Club for Growth

The Club for Growth is a 501(c)(4)[1] conservative[2] organization active in the United States, with an agenda focused on tax cuts and other economic policy issues.[3][4]

Club for Growth
Established1999
Founder
20-4681603
Headquarters2001 L St NW Ste 600
Washington, DC 20036-4967
Location
President
David Martin McIntosh
Chairman
Virginia James
Websitewww.clubforgrowth.org
This article is part of a series on
Conservatism
in the United States
Schools
Principles
History
Intellectuals
Politicians
Jurists
Commentators
Activists
Works
Parties
Active

Defunct
Think tanks
Other organizations
Economics

Gun rights

Identity politics

Nationalism

Religion

Watchdog groups

Youth/student groups

Miscellaneous

Other
Media
Newspapers

Journals

TV channels

Websites

Other
Variants and movements
See also

Club for Growth's largest funders are billionaires Jeff Yass and Richard Uihlein.[4] The club has two political arms: Club for Growth PAC, a traditional political action committee, and Club for Growth Action, an independent-expenditure only committee or super-PAC.[5]

According to its website, the Club for Growth's policy goals include cutting income tax rates, repealing the estate tax, supporting limited government and a balanced budget amendment, entitlement reform (including Social Security reform, Medicare and Medicaid reform), free trade, tort reform, school choice, and deregulation.[6]

In 2003 through 2004, the Club for Growth was the largest single funder for Republican House and Senate candidates, outside of the Republican Party itself.[7]

The group has opposed government action to curb greenhouse gas emissions and called on President Trump to exit the Paris Climate Agreement.[8]

The Club for Growth PAC endorses and raises money for candidates who meet its standards for fiscal conservatism. According to Politico, "The Club for Growth is the pre-eminent institution promoting Republican adherence to a free-market, free-trade, anti-regulation agenda."[9]

The Guardian described the group as "one of the biggest backers" of Republicans who voted to overturn the results of the 2020 United States presidential election, having spent around $20 million on their campaigns in 2018 and 2020.[4]

History

The Club for Growth was founded in 1999 by Stephen Moore, Thomas L. Rhodes, and Richard Gilder.[10] Moore served as the first president of the Club from 1999 until December 2004, when board members voted to remove Moore as president.[11] In 2003 through 2004, the Club for Growth was the largest single fund-raiser for Republican House and Senate candidates, outside of the Republican Party itself, raising nearly $22 million.[12]

Future Pennsylvania United States Senator Pat Toomey served as president from 2005 until his resignation in April 2009. Former Indiana Congressman Chris Chocola succeeded Toomey. Chocola served as president through December 2014. He remains a member of the Club's board. Former Indiana Congressman David McIntosh was named president in January 2015.[13]

On September 19, 2005, the Federal Election Commission (FEC) filed suit against the Club for Growth alleging violations of the Federal Election Campaign Act for failing to register as a political action committee in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 congressional elections.[14] In September 2007, the Citizens Club for Growth (the Club for Growth changed its name) and the FEC agreed to settle the lawsuit.[15] According to their joint filing, Citizens Club for Growth said "that it operated under the good faith belief that it had not triggered political committee status ... [and] [f]or the purposes of this settlement, and in order to avoid protracted litigation costs, without admitting or denying each specific basis for the [FEC's] conclusions," Citizens Club for Growth no longer contested the alleged violations and agreed to pay $350,000 in civil penalties.[16]

According to the Associated Press, the settlement was one of "a series of actions by the FEC to penalize independent political groups that spent money to influence elections but did not register as political committees. The groups, called 527 organizations for the section of the IRS code ... , played a significant role in the 2004 congressional and presidential elections by raising unlimited amounts of money from labor groups, corporations and wealthy individuals."[15] On June 25, 2012, U.S. District Court Judge Robert L. Wilkins issued an order stating that the FEC "is FORMALLY REPRIMANDED as a sanction for violating explicitly clear orders" (emphasis in original text) regarding confidentiality in the 2007 settlement agreement."[17]

In 2010, the Club's political arms spent about $8.6 million directly on candidates and bundled another $6 million from Club members, directing those funds to candidates.[18] In 2012, according to OpenSecrets, Club members donated at least $4 million, and the Club's political arms spent nearly $18 million on elections.[19]

