Tax rates in Europe

This is a list of the maximum potential tax rates around Europe for certain income brackets. It is focused on three types of taxes: corporate, individual, and value added taxes (VAT). It is not intended to represent the true tax burden to either the corporation or the individual in the listed country.

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Graphs
  • Top Marginal Tax Rates In Europe 2022
    Top Marginal Tax Rates In Europe 2022
  • Payroll and income tax by OECD Country (2021)
    Payroll and income tax by OECD Country (2021)
  • Federal Sales Taxes
    Federal Sales Taxes

Summary list

The quoted income tax rate is, except where noted, the top rate of tax: most jurisdictions have lower rate of taxes for low levels of income. Some countries also have lower rates of corporation tax for smaller companies. In 1980, the top rates of most European countries were above 60%. Today most European countries have rates below 50%.[1]

Country Corporate tax Maximum income tax rate Standard VAT rate
Albania[2] 15% 23%[3] 20%
Andorra 10% 10% 4.5%
Armenia[4] 18% 22% 20%
Austria 25% 55%[5] 20%[6] (Reduced rates 10% + 13%)[7]
Belarus 18% 15% 20%[2]
Belgium[8] 25% (For SME's 20% from 2018 on the first €100,000 profit)[9] 50% (excluding 13.07% social security paid by the employee and also excluding 32% social security paid by the employer) 21% (Reduced rates of 6% and 12%)[6]
Bosnia and Herzegovina[10][11][12] 10% 10% 17%
Bulgaria[13] 10% 40.8% (10% income tax + additional 12.9% by the employee for social security contributions, i.e. health insurance, pension and unemployment fund); and additional 17.9% by the employer for various social security contributions)[14] 20%[6] (Reduced rates 9%)[7]
Croatia 18% (Reduced rate 10% for small business) 40% (excluding 35.2% total sum of insurances levied on income) 25% (Reduced rates 13% + 5%)(Reduced rates 9%)[7]
Cyprus 12.5% 35% 19% (Reduced rates 5% + 9%)(Reduced rates 9%)[7]
Czech Republic 19% 34% (15% or 23% tax, 4,5% health insurance, 6,5% social security) + additional payments by employer (11,5% healthcare, 24,8% social security) 21% (reduced rates of 15% and 10%)[6]
Denmark 22% 56% (avg commune) (including 8% social security paid by the employee but excluding 0.42–1.48% church tax imposed on members of the national Church of Denmark) 25% (reduced rate 0% on transportation of passengers and newspapers normally published at a rate of more than one issue per month)[6]
Estonia 0% on undistributed profits. 20% CIT on distributed profit. 14% on regular distribution.[15] 57,8% (20% income tax + 2.4% of unemployment insurance tax, 0.8% paid by employer, 1.6% paid by employee and 33% social security which is paid before gross wage by employer), around 57,8% in total 20% (reduced rate 9%)[6]
Finland 20% 67% to 25% depending on the net income and municipality, including 7.8%[16][17][18] social insurance fees, employee unemployment payment and employer unemployment payment, which is on average 18% (2018).[16] 24%[6][19] (reduced rate of 14% for groceries and restaurants, 10% for books, medicine, transport of passengers and some others)
France 30% (including social contributions) after 2018 ('PFU'), before: 33.3% (36.6% above €3.5M, 15% below €38k)[20] 49% (45% +4% for annual incomes above €250,000 for single taxpayers or above €500,000 for married couples) [21] + social security and social contribution taxes at various rates, for example 17,2 % for capital gains, interests and dividends. 20% (reduced rate of 10%, 5.5%, 2.1% and 0% for specific cases like some food, transportation, cultural goods, etc.)[6][22]
Germany 22.825% (few small villages) to 32.925% (in Munich) depending on the municipality. This includes the 15% CIT, 5.5% solidarity surcharge plus the trade tax payable to the municipality. 47.475% which includes 45% income tax and 5.5% solidarity surcharge based on the total tax bill for incomes above €256,304. The entry tax rate is 14% for incomes exceeding the basic annual threshold of €9,000. 19% (reduced rate of 7% applies e.g. on sales of certain foods, books and magazines, flowers and transports)[6]
Georgia 15% (0% for Virtual Zone Companies OR Free Industrial Zone (FIZ) entity) 20% (Special tax rates for Small Businesses are applied following approval of the Small Business Status: 1%, On turnover up to 500,000 GEL per year, Or 3%, applied to the portion of gross revenue that exceeds 500,000 GEL.)[23] 18%
Greece 24% 65.67% (45% for >€40,000+ 7.5% Solidarity Tax for >€40000)+(26.95% Social Security for employees or up to 47.95% for private professionals) 24%[6] (Reduced rates 13% and 5%)[7]
Hungary 9% Total: 43.16%

