Longhao Airlines Nanning, Shenzhen
MASkargo Hong Kong,[184] Kuala Lumpur–International
My Indo Airlines Shenzhen[185]
Nippon Cargo Airlines Tokyo–Narita[186]
Polar Air Cargo Anchorage, Hong Kong, Sydney
Qantas Freight Avalon,[187] Kuala Lumpur–International,[188] Shanghai–Pudong, Sydney
Raya Airways Hanoi,[189] Kuala Lumpur–Subang
Singapore Airlines Cargo Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore
Suparna Airlines Shanghai–Pudong
Silk Way West Airlines Baku,[190] Dubai–Al Maktoum[191]
Turkish Cargo Almaty, Delhi, Islamabad, Istanbul, Lahore, Tashkent[192]
UPS Airlines Beijing–Capital, Cologne/Bonn, Delhi, Mumbai, Shenzhen[193]
YTO Cargo Airlines Ningbo[194]

Passenger traffic and statistics

Busiest international routes
Top 10 busiest international routes to and from Suvarnabhumi Airport by passenger volume (2019)[195]
Rank Airport Passengers
handled 2019		  % Change
2018/19
1 Hong Kong 3,756,449 Decrease 6.57
2 Singapore 3,258,422 Increase 3.04
3 Seoul–Incheon 2,689,306 Increase 4.93
4 Taipei–Taoyuan 1,928,536 Increase 3.58
5 Dubai–International 1,707,276 Decrease 11.82
6 Shanghai–Pudong 1,600,930 Increase 7.18
7 Guangzhou 1,510,461 Increase 8.96
8 Ho Chi Minh City 1,238,942 Increase 2.52
9 Tokyo–Haneda 1,230,506 Increase 9.81
10 Manila 1,179,861 Increase 17.34
Top 10 busiest international routes to and from Suvarnabhumi Airport by cargo volume (2019)[195]
Rank Airport Tons of cargo
handled 2019		  % Change
2018/19
1 Hong Kong 172,977 Decrease 13.5
2 Singapore 99,397 Decrease 9.29
3 Taipei–Taoyuan 92,475 Decrease 11.61
4 Tokyo–Narita 61,431 Decrease 15.68
5 Seoul–Incheon 50,125 Decrease 6.47
6 Doha 46,884 Increase 7.86
7 Shanghai–Pudong 39,042 Decrease 13.01
8 Tokyo–Haneda 39,042 Decrease 13.8
9 Dubai–International 27,479 Decrease 11.36
10 London–Heathrow 25,450 Decrease 9.44

Traffic by calendar year

Suvarnabhumi accounted for the largest share of air traffic at Thailand's airports in 2015, handling 52.9 million passengers, up by nearly 14 percent from the previous year despite its passenger capacity of only 45 million a year. International passengers passing through Suvarnabhumi grew 15.9 percent to 44.2 million, while domestic volume edged up 4.87 percent to 8.68 million. Aircraft movements showed a 9.5 percent increase to 317,066, consisting of 247,584 international (up 11 percent) and 69,482 domestic (up 4.4 percent).[196]

Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport passenger totals. See Wikidata query.
Comparison of passenger volume, aircraft movements and cargo volume at Suvarnabhumi Airport, by year
Year Passengers Change from
previous year		 Movements Cargo
(tons)		 Notes
2008 38,603,490 – – 1,173,084
2009 40,500,224 Increase04.9% – 1,045,194
2010 42,784,967 Increase05.6% – 1,310,146
2011 47,910,744 Increase012.0% 299,566 –
2012 53,002,328 Increase010.6% 312,493 – Source: Airports Council International[197]
In 2012, the government enjoined all low-cost airlines to move their hubs to DMK in October.
2013 51,363,451 Decrease011.9% 288,004 1,236,223
2014 46,423,352 Decrease09.6% 289,568 1,234,176
2015 52,902,110 Increase014.0% 317,066 1,230,563
2016 55,892,428 Increase05.7% 336,354 1,306,435 [198]
2017 60,860,704 Increase08.9% 350,508 1,439,913
2018 63,379,077 Increase04.1% 369,476 1,494,599 [199]
2019 65,425,879 Increase03.2% 380,051 1,324,268 [200]
2020 16,706,235 Decrease074.5% 152,614 904,362 [201]
2021 5,663,701 Decrease066.10% 111,729 1,120,357 [201]
2022 28,754,350 Increase0407.61% 221,331 1,184,157 [202]

Incidents
  • 8 September 2013: Thai Airways International Flight 679, an Airbus A330-300, (HS-TEF, Song Dao), arriving from Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN) had a runway excursion from runway 19L while landing in heavy rain with extensive damage to the airplane and the runway. All passengers and crew were evacuated with no serious injuries.[203] Preliminary investigation determined the cause of the incident to be the right landing gear collapsing as a result of a damaged bogie.[203] In the aftermath of the accident, Thai Airways had the logos of the aircraft painted over in black, prompting widespread criticism of attempted cover-up. An airline official initially said that the practice was part of the "crisis communication rule" recommended by Star Alliance. This was denied by the group, and Thai Airways later clarified that the "de-identifying" of aircraft was its own practice and not Star Alliance policy.[204][205] The controversy prompted discussion over the appropriateness and effectiveness of the practice as a brand-protection policy.[206] The aircraft was damaged beyond repair and written off as a hull loss.[207] The airframe has since been converted to a roadside attraction called Airways Land, featuring a cafe and event space, on Mittraphap Road in Sida District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province.[208]
  • 29 September 2015: A Thai Airways airport dolly crashed into an airport cleaner at bay 511.[209]
  • 1 August 2016: Thai Regional Airline Flight 106,[210] a Piper PA-31 Navajo (HS-FGB) arriving from Nakhon Ratchasima Airport with two passengers, crashed at Lam Phak Chi, Nong Chok district, Bangkok. In the incident, there was one fatality (the captain in command) and four injuries.
  • 8 October 2018: Thai Airways International Flight 679, a Boeing 747-400 (HS-TGF, Sri Ubon) arriving from Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN), China, had a runway excursion from runway 19R while landing, causing damage to the airplane. No injuries were reported.[211] As of January 2020, the aircraft is being repaired at U-Tapao International Airport.[212]
  • 1 July 2020: A Boeing 767-200(Z-WPF) flight UM462 with two passengers and 17 crew from Air Zimbabwe made an emergency landing because the left engine had shut down.[213]
  • 24 July 2022: A Boeing 777-200 from Austrian Airlines, was enroute at FL320 about 240 nm northwest of Bangkok when the crew decided to return to Bangkok as a precaution due to a malfunctioning oven.