In 2013, the Club for Growth super PAC's donors included Peter Thiel, an early backer of Facebook and a co-founder of PayPal, who gave $2 million; Virginia James ($1.2 million); John W. Childs ($1.1 million), chairman and founder of the Boston-based private equity firm J.W. Childs Associates; Robert D. Arnott ($750,000), the chairman and chief executive of California-based Research Affiliates; Robert Mercer, the co-chief executive of Renaissance Technologies and part-owner of Cambridge Analytica, gave $600,000; and hedge fund manager Paul Singer gave $100,000.[20]

The Club for Growth's super PAC, which historically has been most active in Republican primary elections, spent more in general elections in the 2018 cycle than it ever had before. This trend was expected to continue into 2020.[21] Club for Growth president David McIntosh described the Club's evolution, saying "We want to be the political arm of the conservative movement—inside the Republican Party."[22]

In June 2020, The Hill wrote that the Club was "flexing its financial muscle this year, doling out millions of dollars to conservative congressional candidates and outspending most other outside groups as it looks to help the GOP keep control of the Senate and improve Republican chances in the House." The Club for Growth raised $55 million in 2020, "making 2020 its most lucrative cycle yet." The Club, which said it planned to spend at least $35 million in the 2020 election cycle, outspent most other groups not affiliated with presidential candidates.[23] According to a Guardian analysis, the organization was one of the biggest backers of the Republican lawmakers who tried to overturn the 2020 US election results. It spent $20m to support its campaigns in 2018 and 2020. One of the largest donors was Jeffrey Yass who in 2020 donated $20.7m to the Club.[24]

Mission

Founder Stephen Moore has said, "We want to be seen as the tax cut enforcer in the [Republican] party."[25] Unlike many other political action committees, the Club for Growth's PAC regularly participates in funding candidates for primary elections.[18] The Club focuses more on open seats than on challenging sitting Republicans, but it has helped to unseat a number of incumbent Republicans.[11][26] The Club for Growth has established a vetting process for potential candidates that involves one or more interviews, research on the race and the candidate's record, and a poll conducted to establish whether the candidate has a viable chance for victory.[27] Each election cycle, the Club's PAC endorses candidates and encourages donors to support the endorsed candidates.[11] Promoting a more conservative agenda, the Club is known for targeting "establishment" Republican candidates.[18]

Issue advocacy

2003

In 2003, the original Club for Growth strongly opposed the Medicare prescription drug benefit proposal.[28] The Club for Growth strongly supported the Bush tax cuts of 2003 and ran television ads against two Republicans who voiced opposition to the tax cuts. According to The New York Times, "Last spring, [Club for Growth president Steve] Moore attacked two Republican Senators who were resisting the latest tax cut: George Voinovich of Ohio and Olympia Snowe of Maine. He ran ads in each of their states in which he compared them with the French president, Jacques Chirac. Karl Rove, President Bush's political advisor, stated that the ads were "stupid" and "counterproductive".[29]

2005

In 2005, Pat Toomey became president and the Club for Growth created a congressional scorecard. The Club's first key vote alert was an amendment sponsored by a Democrat. Representative Earl Blumenauer offered an amendment to an agricultural appropriations bill that would have reduced the sugar program by 6 percent. The Club for Growth supported the amendment, which failed, 146–280.[30][31]

The Club fought to support the Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement in 2005, running print advertisements in local Beltway publications in the Washington, DC area. According to Roll Call, "Former Rep. Pat Toomey (R-Pa.), president of the Club for Growth, a CAFTA supporter, said his group continued running advertisements before the Congressional vote."[32]

The Club opposed the 2005 highway bill.[33] President Bush threatened to veto the bill but did sign it. The Christian Science Monitor quoted David Keating saying, "For fiscal conservatives, it's frustrating to watch ... He's beginning to lose all credibility with these veto threats."[34] According to The Washington Post, "The Club for Growth, a conservative group that funds like-minded candidates for Congress, has turned the highway legislation into a bumper sticker for the GOP's fiscal failings.[35]

Keating said to the Chicago Sun-Times, "It is a pork-laden bill."[36] The Christian Science Monitor reported Toomey saying,

"This is a defining moment. The Republican Party came to power in 1995 by advocating limited government. But in the last four to five years, there has been no evidence that the Republican officials in the federal government have any remaining commitment to this vital principle."[37]

During the debate on the highway bill, the Club supported an amendment by Tom Coburn that would defund the noted Gravina Island Bridge, from Ketchikan to the island in Southeast Alaska.