Employee: 33.5% of gross salary (Employee expenses altogether of gross salary without children: 15% Income Tax (flat), Social Security: 10% Pension, 3% in cash + 4% in kind healthcare, 1.5% Labor Market contributions)[24]

Employer: 17% in addition to gross salary (15.5% Social Tax, 1.5% Training Fund Contribution)[25]

 27%[6][26][27] (Reduced rates 18% and 5%)[7]
Iceland 20%[28] 36.94% from 0 - 834.707 and 46.24% over 834.707 kr (2017)[29] 24% (12% reduced rate)[28]
Ireland 12.5% for trading income

25% for non-trading income

 40% over €40,000 for single, €49,000 for married taxpayers.Plus USC(Universal Social Charge)4.5% on income up to €70,044 and 8% on balance. Social insurance 4% 23% [30]
Isle of Man 0%[31] 20% plus national insurance of under 12.8%[31] Same as United Kingdom (see below)[32]
Italy 27.9% (24% plus 3.9% municipal) 45.83% (43% income tax + 2.03% regional income tax + 0.8% municipal income tax) 22%[6] (Reduced rates 10%, 5%, 4%)[7]
Latvia 20% CIT on distributed profit. 0% on undistributed profits. 15% on small businesses[33] 20%(income tax) 35.09%(social insurance)[34] Total up to 55.09% 21% (reduced rates 12% and 0%)[35]
Liechtenstein 12.5% [36] 28% (max. 8% national and 20% municipal income tax) plus 4% of the taxpayer's net worth is subject to the same rate as wealth tax. 0% on capital gains. 8% / 2.5% (till 31.12.2017)

7.7% / 2.5% (from 01.01.2018)[37]

Lithuania 15% (5% for small businesses)[38] 44.27% (effective tax rates: 34.27% social insurance (nominally it is 1.77% payable by employer + 19.5% payable by employee + from 1.8% to 3% optional accumulation of pence), 20% income 21% (Reduced rates 5%, 9%)[7]
Luxembourg 24.94% (commercial activity); 5.718% on intellectual property income, royalties. 45.78% (42% income tax + 9% solidarity surcharge calculated on the income tax)[39] 17%[6] (Reduced rates 3%, 8%, 14%)[7]
Republic of North Macedonia[40] 10% 37% [41] (includes income tax 10%, mandatory state pension 18%, mandatory public health insurance 7.3%, mandatory unemployment insurance 1.2%, mandatory personal injury insurance 0.5%) 18%
Malta 35% (6/7 or 5/7 tax refunds gives an effective rate of 5% or 10% for most companies[42]) 35% (additional 10% by the employee for social security contributions, i.e. health insurance, pension and education); and additional 10% by the employer for various social security contributions) 18%[6] (Reduced rates 5%, 7% and 0% for life necessities – groceries, water, prescription medications, medical equipment and supplies, public transport, children's education fees) [7]
Monaco 0% (>75% revenue within Monaco) or 33.33%[43]
Montenegro 9%[44] 12.65% (11% income tax + 15% of the income tax bill to the municipality)[44] 21%[44]
Netherlands 19% for the first €200.000 of profit, 25,8% for the rest.[45] 49.5%[46] (excluding income dependent bracket discount for incomes up to €98.604[47]) 21%[48] (reduced rate of 9% and 0% for some goods and services)
Norway[49][50] 22%[51] 46.4% (53.0% including 14.1% social security contribution by employer. All taxes include 8.2% pension fund payments). 25% (reduced rate of 15% for groceries, and 10% for transport and culture.)
Poland 19% (Reduced rate 9% for small business since 01.01.2019) 17% up to 120 000 zł (from 1.01.2022)

32% above 120 000 zł (~25 000 euro)

