Tangzhuang

Delaval's 1821 portrait of Kan Gao, a Chinese worker on Cayenne, in a magua.

The tangzhuang is an adaption[3] of the Manchu "horse jacket" (magua),[14] a waist-[15] or three-quarter-length[14] front-opening jacket[15] or surcoat.[14] This was initially worn—usually in a dark blue color—by Manchu horsemen,[15] but became mandatory for Han officials' clothing under the Qing Empire.[14] Over time, it evolved from a protective apron for the changshan into an item of Chinese fashion in its own right and even a mark of imperial favor. Its use then spread among the common Han,[14] including among the Chinese diaspora abroad.[3]

Following the 1911 Xinhai Revolution and 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, the "Mao suit" (Zhōngshān zhuāng) gradually displaced the changshan and magua in most contexts. After the fall of the Gang of Four in the late 1970s and the beginning of Deng Xiaoping's Opening Up Policy in the 1980s, traditional clothing began to experience a revival in mainland China. Variants of the magua became noticeably more common in Chinese fashion from the mid-1990s.[4]

Russian and US presidents Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush in their tangzhuangs at the 2001 APEC summit in Shanghai, China

In 1993, US president Bill Clinton tried to bring trade talks back on track by inviting the heads of the APEC member economies to personally attend what had until then been a ministerial conference. He requested leaders' clothes remain informal and presented each with a leather bomber jacket bearing the APEC logo as a memento. The next year, Indonesia followed suit and presented batik shirts; the world leaders then humored Suharto's request that they wear them for a group photo.[16] The tradition developed that the summits' hosts would present traditional and representative clothes from their cultures,[17] and the leaders would wear them on the last day of the conference as a show of solidarity.[18]

Ahead of the first occasion of China's hosting the summit in 2001, state-run media acquainted the Chinese with the custom, prompting speculation as to what China's "traditional clothes" might be:[18] Mao suits had been displaced by western-style suits; minority groups often had recognizable ethnic costumes but styles of Han clothing (hànfú) had varied from dynasty to dynasty, with the most recent Qing forms heavily influenced by the Manchus and their oppressive dress codes. Although these designs were among the 40[19] presented to the Chinese government over the span of a year,[20] their foreign origin or political connotations[21] led officials to select an "ambiguously traditional"[18] design by Shanghainese clothiers Li Jianqin[22] (李建秦, Lǐ Jiànqín) and Yu Ying[23] (t 余鶯, s 余莺, Yú Yīng) and by five others at Qinyi (t 秦藝服飾, s 秦艺服饰, Qínyì Fúshì)[24] and the Shanghai Garment Group (t 上海服裝集團, s 上海服装集团, Shànghǎi Fúzhuāng Jítuán).[19][25][26]

A class of western tai chi practitioners, clad in white tangzhuangs (2005)

The jackets given to the APEC leaders were a blend of Chinese motifs and western design, made from silk supposedly artificially enhanced to be stronger, softer, more wrinkle-resistant, more water-absorbent, and better ventilated, with longer-lasting and brighter colors.[27] They featured cotton knotwork instead of buttons and a design of peonies surrounding the letters "APEC".[19] The jackets were handmade[20] but not personally sized; instead, they were fitted using stand-ins and body doubles,[28] with a partially-completed backup available in case those measurements were mistaken.[29] The leaders had a choice among scarlet, azure, green, brown, maroon,[20] and black versions;[19][29] each came in a matching silk bag adorned with the APEC logo[10] and each had an off-white[29] silk shirt to wear beneath it.[19] The 20 attendees—the leaders of all the APEC member economies except "Chinese Taipei"—mostly opted for the red-and-black[23] or blue-and-gold design[29] and wore the jackets to their meetings at the Shanghai Science and Technology Museum on 21 October 2001 and for the "Leaders' Family Portrait" afterwards that closed the event.[12][19]

The tangzhuang's use as the representative unisex Chinese clothing for the "Leaders' Family Portrait" immediately[30] led to its more widespread popularity,[4][31][32] spreading from Beijing to other large towns around the country as far afield as Lanzhou in Gansu by the next Chinese New Year.[11] This "tangzhuang craze" (t 唐裝熱, s 唐装热, tángzhuāng rè)[12] saw the tangzhuang and other traditional clothes become fashionable daily wear for both sexes, which gave a large boost to the domestic silk industry.[33] The original designers left their original companies to start their own businesses to capitalize on their creation's popularity,[13] but the fad was short-lived[34] and most had moved on by 2004.[13]

Shinzo Abe, Vladimir Putin, and others in the 2014 version of the tangzhuang

Hong Kong politician Regina Ip at the Chinese New Year fair in Victoria Park (2009)

Even after the end of its fad, the tangzhuang continues to have a place in Chinese fashion. It remained in common use among Jiang Zemin's clique and the nouveau riche,[35] but more especially became a menswear staple on the mainland and abroad for traditional Chinese holidays[34][36] alongside western and Mao-style suits.[3][32]

The tangzhuang—and its perceived inauthenticity as ethnic clothing—is also credited by members of the hanfu movement with having inspired their cause and a revival of actual traditional Han clothing, despite the Chinese public's usual confusion about its origin.[37][38] (Traditional Chinese fashions have been so long mixed with Manchu and western elements that Tang-style robes are confused with Japanese kimonos and Ming clothes with Korean hanboks.)[37][38]

China used the "Tang suit jackets" again for its 2014 APEC summit, but with an updated style in maroon, green, and blue that The Guardian unflatteringly compared to Star Trek uniforms.[39]