Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn

The official romanization system for Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwan is locally referred to as Tâi-uân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn or Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an (lit. 'Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization Solution')[upper-roman 1],[1] often shortened to Tâi-lô. It is derived from Pe̍h-ōe-jī and since 2006 has been one of the phonetic notation systems officially promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.[2] The system is used in the MoE's Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan. It is nearly identical to Pe̍h-ōe-jī, apart from: using ts tsh instead of ch chh, using u instead of o in vowel combinations such as oa and oe, using i instead of e in eng and ek, using oo instead of o͘, and using nn instead of ⁿ.

Taiwanese Romanization System
Tâi-uân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
Traditional Chinese臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案
Simplified Chinese台湾闽南语罗马字拼音方案
Literal meaningTaiwanese Hokkien Romanization Solution
Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
Traditional Chinese臺語羅馬字拼音方案
Simplified Chinese台語罗马字拼音方案
Literal meaningTaiwanese (language) Romanization Solution
Tâi-lô
Traditional Chinese臺羅拼音
Simplified Chinese台罗拼音
Sinitic (Chinese) romanization
Mandarin
Standard Mandarin
Sichuanese
Wu
General Wu
Wenzhounese
Yue
Cantonese
Min
Hokkien
Teochew
Fuzhounese
Northern Min
Pu-Xian Min
Hainanese
Gan
Nanchang-Duchang dialect
Hakka
Meixian dialect
Sixian dialect
Xiang
Chang–Yi dialects
Polylectal
General Chinese
See also
Other transliterations
By place

Alphabet

The Taiwanese Romanization System uses 16 basic Latin letters (A, B, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U), 7 digraphs (Kh, Ng, nn, Oo, Ph, Th, Ts) and a trigraph (Tsh). In addition, it uses 6 diacritics to represent tones.

Capital letterLower caseIPALetter name (variant 1)Letter name (variant 2)
Aa[a]aa
Bb[b]bibe
Ee[e]ee
Gg[ɡ]gige
Hh[h, ʔ]hiha
Ii[i]ii
Jj[d͡z]jije
Kk[k]kika
Khkh[kʰ]khikha
Ll[l]lie-luh
Mm[m]mie-muh
Nn[n]nie-nuh
Ngng[ŋ]nginge
NNnn[◌̃]innenn
Oo[o]oo
Oooo[ɔ]oooo
Pp[p]pipe
Phph[pʰ]phiphe
Ss[s]sie-suh
Tt[t]tite
Thth[tʰ]thithe
Tsts[t͡s]tsitse
Tshtsh[t͡sʰ]tshitshe
Uu[u]uu
  • "nn" is only used after a vowel to express nasalization, so it only appears capitalized in all-caps texts.
  • Palatalization occurs when "j, s, ts, tsh" are followed by "i", so "ji, si, tsi, tshi" are sometimes governed as trigraphs and tetragraphs.
  • Of the 10 unused basic Latin letters, "R" is sometimes used to express dialectal vowels (somewhat similar to erhua), while the others (C, D, F, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z) are only used in loanwords.

