Abdullah of Pahang

Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta'in Billah (Jawi: السلطان عبدﷲ رعاية الدين المصطفى بالله شاه الحاج ابن المرحوم سلطان حاج أحمد شاه المستعين بالله; listenⓘ; born 30 July 1959) is the 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia and concurrently serves as the 6th Sultan of Pahang since ascending to the throne in January 2019.[3]

Abdullah
عبدﷲ‎
Al-Mustafa Billah (He who preferred from God)
Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVI
Sultan of Pahang
Abdullah in 2019
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Reign31 January 2019 – present
Installation30 July 2019
PredecessorMuhammad V
DeputyNazrin Shah
Prime Ministers
See list
Sultan of Pahang
Reign11 January 2019 – present
Proclamation15 January 2019
PredecessorAhmad Shah
Heir apparentTengku Hassanal Ibrahim Alam Shah
Chief MinisterWan Rosdy Wan Ismail
Personal Life
Born (1959-07-30) 30 July 1959
Istana Mangga Tunggal, Pekan, Pahang, Federation of Malaya
Spouse
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1986)​
  • ​
    (m. 1991)​
Issue
Names
Tengku Abdullah ibni Tengku Ahmad Shah
Regnal name
Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta'in Billah [fn 1]
HouseBendahara
FatherSultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abu Bakar Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mu’azzam Shah
MotherTengku Ampuan Hajah Afzan Rahimahallah binti Almarhum Tengku Panglima Perang Tengku Muhammad
ReligionSunni Islam
Signature
Education
Military career
Allegiance Malaysia
Service/branch Malaysian Army
Years of service1978–present
Rank Field marshal
Unit
Abdullah of Pahang
Medal record
Polo
Representing  Malaysia
SEA Games
Gold medal – first place 1983 SingaporeMen's tournament[2]

Notably, just days after being proclaimed Sultan of Pahang, Abdullah was elected as the 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the paramount constitutional monarch of Malaysia, a role he assumed on 31 January 2019.[4]

Beyond his royal responsibilities, Abdullah was actively engaged in the realm of international sports governance, serving as a distinguished member of the FIFA Council from 2015 to 2019.[5] His multifaceted involvement extended to the intricate dynamics of Malaysian politics, particularly during the challenging 2020–22 Malaysian political crisis.[6]

Abdullah played a pivotal role in the intricate negotiations that followed the 2022 general election, which resulted in a hung parliament.

Early life and education

Abdullah, born as Tengku Abdullah ibni Tengku Ahmad Shah on 30 July 1959, at Istana Mangga Tunggal in Pekan, Pahang, is the eldest son of Sultan Ahmad Shah Al-Musta'in Billah and Tengku Ampuan Afzan. He is the fourth child among eight siblings, with his eldest sibling being Tengku Meriam.[7][8]

Abdullah's early education began in 1965 at Clifford School in Kuala Lipis. He continued his primary education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Ahmad in Pekan from 1966 to 1969, followed by St. Thomas Primary School. For his secondary education, he attended St. Thomas Secondary School from 1970 to 1974, both of which are located in Kuantan.

In pursuit of further education, Abdullah attended Aldenham School in Elstree, Hertfordshire, UK, from 1975 to 1977. Subsequently, he enrolled at The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the UK, where he studied from 1978 to 1979. He also pursued higher education at Worcester College, Oxford, and Queen Elizabeth College, UK, graduating with a Diploma in International Relations and Diplomacy in 1981.[7]

Military career

Abdullah embarked on his military career at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1978, where he initially served as an Officer Cadet. During his time at Sandhurst, he formed friendships with several individuals, including Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, who would later become the President of the United Arab Emirates and Ruler of Abu Dhabi, as well as Zulkiple Kassim, who was his senior and later became the Chief of Army.[9][10]

In 1979, Abdullah was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant by Queen Elizabeth II. His service led to his promotion to the rank of Captain in 1980, where he served as a cavalry officer in the Royal Armoured Corps.[11]