Following the Supreme Court's Kelo v. City of New London decision, the Club gained an appropriations amendment by Scott Garrett to prohibit funds in the bill from being used to enforce the Court's decision. The amendment passed, 231–189.[38] The Club for Growth PAC highlighted this vote when it targeted Joe Schwarz, a House Republican who it helped defeat in 2006, claiming he was too liberal.[39]

2006

In the spring of 2006, the Club opposed the 527 Reform Act, which curtailed spending by such political organizations. It led a coalition of center-right groups in sending letters to Congress to support its position.[40] The House passed the 527 Reform Act by a margin of 218–209, but the Senate did not consider the legislation.[41]

The Club for Growth supported various amendments to cut earmarks in the budget, such as "dairy education" and a "wine initiative."[42] The Club included assessment of sponsorship of the card check bill in its scorecard. If lawmakers co-sponsored the bill, they were docked points in the rating system.[43]

2007

The Club for Growth issued a new scorecard in 2007 that highlighted how House members voted on several amendments that defunded earmarks. Sixteen congressmen scored a perfect 100% on the so-called "RePORK Card", voting for all 50 anti-pork amendments. They were all Republicans. Conversely, 105 congressmen (81 Democrats and 24 Republicans) scored a 0%, voting against every single amendment. In 2007, the Club also scored against House bills that increased the minimum wage, implemented card check, and sought caps on CEO pay.[44] In the Senate, the Club scored against bills that increased the minimum wage, passage of the farm bill, and the SCHIP healthcare plan.[45]

In 2007, the Club for Growth opposed protectionist policies against China. Senators Chuck Schumer of New York and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina had proposed a bill to apply large tariffs on Chinese imports if that country did not increase the value of its currency. In response, the Club sponsored a petition of 1,028 economists who stated their opposition to protectionist policies against China. The list of economists included Nobel Laureates Finn Kydland, Edward Prescott, Thomas Schelling, and Vernon Smith. The petition played off a similar petition that was also signed by 1,028 economists in 1930 that opposed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act.[46]

2008–09

In 2008 and 2009, the Club for Growth opposed the $787 billion stimulus bill, Cash for Clunkers, cap and trade legislation, the Wall Street bailout, the auto bailout, the Affordable Care Act and the bailout of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.[47]

After Barack Obama was elected president in November 2008, Club President Pat Toomey penned an op-ed that included the results of a poll commissioned by the Club: "A poll commissioned by the Club for Growth in 12 swing congressional districts over the past weekend shows that the voters who made the difference in this election still prefer less government—lower taxes, less spending and less regulation—to Obama's economic liberalism. Turns out, Americans didn't vote for Dems because they support their redistributionist agenda, but because they are fed up with the GOPers in office. This was a classic 'throw the bums out' election, rather than an embrace of the policy views of those who will replace them."[48]

In 2009, the Club produced another "RePORK Card". This time there were 22 House members with a 100% score: 1 Democrat and 21 Republicans. At the bottom, 211 House members received a 0% score: 202 Democrats and 9 Republicans.[49]

2010

The Club for Growth launched its Repeal It! campaign in 2010 in an attempt to help build public support for undoing the Affordable Care Act. In 2010, more than 400 federal lawmakers and candidates signed the Repeal It! pledge, including more than 40 of the incoming freshman class of congressmen and senators.[50]

The Club for Growth advocated the discharge petition, a proposal that would have forced a House vote on repealing the Affordable Care Act. At the time, Keith Olbermann said: "The petition, which would need 218 signatures to force House Speaker Pelosi to put the repeal bill up for a vote, went largely ignored. As Talking Points Memo reports, on Monday it had only 30 signatures. That is until the right wing group Club For Growth e-mailed its members, explaining Mr. [Steve] King's discharge petition will be considered as a key vote on the club's annual Congressional scorecard. That scorecard is considered one of the gold standards of conservative rankings. That and the Spanish Inquisition. So by Tuesday, the petition had 22 more signatures."[51]

2011–12

The Club was involved in the debate over the debt ceiling that took place in August 2011. The Club endorsed and strongly supported "Cut Cap and Balance" and ran issue ads urging Republicans to "show some spine" on maintaining the debt ceiling.[52]

The Club opposed the re-authorization of the Export-Import Bank.[53] The Club also took a strong position against Republicans voting for tax increases during the debate over the so-called "fiscal cliff". The Club opposed the "Plan B" tax increase proposed by John Boehner and also opposed the final deal.[54]

2013

In September 2013, Club for Growth made voting on the Continuing Appropriations Resolution a key vote, announcing it track how representatives voted on the bill and make that part of their congressional scorecard.[55] The group urged representatives to vote yes, particularly with defunding ObamaCare in mind.[55]