Ground transportation
Main article: Airport Rail Link (Bangkok)
2021 Map of Bangkok Mass Transit (BTS) and (MRT) Lines. The (ARL) in dark red links Suvarnabhumi Airport to Downtown Bangkok

The 30 billion baht Suvarnabhumi Airport Link was opened on 23 August 2010,[214] after multiple delays. The Airport Rail Link (ARL) is operated by SRTET, a subsidiary company of the State Railway of Thailand. The standard gauge line is 28.6 kilometres (17.8 mi) long and is elevated for most of its length, running mostly above existing regional railway lines and parallel to Motorway 7 and Si Rat Expressway. There is a short at-grade/underground segment as the line approaches the passenger terminal building of Suvarnabhumi Airport.

The ARL Station is located on the Underground floor of Suvarnabhumi Airport which also links to the Airports' Novotel Hotel adjacent to the Main Terminal.

The ARL hours of service are 06:00 to 00:00.[215] The ARL has two interchange stations, namely Phaya Thai (changing for BTS Green Line services) and Makkasan (linking Phetchaburi station of the MRT Blue Line). In the future, the ARL will complement the SRT Red Line commuter service, which comprises two-meter gauge, dual-track lines. The ARL may also be extended from Phaya Thai to Don Mueang via Bang Sue Grand Station, given that the old Don Mueang International Airport has now been reopened for civil aviation under a dual-airport policy.

Regional train

Meanwhile, SRT provides a suburban commuter train service between Lad Krabang (the nearest station to Suvarnabhumi on the East line, one station from the airport by Airport Rail Link) and the northern suburban city of Rangsit via downtown Bangkok and the old Don Mueang Airport. The train also connects with BTS and MRT at Phaya Thai and Phetchaburi stations respectively. A shuttle bus service linking the airport with Hua Takhe railway station is provided by BMTA. The train service is currently not as popular as the bus service because it requires a shuttle bus connection. The service will be stopped when the Airport Express Link is completed.

Bus
Shuttle Bus to Downtown Bangkok

Northeast of the Airport is Suvarnabhumi Public Transport Center, which is the Airport's Main Bus Terminal.

A free bus service connecting Suvarnabhumi Airport and Don Mueang Airport operates from 05.00 until midnight. Three air-conditioned city bus routes are operated by Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA) serve the airport's dedicated bus terminal. There are also direct buses between the airports operated by Airport Shuttle Bus.

Taxi

Located on Level 1 (Ground Level) are where the Public Taxis are located. A ticket printed from the ticket queue machine (located on the same floor) is required before queuing up for a taxi.

Car
Departure drop off curb

The airport has five main access routes. Among these the most convenient route is via the Bangkok Chon Buri Motorway (Motorway 7). Another main airport entrance is in Samut Prakan Province via the expressway from Bang Na to Bang Pakong.

The Airport has 7 different car park zones, with zone 2 & 3 having direct access to the departure/arrival terminal. Located northeast of the airport is the Longterm Car Park Zone, next to the Bus Terminal.

The airport has provided five entrance routes. The main route is via the motorway in the north of Bangkok, directly connecting Bangkok's downtown and Chonburi Province, the industrial and harbor city in eastern Thailand. However, another main airport entrance is in Samut Prakan Province, connecting an elevated highway in the south of Bangkok from Bang Na to Bang Pakong.

Automated People Mover

Skytrain for passenger transport under the runway connecting the current terminal with the new terminal. It will open for service on September 28, 2023, with a total distance of 1 kilometer, using a rubber-wheeled automatic train (Automated People Mover or APM), which uses train cars from Siemens company,Airval model, totaling 6. The train has 2 cars, each car has 25 seats, can accommodate approximately 210 passengers per train, runs 24 hours a day, has a service frequency of 3 minutes per train, and can transport up to 3,590 passengers per hour per direction.[216][217]

Sky Lane Cycle Track
Sky Lane at Suvarnabhumi Airport

In December 2015, Airports of Thailand introduced Sky Lane (Thai: สกายเลน), a cycling track around the Suvarnabhumi airport perimeter. The entrance to Sky Lane is located in the northeastern corner of the airport area. Cyclists can bring their bicycles and bike here for free. The Sky Lane is a controlled-access, one-direction, two-lane track built only for cycling, so the riders can be ensured that they won't be bothered by any vehicle. The Sky Lane's length is 23.5 km, making it the longest in Asia.[218] Sky Lane's facilities, which are specially designed for cyclists, include medical facilities, shops, food & beverage, track, parking lot and a rest area. The entrance gate is open from 06:00 to 18:00.[219] On 23 November 2018, King Rama X presided over the official opening of cycling lane at Suvarnabhumi airport and denominated the track as Happy and Healthy Bike Lane.[220]

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