In 1987, Abdullah achieved the rank of Major within the Royal Armoured Corps.[12] Later, in 1999, he was assigned to the Territorial Army Regiment. During the same period, he received a promotion to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. In 2000, he further advanced in rank to Colonel.[12]

Abdullah's dedication to his military career saw him rise to the rank of Brigadier General in 2004, marking a significant milestone in his military service.[12]

Crown Prince of Pahang

Abdullah assumed the role of Tengku Mahkota of Pahang, which translates to the crown prince of Pahang, on 1 July 1975. His formal installation took place on 23 October 1977, at Istana Abu Bakar in Pekan.[7]

Regent

Additionally, Abdullah was appointed as the Regent of Pahang on two occasions. The first appointment occurred when his father was elected as the seventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong. During this period, he served as Regent for a duration of five years, starting from 28 April 1979, and concluding on 25 April 1984.

The second time Abdullah assumed the role of Regent was in 2016 when his father's health began to deteriorate. He served as Regent once again from 28 December 2016, until his ascension to the throne in 2019.[7]

Reign

Sultan of Pahang (2019–present)

On 15 January 2019, at the age of 59, Abdullah was officially proclaimed as the sixth Sultan of modern Pahang. This proclamation came about due to his father's abdication from the throne, which was prompted by his ill health. The ceremony marking Abdullah's ascension to the throne was held at Istana Abu Bakar, the official residence of the Sultan. His reign was retroactively declared to have commenced on 11 January 2019, the day the Regency Council decided on his succession.[3][13]

Upon becoming the Sultan of Pahang, Abdullah adopted the regnal title "Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah ibni Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta'in Billah."[14]

Furthermore, his royal consort, Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah, who held the title of Tengku Puan of Pahang (crown princess), was proclaimed as the Tengku Ampuan (Queen consort) of Pahang on January 29, 2019.[15]

Yang di-Pertuan Agong (2019–present)
Main article: Installation of Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVI

On 24 January 2019, the Conference of Rulers elected Abdullah as the 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong or literally "King of Malaysia", replacing Sultan Muhammad V of Kelantan, who had abdicated a few weeks earlier.[4] Abdullah was officially sworn in on 31 January 2019, in a public ceremony, taking up residence at the Istana Negara, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim.[16]

During this time, the Conference of Rulers also elected Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah of Perak as the Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong.[4]

Regarding the regency of Pahang during Abdullah's tenure as the King, the responsibility of ruling the state was handed to Abdullah's son, Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim Alam Shah, who was proclaimed as the Tengku Mahkota of Pahang and Regent of Pahang on 29 January 2019.[15] At the time of his appointment, Hassanal was still pursuing his studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the United Kingdom. He was assisted in carrying out his duties by Majlis Jumaah Pangkuan Diraja Negeri Pahang (Pahang Council of Regency) led by Abdullah's eldest younger brother, Tengku Abdul Rahman, from 15 February 2019, until Hassanal's graduation on 15 December 2019.[17]

Abdullah's ceremonial installation as King took place at the Throne Hall of the Istana Negara on 30 July 2019, seven months after his assumption of the throne, which coincided with his 60th birthday.[18] This installation was historically significant because both Abdullah and the Raja Permaisuri Agong or literally "Queen consort of Malaysia", Tunku Azizah, are the children of sultans who had previously been elected as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

In his role as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Abdullah held the rank of Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force, which was part of his constitutional duties as the Commander-in-Chief of the Malaysian Armed Forces. He also held the ranks of Field Marshal of the Malaysian Army and Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal Malaysian Navy. Additionally, he served as the Colonel-in-chief of the Royal Malaysian Air Force.

Abdullah also held the position of Chancellor at several universities, including Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), National Defence University of Malaysia (UPNM), University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), and Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP).[19][20]

Abdullah's reign as Yang di-Pertuan Agong coincided with a politically challenging period in Malaysian history. During this time, there were significant political changes and challenges, including the fall of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration and the appointment of a new Prime Minister. Abdullah played a crucial role in ensuring political stability during these times, including appointing Mahathir Mohamad as Interim Prime Minister and later appointing Muhyiddin Yassin as the new Prime Minister.

