APD-40

The route that is now APD-40 was originally proposed and built to relieve congestion and divert commercial through traffic away from downtown Cleveland that increased as a result of industrial and residential growth.[9] The initial plans for I-75 in Cleveland included two interchanges; one with a connector to US 11/64 southwest of the city and another with SR 60 to near what was then the northwestern city limits. Both of these routes were intended to be four-lane spurs, with the former an entirely new road, and the latter a widening and relocation of SR 60.[10] A predecessor project to APD-40 was the construction of the four-lane alignment of SR 60 (25th Street) from north of I-75 to the US 11 Bypass (Keith Street) between 1963 and 1965, and the widening of 25th Street between the US 11 Bypass and US 11 (Ocoee Street) from 1968 to 1969.[11] On December 19, 1963, state highway commissioner David Pack rejected a petition by residents of the McDonald community and the Hamilton County community of Ooltewah to relocate the I-75 interchange with what is now APD-40 2 miles (3.2 km) to the southwest. These residents had argued the shift would be more beneficial to their communities, and believed that the proposed location was impractical since it was in an area that was sparsely populated at the time.[12][13]

The first section of APD-40, located between I-75 and US 11/64 (South Lee Highway), was constructed at the same time as the corresponding section of I-75 between Ooltewah and SR 60 in Cleveland. The first contract was let on December 13, 1963, and the stretch was officially opened on October 18, 1966, along with I-75.[14][15] When the ADHS was created by the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, the section between I-75 and US 64, as well as US 64 into North Carolina, became part of Corridor K. Construction of the extension of to US 64, as well as the widening of US 64 to four lanes between Cleveland and Ocoee, was subsequently funded by this legislation. The design for this extension was approved by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in November 1969.[16] The contract for the segment between US 11/64 and Blythe Avenue, about 1⁄4 mile (0.40 km) east of Blue Springs Road, was awarded on January 30, 1970,[17] and construction was completed in November 1971.[18] The contract to construct the segment between Blythe Avenue and US 64, including the cloverleaf interchange with the latter, was awarded on November 19, 1971, and the segment was completed in August 1973.[19]

While not initially planned, the need to provide a continuous loop around Cleveland to relieve congestion and improve mobility was quickly realized. A public hearing was held on November 5, 1969, on the possibility of extending the bypass between US 64 and US 11 (Ocoee Street). Unlike the other sections, however, this project required an environmental impact statement (EIS) since it had not been approved prior to the enactment of the National Environmental Policy Act. The EIS was approved on December 20, 1971,[9] and the design was subsequently approved by the FHWA in July 1972.[20] In preparation for this project, the Tennessee Valley Authority began relocating a subtransmission line in April 1973, and construction began the following November.[21][22] On April 3, 1974, construction equipment was damaged by winds from a nearby tornado that was part of a record-breaking tornado outbreak in the United States and Canada. Grading and bridge construction was completed by the end of that year,[23] and the entire project was completed in October 1975, one month behind schedule.[22] This was one of the first highway projects in Tennessee to utilize jersey barrier-style bridge railings, which had recently been deemed safer than conventional designs after crash tests.[23]

Early in its history, APD-40 developed a notoriety for its high rate of traffic accidents. In 1973, an at-grade intersection with Varnell Road, located at the bottom of the steep downgrade on the western slope of Candies Creek Ridge, was reconstructed with an overpass after many accidents occurred immediately after being opened to traffic.[24][25] Prior to construction, the then-incumbent superintendent of the Bradley County Road Department had reportedly requested TDOT to make this change to the design, but they had refused.[26] That same year, TDOT considered replacing the at-grade intersection with Blackburn Road with an underpass, but instead chose to install a traffic light after residents requested that access between the roads remain.[27] As Cleveland grew and traffic increased over the succeeding decades, several of the interchanges, some of which have 15-mile-per-hour (24 km/h) advisory speeds, started to become problematic.[28] The Benton Pike interchange especially became a point of contention when Whirlpool Corporation moved their plant onto this road from downtown Cleveland in 2012, resulting in a large increase in traffic and crashes.[29] As a result, TDOT installed additional warning signs at all of the interchanges with hazardous ramps in 2015. However, most of the route has changed little since its initial construction, and TDOT has at times been accused of neglecting these safety hazards.[28][30]

After many years of proposals and lobbying from local officials, TDOT began a project in August 2013 to rework the interchange with I-75.[31] The original route narrowed at the interchange, and crossed the Interstate on a two-lane bridge, which had come to experience backups at nearly all times during the day.[31] The project was completed and dedicated on December 15, 2015. The old bridge was replaced with a six-lane bridge, and the ramps were rebuilt and widened, with turn lanes added.[32]

In 2005, plans for a new interchange between I-75 and US 11/64 began to materialize in order to allow commercial development along in this area,[33][34] and in 2009, TDOT undertook a feasibility study for this project.[35] This project was further spearheaded in the early 2010s, when the city and county planned a controversial publicly-owned industrial park directly south of this section of APD-40.[36][37] Construction on the interchange began in early 2015,[38] and it was completed and dedicated on May 12, 2017.[39][40] The industrial park was opposed and criticized by many locals as a boondoggle and waste of taxpayer money, as well as corporate welfare. Subsequently, TDOT's decision to construct this interchange was criticized as pork barrel and a prioritization over more urgent needs in the area, such as improvements to other hazards on APD-40.[37][41]

The first segment of APD-40 was initially signed as part of State Route 40,[42] which was established in 1923 as the state designation for US 64 between Cleveland and the North Carolina state line.[43] It became known as the US 64 Bypass and the SR 40 Bypass after construction began on the extension.[44] The SR 40 Bypass was replaced with SR 311 on July 1, 1983, during a state highway renumbering that year. The section between US 64 and US 11 was initially known as the SR 60 Bypass,[9] but SR 60 was rerouted onto this section when construction was completed.[22] SR 60 originally turned south about 1⁄4 mile (400 m) past the interchange with I-75 and went directly to downtown, but was moved to 25th Street NW in the mid-1960s after being widened,[42] and the section of APD-40 to US 64 after opening.[45] US 74 was added to the route by the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials on June 9, 1986.[46][47] This route, however, remains largely unsigned.

In addition, APD-40 also bears four honorary designations. The entire route was designated "Veterans Memorial Highway" by the Tennessee General Assembly in January 2007.[48] The Tennessee General Assembly subsequently named the Cherokee Gateway interchange the "Honorable Mayor Tom Rowland Interchange" in October 2014 after a mayor of Cleveland who served from 1991 to 2018. On July 10, 2016, the parallel bridges across 20th Street, the railroad, and Overhead Bridge Road were designated as the Dustin Ledford Memorial Bridge in honor of a man who was killed by an intoxicated driver near the Overhead Bridge Road exit.[49] In September 2018, the I-75 interchange was named the "Representative Kevin Brooks Interchange" after a long time state representative who succeeded Rowland as mayor of Cleveland.[50]