The Club for Growth opposed the Ryan-Murray Budget deal.[56] It also opposed the 2013 farm bill, which failed for the first time in the bill's 40-year history.[57][58][59]

2014

The Club's PAC spent $3.1 million ($2.4 million on independent expenditures and $700,000 on ads) or nearly half of the $7.8 million which it spent in 2014 on Chris McDaniel's effort to defeat Thad Cochran in the United States Senate Republican primary election in Mississippi, 2014.[13]

2015

From April through June 2015, the Club for Growth spent $1 million on television ads in nine congressional districts, urging the members of Congress in those districts to oppose re-authorization of the Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im Bank). Additional advertisements were announced in two districts in Utah, but were cancelled when the members declared their opposition to the Ex-Im Bank.[60] In addition, the Club for Growth announced a key vote against re-authorization of the Ex-Im Bank.[61]

The Club for Growth produced a series of policy papers on the positions taken by major Republican presidential candidates on the government's role in economic growth. The eleven papers examined the records and remarks of the candidates on issues such as tax reform, government spending, entitlement reform, and free trade.[62] The Club concluded that Senators Ted Cruz, Rand Paul, and Marco Rubio were the most likely candidates to enact pro-growth policies if elected president.[63]

In October 2015, the Club for Growth announced a key vote against the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, saying that it would include a $1.5 trillion in the debt ceiling and a $112 billion increase in federal spending.[64]

Climate change

The Club for Growth has opposed government action to curb greenhouse gas emissions. In 2009, the Club for Growth pressured Republican politicians not to support a cap-and-trade bill, which the group viewed as being "extremely harmful to the economy."[65] In 2011, the group issued a white paper criticizing presidential candidate Mitt Romney's regulatory record as Massachusetts governor, including his support of global warming policies.[66] In 2017, the group called on President Trump to exit the Paris Agreement.[8]

Internal Revenue Service

The Club for Growth opposes efforts to fund the Internal Revenue Service. In 2021, the Club for Growth claimed that efforts to fund the IRS were intended to aggressively pursue conservatives and that it was one of the "vicious tactics of the radical socialist left".[67]

Congressional scorecard

Since 2005, the Club for Growth has produced an annual congressional scorecard. Each member of Congress receives a score on a scale of 0 to 100. The Club for Growth awards a Defender of Economic Freedom award to members of Congress who receive a 90% above on the annual scorecard and have a lifetime score of at least 90%.[68] The New York Times described the Club's release of its annual scorecard as "set upon by Republicans like the Oscar nominations list by Hollywood, with everyone dying to know who ranks where, especially in election years".[69]

The Club's 2015 congressional scorecard was based on 29 House votes and 25 Senate votes. Mike Lee was the only U.S. Senator to receive a perfect score. Ben Sasse was ranked second among U.S. Senators, followed by Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz. On the U.S. House side, John Ratcliffe, Tim Huelskamp, and Scott DesJarlais received perfect scores.[70]

The Club for Growth Foundation's 2017 Congressional Scorecard was released in February 2018. Andy Biggs, a Republican from Arizona, was the only member of the U.S. House to receive a 100% rating. A total of 29 members of the U.S. House received a score of at least 90%. In the U.S. Senate, Jeff Flake, Pat Toomey, and James Lankford scored 100%, while four other senators scored at least 90%.[71]

The Club for Growth's 2018 Congressional Scorecard awarded twenty members of the U.S. House and five U.S. Senators scores of at least 90%. Four U.S. Senators (Jeff Flake, Mike Lee, Rand Paul, and Pat Toomey) and three U.S. Representatives (Justin Amash, Andy Biggs, and Paul Gosar) received perfect scores. Susan Collins received the lowest score among Republican senators while Brian Fitzpatrick and Christopher Smith were the lowest scoring Republican members of the U.S. House.[72]

Club for Growth PAC

2004

In 2004, the Club for Growth's PAC endorsed and supported U.S. Representative Pat Toomey, who challenged incumbent Senator Arlen Specter in the Republican primary in Pennsylvania. The PAC was reported to have collected contributions totaling over $934,000 for Toomey. It also spent $1 million on its own independent television advertising campaign on Toomey's behalf.[73] Specter, who had the support of President Bush, the RNC, and Sen. Rick Santorum, defeated Toomey by a narrow margin of 51–49%. Afterward Toomey accepted the position as President of the Club for Growth, where he served until April 2009.