On 25 October 2020, Abdullah rejected Muhyiddin's request to declare a state of emergency in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases throughout Malaysia.[21]

However, on 12 January 2021, Abdullah issued a nationwide Proclamation of Emergency until 1 August 2021, to address the ongoing spread of COVID-19 and a political crisis involving Muhyiddin's government. This emergency suspended parliament and elections, allowing the Malaysian government to introduce laws without Parliamentary scrutiny.[22][23]

The decision on the government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and the suspension of parliament led to various public reactions, including protests and calls for political change.[24][25][26][27][28]

On 16 August 2021, following a loss of majority support,[29][30] Muhyiddin and his cabinet resigned, and Abdullah appointed Ismail Sabri Yaakob as the 9th Prime Minister of Malaysia.[31][32]

On 10 October 2022, Abdullah approved Ismail Sabri's request to dissolve the Malaysian parliament,[33] leading to Malaysia's 15th general election, which produced a hung parliament.[34][35] Abdullah ultimately named Anwar Ibrahim as the prime minister,[36] marking the fourth Prime Minister of his reign and making him the Yang di-Pertuan Agong who had presided over several tenures of Malaysian prime ministers since independence. Sultan Abdullah is also the King who has appointed several prime ministers since Malaysia's independence, with Anwar being the third consecutive prime minister appointed by Abdullah.

Sport career

Tengku Abdullah is also active in sports. Amongst his favourite sports are polo, football and hockey. He participates in local as well as international tournaments. He led the Pahang Royal Polo team in an international tournament at the Windsor Polo Club, England. He has also participated in tournaments in Singapore, the Philippines, Brunei, Argentina, the United States, Spain, Belgium and Thalland. His prowess in polo gave him a gold medal at the 12th SEA Games Singapore in 1983.[37]

He is a vice-president of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) executive committee and president of the Asian Hockey Federation. He is also the Honorary Member of International Hockey Federation (FIH).

Family
Abdullah with his consort, Tunku Azizah in 2019

His first marriage was to Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah binti Almarhum Al-Mutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj, at the Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque, Johor Bahru, on 6 March 1986. She is the third daughter of Sultan Iskandar of Johor by his first wife, Enche' Besar Kalsom binti Abdullah (née Josephine Ruby Trevorrow). Tunku Azizah has now thus been titled Tengku Ampuan Pahang (Queen Consort of Pahang). She is the younger sister of the current Sultan of Johor, Sultan Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar. They have four sons and two daughters together.

His second marriage was in 1991 to Julia Rais (born at Kota Bharu, Kelantan, (1971-02-19) 19 February 1971, a former actress and daughter of Abdul Rais, in a private ceremony at Fraser's Hill in 1991.[38] They have three daughters together.

Sons
  • Tengku Ahmad Iskandar Shah, born and died on 24 July 1990(1990-07-24) (aged 0), son of Tunku Azizah
  • Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim Alam Shah, the Crown Prince and Regent of Pahang, (Tengku Hassanal) born at Tengku Ampuan Afzan Hospital, Kuantan on (1995-09-17) 17 September 1995, son of Tunku Azizah
  • Tengku Muhammad Iskandar Ri'ayatuddin Shah, the Tengku Arif Bendahara (Tengku Muhammad), born on (1997-08-03) 3 August 1997, son of Tunku Azizah
  • Tengku Ahmad Ismail Muadzam Shah, the Tengku Panglima Perang (Tengku Ahmad), born on (2000-09-11) 11 September 2000, a twin with his sister Tengku Puteri Afzan Aminah. He is a son of Tunku Azizah