 23% (reduced rates of 5% and 8%)[6]
Portugal 21% + 3 to 9% depending on profit 48% + 5% solidarity surcharge + 11% social security (paid by the employee) + 23,75% (social security paid by the company) 23% (reduced rates 13% and 6%)
Romania Revenue <€1m & at least one employee: 1% of all sales + 8% on dividends
Revenue >€1m or no employee: 16% on profit + 8% on dividends		 Employee: 41.5% [10% income tax (out of gross minus pension & health deductions), 25% pension contribution (out of gross), 10% health contribution (out of gross)] - Gross incomes below RON 3,600 benefit from personal deductions of up to RON 1,310 from taxable income.
Employer: 2.25% (compulsory work insurance)[52]		 19% (reduced rates of 9% and 5%)[53]
Russia 20% 43% (13.0% income tax, 22.0% mandatory pension fund contribution, 2.9% unemployment insurance, 5.1% mandatory universal health insurance)[54] 20%
Serbia 15% 52% (capital gains tax 15%, standard income tax rate 10%, additional contributions by employee: 13% state pension fund, 6.5% state health fund, 0.5% unemployment fund; additional contributions by employer: 11% state pension fund, 6.5% state health fund, 0.5% unemployment; maximum contributions capped (amount changing monthly); additional tax for higher salaries (after 3 times average salary additional 10%, after 6 times average salary additional 15%)),[55][56][57] 20% (10% reduced rate)
Slovakia 21% [58] 50% (income tax 19% + 25% for the part of annual income greater than €35,022.31; additional contributions at 4% mandatory health insurance by employee and 10% by employer, 9.4% Social Security by employee and 25.2% by employer) 20%[6] (10% reduced rate)
Slovenia[59] 19% 50% 22%[6] (reduced rate 9.5%) – from 1 July 2013
Spain 25%

4% in the Canary Islands [60]

 45% maximum Income tax rate. Not including employee contribution of 6.35% Social Security tax, 4.7% pension contribution tax, 1.55% unemployment tax, 0.1% worker training tax. Not including employer contribution of 23.6% Social security tax, 5.5% unemployment tax, 3.5% (or more) workers comp tax, worker training tax .06%, 0.2% FOGASA tax (employment tax in case of company bankruptcy). 21%[6] (reduced rates 10% and 4%)
Sweden 22% (21.4% 2019, 20.6% 2021) 55.5%[61] (Not including payroll taxes of 31.42%[62]) 25%[6] (reduced rates 12% and 6%)
Switzerland 16.55% 22.5% (Kanton Zug, Gemeinde Walchwil) to 46% (Kanton Geneve), average rate 34%. These taxes do not include social security that is private and not income based (e. ) [63] 8% / 2.5% (till 31.12.2017)

7.7% / 2.5% (from 01.01.2018[64]

Ukraine 18% 54.7% (Income tax 18%, military tax 1.5%, pension contribution tax 35,2%) 20%
United Kingdom 19% 47% (45% income tax + 2% National Insurance). Not including Employer's National Insurance payroll tax of 13.8%. In Scotland, the top marginal rate is 49% (47% income tax + 2% NI).

For earnings between £100,000 - £125,140 employees pay the 40% higher rate income tax + removal of tax-free personal allowance + 2% NI (effectively a 67% marginal rate).

The top tax rate on dividend income is 39.35%. Capital gains top tax rates are 20% for securities and 28% on property gains. National Insurance is not charged on property income so it is only liable to Income Tax at 45% above £125,140.

 20% (reduced rate of 5% for home energy and renovations, 0% for life necessities – groceries, water, prescription medications, medical equipment and supplies, public transport, children's clothing, books and periodicals)[6]

Per country information: income tax bands

Austria

Austrian income taxation is determined by §33 of Austrian Income Tax Code (Einkommensteuergesetz - EStG)

Annual Income [€] Taxation Rate [%]
0 - 11,000 0
11,001-18,000 20
18,001-31,000 35
31,001-60,000 42
60,001 - 90,000 48
90,001 - 1,000,000 50
>1,000,000 55

Until the end of the year 2020 an additional tax (55%) will affect income of over 1 million €.

Belgium

[65]

Annual Income [€] Taxation Rate [%]
0 – 9050 0
9050 – 22590 25
22590 – 32950 40
32950 – 50410 45
>50410 50

Croatia
Main article: Taxation in Croatia
Annual income [€] Tax Rate
Less than 47,780.21 20
More than 47,780.21 30

Denmark
Main article: Taxation in Denmark

Finland
Main article: Taxation in Finland

The total Finnish income tax includes the income tax dependable on the net salary, employee unemployment payment, and employer unemployment payment.[17][18] The tax rate increases very progressively rapidly at 13 ke/year (from 25% to 48%) and at 29 ke/year to 55% and eventually reaches 67% at 83 ke/year, while little decreases at 127 ke/year to 65%. The middle-income person will get 44 euros from every 100 euros the employer puts on the work. The GP will then again get from every extra 100 euros that the employer puts on the work only 33 euros. Some sources do not include the employer unemployment payment, for instance Veronmaksajat -organisation.[66] [67]

Annual income at Tax rate (including employer unemployment payment)
€13,000 25%
€33,000 57%
€47,000 60%
€83,000 67%
€94,000 66%
€127,000 65%

France
Main article: Taxation in France § List of taxes

Income tax in France depends on the number of people in the household. The taxable income is divided by the number of persons belonging to the household. Each adult counts as one person while the first two children count as half each. From the third child onwards each child counts as one person. Therefore, a household comprising 2 adults and 3 children is considered to be a household of 4 persons for tax purposes.