Sample texts
Tâi-lô
Pe̍h-uē-jī (PUJ) sī tsı̍t khuán iōng Latin (Lô-má) phìng-im hē-thóng lâi siá Tâi-uân ê gí-giân ê su-bīn bûn-jī. In-uī tong-tshoo sī thuân-kàu-sū ín--jı̍p-lâi ê, sóo-í ia̍h-ū-lâng kā PUJ kiò-tsò Kàu-huē Lô-má-jī, hı̍k-tsiá sī kán-tshing Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hiān-tāi ê sú-iōng-tsiá bē-tsió m̄-sī kàu-tôo, kàu-tôo mā tsin tsē bē-hiáu PUJ.
Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) sī chı̍t khoán iōng Latin (Lô-má) phèng-im hē-thóng lâi siá Tâi-ôan ê gí-giân ê su-bīn bûn-jī. In-ūi tong-chho͘ sī thôan-kàu-sū ín--jı̍p-lâi ê, só͘-í ia̍h-ū-lâng kā POJ kiò-chò Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī, he̍k-chiá sī kán-chheng Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hiān-tāi ê sú-iōng-chiá bē-chió m̄-sī kàu-tô͘, kàu-tô͘ mā chin chē bē-hiáu POJ.
Hàn-jī
白話字（POJ）是一款用拉丁（羅馬）拼音系統來寫臺灣的語言的書面文字。因為當初是傳教士引入來的，所以也有人共POJ叫做教會羅馬字，或者是簡稱教羅。不而過現代的使用者袂少毋是教徒，教徒嘛真濟袂曉POJ。
IPA
[peʔued͡ʑi (pi o d͡ʑe) ɕi t͡ɕiʔkʰuan ioŋ latin (loma) pʰiŋim hetʰoŋ lai ɕa taiuan e gigiɛn e subin bund͡ʑi ‖ inui toŋt͡sɔ ɕi tʰuankausu ind͡ʑiʔlai e sɔi iaʔulaŋ ka pi o d͡ʑi kiot͡so kauhue lomad͡ʑi hiʔt͡ɕia ɕi kant͡ɕʰiŋ kaulo ‖ puʔd͡ʑiko hiɛntai e suioŋt͡ɕia bet͡ɕio m̩ɕi kautɔ kautɔ ma t͡ɕin t͡se behiau pi o d͡ʑi ‖]

Values

Consonants
Initials
BilabialAlveolar Alveolo-palatalVelarGlottal
VoicelessVoicedVoicelessVoiced VoicelessVoicedVoicelessVoiced Voiceless
Nasal m [m]
ㄇ 毛(moo)		n [n]
ㄋ 耐(nāi)		 ng [ŋ]
ㄫ 雅(ngá)
PlosiveUnaspirated p [p]
ㄅ 邊(pian)		 b [b]
ㆠ 文(bûn)		 t [t]
ㄉ 地(tē)		 k [k]
ㄍ 求(kiû)		 g [g]
ㆣ 語(gí)
Aspirated ph [pʰ]
ㄆ 波(pho)		 th [tʰ]
ㄊ 他(thann)		 kh [kʰ]
ㄎ 去(khì)
AffricateUnaspirated ts [ts]
ㄗ 曾(tsan)		 j [dz]
ㆡ 熱(jua̍h)		 tsi [tɕ]
ㄐ 尖(tsiam)		 ji [dʑ]
ㆢ 入(ji̍p)
Aspirated tsh [tsʰ]
ㄘ 出(tshut)		 tshi [tɕʰ]
ㄑ 手(tshiú)
Fricative s [s]
ㄙ 衫(sann)		 si [ɕ]
ㄒ 寫(siá)		 h [h]
ㄏ 喜(hí)
Lateral l [l] ~ [ɾ]
ㄌ 柳(liú)
Finals
BilabialAlveolar VelarGlottal
Nasal consonant -m [m]
ㆬ		-n [n]
ㄣ		 -ng [ŋ]
ㆭ
Stop consonant -p [p̚]
ㆴ		-t [t̚]
ㆵ		-k [k̚]
ㆶ		-h [ʔ]
ㆷ
Syllabic consonant
BilabialVelar
Nasal m [m̩]
ㆬ 姆(ḿ)		ng [ŋ̍]
ㆭ 酸(sng)