Daughters
  • Tengku Puteri Iman Afzan, daughter of Julia Abdul Rais (born on (1992-11-11) 11 November 1992 at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur. On 24 August 2018, she married Tengku Abu Bakar Ahmad Bin Almarhum Tengku Arif Bendahara Tengku Abdullah. The couple's first child, a son named Tengku Zayn Edin Shah, was born on 23 July 2019. The couple's second child, a daughter named Tengku Aleya Norlini, was born on 2 February 2022
  • Tengku Puteri Ilisha Ameera, daughter of Julia Abdul Rais (born on (1995-10-01) 1 October 1995 Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur
  • Tengku Puteri Ilyana, daughter of Julia Abdul Rais, (born on (1997-04-20) 20 April 1997 at Gleneagles Hospital Kuala Lumpur
  • Tengku Puteri Afzan Aminah Hafidzatu’llah (Tengku Afzan), born on (2000-09-11) 11 September 2000, twin with her brother Tengku Ahmad, daughter of Tunku Azizah
  • Tengku Puteri Jihan Azizah Athiyatullah (Tengku Jihan), born on (2002-04-27) 27 April 2002, daughter of Tunku Azizah


Adoptive son

Abdullah also adopted a son before the birth of his own:

  • Tengku Amir Nasser Ibrahim Shah ibni Almarhum Tengku Arif Bendahara Tengku Ibrahim, the Tengku Panglima Raja (shortly Tengku Amir), adopted in 1987. He was born on (1986-08-25) 25 August 1986 as the youngest son of the late Tengku Arif Bendahara Tengku Ibrahim and his third wife, Czarina binti Abdullah.

Tengku Amir Nasser Ibrahim Shah and Puteri Suraiya Afzan Binti Mohamed Moiz, the Cik Puan Panglima married on 19 December 2013. The couple's first child, a son named Tengku Adam Ibrahim Shah was born on 27 December 2015. Their second child, a son named Tengku Sulaiman Abdullah Shah was born 25 June 2018. Their third child, a son named Tengku Nuh Muhammad Shah was born on 31 January 2022.

Styles, titles and honours
Styles of
Al-Sultan Abdullah
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty
Alternative styleTuanku

Styles and titles
  • 30 July 1959 – 8 May 1974: His Highness Tengku Abdullah Ibni Tengku Ahmad Shah
  • 8 May 1974 – 1 July 1975: His Highness Tengku Abdullah Al-Haj Ibni Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah
  • 1 July 1975 – 28 April 1979: His Royal Highness Tengku Abdullah Al-Haj Ibni Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah, Crown Prince of Pahang
  • 28 April 1979 – 25 April 1984: His Royal Highness Tengku Abdullah Al-Haj Ibni Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah, Crown Prince and Regent of Pahang
  • 25 April 1984 – 28 December 2016: His Royal Highness Tengku Abdullah Al-Haj Ibni Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah, Crown Prince of Pahang
  • 28 December 2016 – 11 January 2019: His Royal Highness Tengku Abdullah Al-Haj Ibni Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah, Crown Prince and Regent of Pahang
  • 11 January 2019 – 15 January 2019: His Royal Highness Sultan Abdullah Al-Haj Ibni Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah, Sultan of Pahang
  • 15 January 2019 – 31 January 2019: His Royal Highness Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah Al-Haj Ibni Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah, Sultan of Pahang
  • 31 January 2019 - 22 May 2019: His Majesty Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri’ayatuddin Al Mustafa Billah Shah Ibni Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah, The 16th Yang Di-Pertuan Agong
  • 22 May 2019 – present: His Majesty Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri’ayatuddin Al Mustafa Billah Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah, The 16th Yang Di-Pertuan Agong

His current official regnal name is His Majesty The Yang Di-Pertuan Agong XVI Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah, D.K.P., D.K.M, D.K., D.M.N., S.S.A.P., S.I.M.P., D.K. (Terengganu)., D.K. (Johor)., S.P.M.J., D.K.M.B. (Brunei)., D.K. (Kedah)., D.K. (Perlis)., D.K. (Perak)., D.K (Selangor)., Order of The State of The Republic of Turkiye

