Tetraneuralia

Tetraneuralia is a proposed clade of spiralian bilaterians uniting the phyla Mollusca and Entoprocta. First proposed in 2009 based on similarities between entoproct larvae and polyplacophoran molluscs,[1] it was recovered in 2019 in a phylogenomic study by Marlétaz et al.[2]

Tetraneuralia
The lined chiton Tonicella lineata, a polyplacophoran mollusc
Barentsia laxa, an entoproct
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
(unranked): Protostomia
(unranked): Spiralia
Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Clade: Tetraneuralia
Wanniger, 2009
Phyla

Phylogeny

In the most recent study, Tetraneuralia was recovered at the base of Lophotrochozoa.[2]

 Protostomia 

Ecdysozoa

 Spiralia (s.l.) /

Gnathifera



 Lophotrochozoa / 
 Tetraneuralia 
 

Mollusca

Entoprocta


 
 

Gastrotricha

 Lophophorata 
 
 

Ectoprocta

Phoronida

Brachiopoda

Annelida

 Parenchymia 
 

Platyhelminthes

Nemertea

 Platytrochozoa / 
Spiralia (s.s.)
 Gnathospiralia 

References
  1. Wanninger A. (2009). Shaping the things to come: ontogeny of lophotrochozoan neuromuscular systems and the tetraneuralia concept. The Biological bulletin, 216(3), 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1086/BBLv216n3p293
  2. Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Peijnenburg, Katja T. C. A.; Goto, Taichiro; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2019-01-10). "A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans". Current Biology. 29 (2): 312–318.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 30639106.
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