Tan Eng Goan

Tan Eng Goan, 1st Majoor der Chinezen (Chinese: 陳永元; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tân Éng Goân; 1802 – 17 September 1872) was a high-ranking bureaucrat who served as the first Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia (now Jakarta), capital of colonial Indonesia.[1][2][3] This was the highest-ranking Chinese position in the civil administration of the Dutch East Indies.[2]

Majoor Tan Eng Goan
Portrait of Tan Eng Goan
1st Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia
Mid-19th century (Leiden University)
Kapitein der Chinezen of Batavia
In office
1829–1837
Preceded byKapitein Ko Tiang Tjong
Succeeded byElevation to Majoor der Chinezen
ConstituencyBatavia
Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia
In office
1837–1865
Preceded byNew creation
Succeeded byMajoor Tan Tjoen Tiat
ConstituencyBatavia
Personal details
Bornc. 1802
Batavia, Dutch East Indies
Died17 September 1872
Patoakan, Batavia, Dutch East Indies
SpouseLie Pien Nio
RelationsLim Soe Keng Sia (son-in-law)
Kapitein Tan Jap Long (uncle)
Tan Liok Tiauw (great-grandson)
ChildrenKapitein Tan Soe Tjong (son)
Tan Bit Nio (daughter)
ParentKapitein Tan Peeng Ko (father)
OccupationMajoor der Chinezen, bureaucrat
Chinese name
Chinese陳永元
Hokkien POJTân Éng Goân
In this Chinese name, the family name is Tan.

Life

Background and early career
A painting of Batavia in 1860 by Jan Weissenbruch

Born in 1802, Majoor Tan Eng Goan came from an old family of the Cabang Atas aristocracy of colonial Indonesia.[4][3][5][6] Many members of his family served as Chinese officers, part of the civil administration of the Dutch colonial government.[2][3] He was the son of Kapitein Tan Peeng Ko (Luitenant in Batavia from 1792 to 1809 and Kapitein from 1809 to 1812), and a nephew of Kapitein Tan Jap Long (appointed Luitenant in 1810, and Kapitein in 1811).[6][3][5] Both Tan's father and uncle thus served as Chinese headmen and presided over the Chinese Council of Batavia.[3]

Tan was married at least four times, including to his first wife, Lie Pien Nio, a niece of Lie Tieuw Kong, who had succeeded Tan's father and uncle as Kapitein and chairman of the Chinese Council.[3] Tan's uncle-in-law held office from 1812 until 1821.[3]

As the issue of Chinese officers, Tan Eng Goan bore the hereditary title 'Sia' from birth until his elevation to the rank of a Luitenant on 15 February 1827.[3] This promotion was made by Léonard Pierre Joseph, Viscount du Bus de Gisignies, the recently-appointed 8th Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies; and was duly noted in a sitting of the Chinese Council on 9 March 1827.[3]

Captaincy and Mayoralty
Viscount du Bus de Gisignies, Governor-General at the time of Tan's elevation to the Captaincy

In 1829, when the presiding Chinese headman Ko Tiang Tjong was forced to resign from the post of Kapitein der Chinezen of Batavia, Tan - despite only having held the briefest tenure of all sitting officers - was appointed to the Chinese Captaincy.[3] In so doing, he became the head of the Chinese community in Batavia in succession to his father, uncle and uncle-in-law.[2] At that time in Batavia, the post of Kapitein der Chinezen was the highest-ranking Chinese position in the colonial administration.[2]

On 21 September 1837, Kapitein Tan Eng Goan was further raised to the newly created post of Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia by Dominique Jacques de Eerens, the 11th Governor-General. Tan's two Luitenants, Oey Eng Liok and Jap Soan Kong, were both elevated a year later to the higher rank of Kapitein.[3] As Kapitein, then as Majoor, Tan was also the ex officio Chairman of the Chinese Council of Batavia (Dutch: Chinese Raad; Malay: Kong Koan), the highest Chinese governmental body in the colony.[2]

The Majoor's family owned the particuliere landen or private domains of Kramat, Kapoek, Tandjoeng Boeroeng and Rawa Kidang in Tangerang.[1][2] From 1848 until 1862, Majoor Tan Eng Goan also held a series of pachts or revenue farms over such diverse things as arak, rum, tobacco and wayang.[3] Despite his landed wealth and revenue farms, Tan's income fell short of the exalted style of living expected of a Chinese officer.[7][2]

Tenure as Majoor and Kapitein
Oeij Tambah Sia (first edition, second volume) by Tjoa Boan Soeij.

In the late 1820s, Kapitein Tan Eng Goan initiated an annual pasar malam, or night market, held in Batavia three days prior to Lunar New Year.[8][9] This was among the earliest and biggest of Batavia's organized night markets, and served as a prototype for similar and later markets elsewhere.[8][9]

Tan's tenure as a Chinese officer was affected by his declining family finances, which forced him to patronise Batavia's foremost tobacco magnate, Oey Thai Lo.[2] In return for Oey's financial support, Tan recommended the nouveau riche Oey for an elevation to the purely honorary rank of Luitenant-titulair der Chinezen, which gave the tobacco tycoon the respectability he craved.