کباوه دولي يڠ مها موليا سري ڤادوکا باݢيندا يڠ دڤرتوان اݢوڠ ماليسيا ک ١٦ السولطن عبد الله رعية الدين المسطفى بي الله شاه ابن المرهوم سولطن هاجي اهماد شاه المستعين بي الله

Military ranks

Malaysia Malaysia

Awards and recognitions
See also: List of honours of the Pahang Royal Family by country

He has been awarded :

Honours of Pahang

Malaysia and its other states

Foreign honours

Honorary degrees

Places named after him

Several places were named after him, including:

  • Al-Sultan Abdullah Mosque in Telok Melano, Sarawak
  • Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah Mosque in Jengka, Pahang
  • Hospital Al-Sultan Abdullah Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) in Puncak Alam, Selangor
  • Al-Sultan Abdullah Camp of the Joint Forces Headquarters in Kuantan, Pahang
  • Al-Sultan Abdullah Foundation Hemodialysis Cantres in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur; Setiawangsa, Kuala Lumpur; Taman Melati, Kuala Lumpur and Pekan, Pahang
  • Al-Sultan Abdullah Mosque in Kampung Sungai Bedaun, Labuan
  • Al-Sultan Abdullah Mosque in Masjid Tanah, Malacca
  • Tengku Mahkota Abdullah Mosque in Kuantan, Pahang
  • Tengku Mahkota Abdullah Mosque in Jerantut, Pahang
  • Tengku Mahkota Abdullah Mosque in Rompin, Pahang
  • Tengku Abdullah Al-Haj Mosque in Balok, Pahang
  • Tengku Abdullah Science School (SEMESTA Raub), a secondary school in Raub, Pahang

Ancestry
See also: Family tree of Pahang monarchs

Notes
  1. The meaning of his regnal name is "Sultan Abdullah as the protector of Islam who is chosen by Allah".[1]