Vowels & Rhymes
Simple & Nasal
FrontCentralBack
SimpleNasalSimpleNasalSimpleNasal
Close i [i]
ㄧ 衣(i)		 inn [ĩ]
ㆪ 圓(înn)		 u [u]
ㄨ 污(u)		 unn [ũ]
ㆫ 張(tiunn)
Mid e [e]
ㆤ 禮(lé)		 enn [ẽ]
ㆥ 生(senn)		 o[ə]
ㄜ 高(ko)		 oo [ɔ]
ㆦ 烏(oo)		 onn [ɔ̃]
ㆧ 翁(onn)
Open a [a]
ㄚ 查(tsa)		 ann [ã]
ㆩ 衫(sann)
Dialect
Tâi-lôIPABopomofo
ir[ɨ]ㆨ
er[ə]ㄜ
ee[ɛ]ㄝ
ere[əe]ㄜㆤ[lower-alpha 1]
Vowel(s)Open syllabusNasalPlosive
[m][n][ŋ][p̚][t̚][k̚][ʔ]
[a] aannamanangapatakahannh
[ai] aiainnaihainnh
[au] auauh
[e] eennehennh
[i] iinniminingipitikihinnh
[ia] iaianniamianiangiapiatiakiahiannh
[iau] iauiaunniauh
[iə] ioioh
[iɔ] iongiok
[iu] iuiunniuhiunnh
Vowel(s)Open syllabusNasalPlosive
[m][n][ŋ][p̚][t̚][k̚][ʔ]
[ə] ooh
[ɔ] ooonnomongopokoohonnh
[u] uunutuh
[ua] uauannuanuatuah
[uai] uaiuainn
[ue] ueueh
[ui] ui
[m̩] m－mh
[ŋ̍] ng－ngh
  • ing pronounced [ɪəŋ], ik pronounced [ɪək̚].

Tones
Tone No. 12 (= 6)34578
Name 陰平上聲陰去陰入陽平陽去陽入
im-pîngsiōng-siannim-khìim-ji̍piông-pîngiông-khìiông-ji̍p
Symbol NoneAcuteGraveNone (-p, -t, -k, -h)CircumflexmacronVertical line above (-p, -t, -k, -h)
◌◌́◌̀◌◌̂◌̄◌̍
Pitch ˥˥˩˧˩˧ʔ˨˦˧˥ʔ
5551313ʔ24335ʔ
Example tong (東)tóng (黨)tòng (棟)tok (督)tông (同)tōng (洞)to̍k (毒)

A hyphen links elements of a compound word. A double hyphen indicates that the following syllable has a neutral tone and therefore that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi.

Computing

Unicode codepoints

The following are tone characters and their respective Unicode codepoints used in Tâi-lô. The tones used by Tâi-lô should use Combining Diacritical Marks instead of Spacing Modifier Letters used by bopomofo.[4][5] As Tâi-lô is not encoded in Big5, the prevalent encoding used in Traditional Chinese, some Taiwanese Romanization System letters are not directly encoded in Unicode, instead should be typed using combining diacritical marks officially.[6]