Tan's debt and financial reliance on Oey, however, prevented him from acting with authority when restraining the wayward and disrespectful behaviour of the latter' son, the notorious playboy Oey Tamba Sia (1827-1856).[7][2] Oey Tamba Sia eventually developed an intense rivalry with the Majoor's son-in-law, Lim Soe Keng Sia, with eventually murderous consequences.[7]

The younger Oey masterminded a series of murders, and unsuccessfully attempted to implicate Lim in these crimes.[7] Although Lim was acquitted, his rival Oey - a wealthy member of the city's Chinese establishment - was found guilty and executed by public hanging in 1856.[7] The scandal severely damaged the standing and authority of the Majoor in the eyes of the Chinese community.[7] Even Tan's immediate subordinates in the Chinese Council, notably Kapitein Tan Tjoen Tiat and Luitenant The Kim Houw, were disappointed in the Majoor's meek handling of the case of Oey Tamba Sia.[2]

The Majoor's financial situation further deteriorated after the Oey case, which led him to sell the estates of Kramat and Kapoek in the 1860s to his eventual successor, Kapitein Tan Tjoen Tiat.[2]

Resignation and death
Early to mid-19th century portrait of Tan Eng Goan, 1st Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia

Majoor Tan Eng Goan served in office until 1865, when, due to his old age and fragile health, he requested and was granted an honourable discharge from his duties by the colonial authorities.[3] He also attempted without success to secure the succession of his adoptive son, Kapitein Tan Soe Tjong, to the Chinese Mayoralty.[3]

The former Majoor was allowed to retain his title on an honorary basis following his resignation.[3] Given Tan's long service and precarious finances, the colonial government further awarded him a pension of 150 guilders per month.[2]

Majoor Tan Eng Goan died on 17 September 1872 in Patoakan, Batavia, and was buried in Slipi.[3] His adoptive son, Kapitein Tan Soe Tjong had predeceased him the previous year, on 20 June 1871.[3] Majoor Tan Eng Goan also had a daughter, Tan Bit Nio, who was married to Lim Soe Keng Sia.[7] Through them, the Majoor was a grandfather of Lim Hong Nio and a great-grandfather of the prominent landlord and community leader Tan Liok Tiauw (1872 - 1947).[10]

Significance

Tan is remembered today as the first sitting Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia, arguably the most important Chinese officership in colonial Indonesia.[2] In office for some 37 years as Kapitein, then Majoor, Tan was also the longest-serving head of the Chinese Council and of the Chinese community of Batavia.[2][3]

Majoor Tan Eng Goan is also remembered today for his poor handling of the case of Oey Tamba Sia. Oey's murderous rivalry with the Majoor's son-in-law, Lim Soe Keng Sia, became part of Jakarta folklore, and formed the basis of many literary works in Malay, including Thio Tjin Boen's Tambahsia: Soewatoe tjerita jang betoel soedah kedjadian di Betawi antara tahoen 1851-1856 (published in 1903) and Tjoa Boan Soeij's Sair swatoe tjeritajang betoel soeda kedjadian di Tanah Betawi dari halnja Oeij Tambah Sia, tatkalah Sri Padoeka toean besar Duymaer van Twist mendjabat Gouverneur General koetika tahoen 1851 (published in 1906) and Tambah Sia (published in 1922).[11][12]

As recently as 2013, the saga of the Majoor, his son-in-law and their rivalry with Oey provided part of the inspiration for Atilah Soeryadjaya's musical, Ariah.[13]

References
  1. Almanak van Nederlandsch-Indië voor het jaar 1865 (in Dutch). Batavia: Lands Drukkery. 1865. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  2. Lohanda, Mona (1994). The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942. Jakarta: Djambatan. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  3. Chen, Menghong (2011). De Chinese Gemeenschap van Batavia, 1843-1865: Een Onderzoek naar het Kong Koan Archief [The Chinese Community of Batavia: A Study of the Kong Koan Archives] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. hdl:1887/14501. ISBN 9789087281335. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  4. Blussé, Leonard; Chen, Menghong (2003). The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia. Amsterdam: BRILL. ISBN 9004131574. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  5. Blussé, Leonard; Nie, Dening (2018). The Chinese Annals of Batavia, the Kai Ba Lidai Shiji and Other Stories (1610-1795). BRILL. ISBN 9789004356702. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  6. Naam-lyst van gouverneur generaal en raden van Indiën, uitmakende het gouvernement generaal van Hollandsch Indiën, 't welk representeerd den koning van Holland ... als mede die van 's konings armée en marine, zoo als dezelve op den laatsten dag van wintermaand ... is afgesloten ... opgave van personen, welke in het vorig jaar van hier vertrokken of overleden zyn (in Dutch). C. Niemands Verdriet. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  7. Phoa, Kian Sioe (1956). Sedjarahnja: Souw Beng Kong, Phoa Beng Gan, Oey Tamba Sia (in Indonesian). Djakarta: Reporter.
  8. Berdoeri, Tjamboek (1928). Pasar Malem - Djaman Dahoeloe Batavia/Djakarta. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. Tempo, Koran (6 February 2012). "Pada Sebuah Pesta Rakyat - Metro - koran.tempo.co". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  10. Haryono, Steve (2017). Perkawinan Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20. Steve Haryono. ISBN 9789090302492. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  11. Tjoa, Boan Soeij (1922). Sair swatoe tjerita jang betoel soeda kedjadian di Tanah Betawie dari halnja Oeij Tambah Sia, tatkalah Sri Padoeka Toean Besar Duymaer van Twist mendjabat Gouverneur-Generaal koetika tahon 1851 (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  12. "Oey Tambahsia, Si Tampan yang Lupa Diri". liputan6.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  13. Andreas D. Arditya (June 30, 2013). "'Ariah' radiates the spirit of Betawi". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
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