References
  1. Bernama (15 January 2019). "Sultan of Pahang officially addressed as Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah". Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  2. "Raja Permaisuri Agong bercerita tentang pingat emas YDP Agong" [Raja Permaisuri Agong bercerita tentang pingat emas YDP Agong]. kosmo,com (in Malay). 28 July 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  3. "Tengku Abdullah to be proclaimed Pahang sultan on Jan 15". MalaysiaKini. 12 January 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  4. "Sultan Pahang, Agong Malaysia ke-16" [Sultan Pahang, 16th Malaysia Agong]. Bernama,com (in Malay). 24 January 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  5. Bernama (20 February 2019). "We will miss you - Infantino thanks YDP Agong after FIFA Council exit". Stadium Astro. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  6. "Malaysia politics reflects growing influence of King Abdullah". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  7. "Biodata Pemangku Raja Pahang Tengku Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah". Berita Harian. 12 January 2019. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  8. "Former Pahang ruler Sultan Ahmad Shah dies at age 88". The Star (Malaysia). 23 May 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  9. "'Best friends' Tuanku rupanya..." Sinar harian (in Malay). 2 August 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  10. "Latihan ketenteraan gilap keperibadian Sultan Abdullah". Berita Harian (in Malay). 26 July 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  11. Mohd. Saiful Sahak (29 July 2019). "Anakanda kepada dua bekas Agong". Utusan (in Malay). Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  12. "Tengku Abdullah now a Brig-Jen". The Star Online. 12 May 2004. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  13. Nadirah H. Rodzi (16 January 2019). "Sultan Abdullah takes oath as the sixth Sultan of Pahang". The Straits Times. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  14. Bernama (15 January 2019). "Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah gelaran rasmi Sultan Pahang". Berita Harian. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  15. Amin Ridzuan Ishak; Raja Norain Hidayah Raja Abdul Aziz; Siti Insyirah Tajuddin (29 January 2019). "Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah dimasyhurkan Tengku Ampuan Pahang". Harian Metro. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  16. "Sultan Abdullah lafaz sumpah jawatan Yang di-Pertuan Agong ke 16" [Al-Sultan Abdullah affirmed the oath of office of the 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong]. BH Online (in Malay). 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  17. Bernama (22 February 2019). "Sultan appoints Pahang council of regency, Tengku Muda as chairman". New Straits Times. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  18. Saraya Mia (28 June 2019). "30 Julai cuti am sempena pertabalan Agong" [30 July general leave in conjunction with the Agong rites]. Astro Awani (in Malay). Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  19. Bernama (19 March 2019). "King proclaimed chancellor of UiTM | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  20. Bernama (14 November 2019). "Agong proclaimed as UPNM Chancellor | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  21. "Malaysia's king rejects PM's push for COVID emergency rule". Al Jazeera. 25 October 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  22. Ratcliffe, Rebecca (12 January 2021). "Malaysia declares Covid state of emergency amid political turmoil". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  23. "Malaysia's king declares state of emergency to curb spread of Covid-19". CNN. 12 January 2021. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  24. "#MuhyiddinOut paling trending selepas Covid-19 meningkat". 7 October 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  25. "Tamparan buat Kerajaan PN, Hashtag #KerajaanGagal Trending No 1 Di Twitter". 17 April 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  26. "#KerajaanGagal kembali trending". 2 May 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  27. "Hundreds take to Kuala Lumpur's streets in anti-gov't protest". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  28. "Malaysian protesters demand PM Muhyiddin's resignation". DW.COM. Deutsche Welle. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  29. "'Muhyiddin fights back, claims he still possesses majority'". Kini Tv. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  30. "'Muhyiddin says he will not resign, to table motion of confidence in September'". The Star. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  31. Lee, Yen Nee (16 August 2021). "Malaysia's Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin and cabinet resign, palace confirms". CNBC. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  32. Palansamy, Yiswaree (20 August 2021). "Agong appoints Ismail Sabri as Malaysia's ninth prime minister | Malay Mail". www.malaymail.com. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  33. Teoh, Shannon (10 October 2021). "Malaysia's PM Ismail dissolves Parliament for snap elections; King 'disappointed' at political developments | The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com/global. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  34. Gahagan, Jeremy (20 November 2022). "Malaysia elects first ever hung parliament". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  35. Latiff, Rozanna (23 November 2022). "Malaysia king to choose prime minister in post-election crisis". www.reuters.com/. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  36. Ng, Eileen (24 November 2022). "Malaysia King names reformist leader Anwar Ibrahim as Prime Minister". time.com/. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  37. "Sukan polo dekat di hati Al-Sultan Abdullah". Astro Awani (in Malay). 9 July 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  38. "Tengku Mahkota of Pahang weds Julia Rais | KLiK".
  39. "Sultan Abdullah Dimasyhur Sultan Pahang Ke VI". Portal Rasmi Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia TUDM (in Malay). 15 January 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  40. "Agong receives D.K.M award". Bernama.com. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  41. "Agong receives Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara award". Bernama.com. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  42. Bernama (28 October 2019). "Agong berkenan terima darjah kebesaran Perlis" (in Malay). Berita Harian. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  43. "Agong terima DK Perak". Berita Harian. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  44. "King heads Selangor Sultan's 75th birthday honours list". Bernama. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  45. "Agong terima Darjah Kerabat Selangor". Berita Harian (in Malay). 11 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  46. Bernama (19 August 2020). "Brunei Sultan confers nation's highest award on visiting Agong". New Straits Times. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  47. Bernama (7 October 2017). "Agong attends Sultan of Brunei's Golden Jubilee royal banquet". New Straits Times. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  48. "Agong conferred Turkiye's highest award by Erdogan". Bernama. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  49. "Agong conferred honorary doctorate by Turkey's Marmara University". New Straits Times. 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  50. "Agong conferred Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy in Leadership by IIUM". The Star. 20 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
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