Tâi-lô tone characters[1]
Base letter/Tone 1 Tone 2 Tone 3 Tone 4 Tone 5 Tone 6 Tone 7 Tone 8 Tone 9
Combining mark ́ (U+0301) ̀ (U+0300) h ̂ (U+0302) ̌ (U+030C) ̄ (U+0304) ̍h (U+030D) ̋ (U+030B)
Uppercase A Á (U+00C1) À (U+00C0) AH Â (U+00C2) Ǎ (U+01CD) Ā (U+0100) A̍H (U+0041 U+030D) A̋ (U+0041 U+030B)
E É (U+00C9) È (U+00C8) EH Ê (U+00CA) Ě (U+011A) Ē (U+0112) E̍H (U+0045 U+030D) E̋ (U+0045 U+030B)
I Í (U+00CD) Ì (U+00CC) IH Î (U+00CE) Ǐ (U+01CF) Ī (U+012A) I̍H (U+0049 U+030D) I̋ (U+0049 U+030B)
O Ó (U+00D3) Ò (U+00D2) OH Ô (U+00D4) Ǒ (U+01D1) Ō (U+014C) O̍H (U+004F U+030D) Ő (U+0150)
U Ú (U+00DA) Ù (U+00D9) UH Û (U+00DB) Ǔ (U+01D3) Ū (U+016A) U̍H (U+0055 U+030D) Ű (U+0170)
M Ḿ (U+1E3E) M̀ (U+004D U+0300) MH M̂ (U+004D U+0302) M̌ (U+004D U+030C) M̄ (U+004D U+0304) M̍H (U+004D U+030D) M̋ (U+004D U+030B)
N Ń (U+0143) Ǹ (U+01F8) NH N̂ (U+004E U+0302) Ň (U+0147) N̄ (U+004E U+0304) N̍H (U+004E U+030D) N̋ (U+004E U+030B)
Lowercase a á (U+00E1) à (U+00E0) ah â (U+00E2) ǎ (U+01CE) ā (U+0101) a̍h (U+0061 U+030D) a̋ (U+0061 U+030B)
e é (U+00E9) è (U+00E8) eh ê (U+00EA) ě (U+011B) ē (U+0113) e̍h (U+0065 U+030D) e̋ (U+0065 U+030B)
i í (U+00ED) ì (U+00EC) ih î (U+00EE) ǐ (U+01D0) ī (U+012B) i̍h (U+0069 U+030D) i̋ (U+0069 U+030B)
o ó (U+00F3) ò (U+00F2) oh ô (U+00F4) ǒ (U+01D2) ō (U+014D) o̍h (U+006F U+030D) ő (U+0151)
u ú (U+00FA) ù (U+00F9) uh û (U+00FB) ǔ (U+01D4) ū (U+016B) u̍h (U+0075 U+030D) ű (U+0171)
m ḿ (U+1E3F) m̀ (U+006D U+0300) mh m̂ (U+006D U+0302) m̌ (U+006D U+030C) m̄ (U+006D U+0304) m̍h (U+006D U+030D) m̋ (U+006D U+030B)
n ń (U+0144) ǹ (U+01F9) nh n̂ (U+006E U+0302) ň (U+0148) n̄ (U+006E U+0304) n̍h (U+006E U+030D) n̋ (U+006E U+030B)
Notes
1.^ Yellow cells indicate that there are no single Unicode character for that letter; the character shown here uses Combining Diacritical Mark characters to display the letter.[5]

Characters not directly encoded in Unicode requires premade glyphs in fonts in order for applications to correctly display the characters.[5]

Font support

Fonts that currently support POJ includes:

Notes
  1. In version of Ngoo Siu-le, /ɘe/ [ere] is spelled as [oe] while the Phonetic Symbol "ㄜ" is replaced with "".

Words in native languages

References
  1. "Táiwān mǐnnányǔ luómǎzì pīnyīn fāng'àn" 臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案 [Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization Solution] (PDF) (in Chinese). 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2019 – via language.moe.edu.tw.
  2. Jiaoyu bu (2008) [first edition 2007]. Táiwān mǐnnányǔ luómǎzì pīnyīn fāng'àn shǐyòng shǒucè 臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案使用手冊 [Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System] (PDF) (in Chinese) (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-986-01-6637-8.
  3. Jiaoyu bu (2007). Táiwān mǐnnányǔ luómǎzì pīnyīn fāng'àn shǐyòng shǒucè 臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案使用手冊 [Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System] (PDF) (in Chinese). ISBN 978-986-00-7755-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-18. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
  4. aiongg (2020-11-22). "aiongg/POJFonts". GitHub - POJ Fonts. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  5. Tseng Gorong (2019-01-11). "談金萱的台羅變音符號設計". justfont blog (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  6. "FAQ - Characters and Combining Marks". unicode.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  7. Iûⁿ (2009), p. 24
  8. "Fonts version 3.006 (OTF, TTF, WOFF, WOFF2, Variable)". GitHub. Adobe Systems Incorporated. 2010-09-06. Archived from the original on 2020-12-24. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
  9. Iûⁿ, Ún-giân (2009). Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese – Tone Sandhi and POS Tagging (PhD). National Taiwan University. p. 20. OCLC 367595113.
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