The rates below do not include the 17% social security contributions.

Annual income above Annual income below Tax rate[68]
€0 €5,963 0%
€5,963 €11,896 5.5%
€11,896 €26,420 14%
€26,420 €70,830 30%
€70,830 - 41%

Germany
Main article: Taxation in Germany § Income tax for residents

German income tax comprises 5 income tax bands, with the first two being based on a totally Progressive tax rate and the rest being flat rate. Taxable income is derived after subtracting personal and child allowances from earned income. In addition a number of other deductions may be claimed by German taxpayers.

  • Personal allowance: €9,000 per adult
  • Child allowance: €7,428 per child
Annual income above Annual income below Marginal tax rate 2018[69]
€0 €9,000 0%
€9,000 €13,996 14% − 23.97%
€13,996 €54,949 23.97% − 42%
€54,949 €260,532 42%
€260,532 - 45%

In Germany, married couples are taxed jointly. This means that the tax liability for the couple is twice the amount resulting from the tariff when inserting the average income of both spouses. Due to the progressive tariff, filing jointly uniformly reduces the total tax burden if spouses' incomes differ.

Italy
Main article: Taxation in Italy
  • Personal Allowance: €800 per adult
  • Allowance per child: €1,120
Annual income Above Annual income below Tax rate[70]
€0 €15,000 23%
€15,000 €28,000 27%
€28,000 €55,000 38%
€55,000 €75,000 41%
€75,000 - 43%

Netherlands
Main article: Income tax in the Netherlands § Progressive tax on wages etc. (box 1)

Income tax in the Netherlands (Inkomstenbelasting, Box 1) and social security contributions are combined in one payroll tax. There are no personal tax-free allowances; however, there are personal and labor tax credits that reduce the amount of income tax paid.

Prior to 2020, the income tax was assessed within four brackets, which have been simplified to just three (effectively two) as of 2020. As of 2023, the income tax rates are:[71]

Annual income above Annual income below Tax rate (including employee social security)
€0 €73,031 36.93%
€73,031 - 49.50%*
  • Income-dependent deductions and tax credits apply to incomes up to €98,604.

Portugal

Income tax in Portugal depends on a number of factors, including regional (different tax rates depending if you live in the mainland, the Azores or Madeira regions, marital status and number of dependents.

Main article: Taxation in Portugal

For simplification purposes, the following is a summary of the major tax brackets.

Taxable Income Tax Rate (Mainland) Tax Rate (Madeira) Tax Rate (Azores)
Up to €7,091 14.5% 11.6% 10.15%
€7,091 and €10,700 23% 20.7% 17.25%
€10,700 and €20,261 28.5% 26.5% 21.38%
€20,261 and €25,000 35% 33.75% 28%
€25,000 and €36,856 37% 35.87% 29.6%
€36,856 and €80,640 45% 44.95% 36%
Above €80,640 48% 48% 38.4%

A solidarity additional tax of 2.5% is applied on income between €80,640 and €250,000. All income above €250,000 is taxed a further 5%.

Spain

Spanish income tax includes a personal tax free allowance and an allowance per child. In 2012 a special temporary surcharge was introduced as part of austerity measures to balance the budget. The personal allowance currently stands at €5,151.

  • 1st child €1,836
  • 2nd child €2,040
  • 3rd child €3,672
  • 4th & subs €4,182
Annual income above Annual income below Tax rate (excluding temporary surcharge) Tax rate (including temporary surcharge)[72]
€0 €5,150 0% 0%
€5,150 €17,707.20 24% 24.75%
€17,707.20 €33,007.20 28% 30%
€33,007.20 €53,407.20 37% 40%
€53,407.20 €120,000.20 43% 47%
€120,000.20 €175,000.20 44% 49%
€175,000.20 €300,000.20 45% 51%
€300,000.20 - 45% 52%

United Kingdom
Main article: Taxation in the United Kingdom § Personal taxes

Income tax for the United Kingdom is based on 2023/24 tax bands. The current tax free threshold on earnings is £12,570. The relief is tapered by £1 for every £2 earned over £100,000, resulting in an effective 60% tax rate for incomes between £100,000 and £125,140.

Annual income Tax rate[73]
Above Up to
£0 £12,570 0%
£12,570 £50,270 20%
£50,270 £125,140 40%
£125,140 — 45%

See also

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Sources
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