2006

The original Club's PAC supported the electoral bids of freshmen U.S. Congressman Adrian Smith (R-NE), Doug Lamborn[74] (R-CO), Bill Sali[75] (R-ID), and Tim Walberg[76] (R-MI), who all were elected. Congressional Quarterly wrote that Smith's views did not differ greatly from those of his primary election rivals, but the endorsement of the Club for Growth's PAC "gave him the imprimatur of the most fiscally conservative candidate, and it helped boost him to the top of the campaign fundraising competition."[77]

In the 2006 primaries, the Club's PAC recommended to its donors that they support incumbent Democratic Congressman Henry Cuellar (D-TX), the first time the Club's PAC recommended support for a Democrat. Cuellar won the primary race against former Congressman Ciro Rodriguez.[11] The Club's PAC endorsed four candidates for U.S. Senate, including Mike Bouchard in Michigan, Mike McGavick in Washington, Michael Steele in Maryland, and Stephen Laffey in Rhode Island, who did not win.[11]

Support by the Club's PAC was not a guarantee of success: its candidate Sharron Angle was defeated in the Republican primary in Nevada's 2nd congressional district, although it spent more than $1 million on her campaign.[78] The Club's PAC also supported primary campaigns of Phil Krinkie in Minnesota and Kevin Calvey in Oklahoma, who lost, as did incumbent congressman Chris Chocola in Indiana,[18] John Gard in Wisconsin, and Rick O'Donnell in Colorado.[79]

The Club's PAC supported the reelection of Steve Chabot in Ohio.

Candidate Race Primary General Outcome
Adrian Smith Nebraska's 3rd congressional district 39% 55%[80] Win
Doug Lamborn Colorado's 5th congressional district 27%[81] 59% Win
Bill Sali Idaho's 1st congressional district 26%[82] 50% Win
Tim Walberg Michigan's 7th congressional district 53%[83] 50%[83] Win
Henry Cuellar Texas's 28th congressional district 53% 68%[84] Win
Mike Bouchard United States Senate election in Michigan, 2006 60% 41%[85] Loss
Mike McGavick United States Senate election in Washington, 2006 86%[86] 40%[87] Loss
Michael Steele United States Senate election in Maryland, 2006 87%[88] 44%[89] Loss
Sharron Angle Nevada's 2nd congressional district election, 2006 35%[90] – Loss
Phil Krinkie Minnesota's 6th congressional district – Loss
Kevin Calvey Oklahoma's 5th congressional district 10%[91] – Loss
Chris Chocola Indiana's 2nd congressional district 70% 46%[92] Loss
John Gard Wisconsin's 8th congressional district Unopposed 49%[93] Loss
Rick O'Donnell Colorado's 7th congressional district Unopposed 42% Loss
Steve Chabot Ohio's 1st congressional district Unopposed 52%[94] Win
Stephen Laffey United States Senate election in Rhode Island, 2006 46% – Loss
Jon Kyl[95] United States Senate election in Arizona, 2006 Unopposed 53% Win
George Allen United States Senate election in Virginia, 2006 Unopposed 49% Loss
John B. T. Campbell III[96] California's 48th congressional district Unopposed 60% Win
Jim Jordan[97] Ohio's 4th congressional district 50% 60% Win
Ralph Norman[98] South Carolina's 5th congressional district Unopposed 43% Loss
David McSweeney[99] Illinois's 8th congressional district 43% 44% Loss

2007

The Club's PAC endorsed state senator Steve Buehrer in the special election for Ohio's 5th congressional district to replace the deceased Rep. Paul Gillmor.[100] Buehrer however was defeated by Bob Latta, the son of former Rep. Del Latta, in the Republican primary in November 2007 by a 44% to 40% margin.

The Club's PAC endorsed Paul Jost, the chairman of the Virginia chapter of the Club for Growth, in the contest to replace deceased Rep. Jo Ann Davis in Virginia's 1st congressional district.[101] In the nominating convention, Jost was defeated by state delegate Rob Wittman.

2008

In Maryland's 1st congressional district, the Club's PAC endorsed state senator Andrew P. Harris against nine term incumbent Wayne Gilchrest. In the February 12 primary, Harris surged to a strong 44% to 32% victory. Gilchrest became the second incumbent Republican to be defeated by a candidate supported by the Club. The first was Rep. Joe Schwarz in Michigan in 2006.[26] Harris was, however, unable to win the general election.

In Georgia's 10th congressional district, the Club's PAC endorsed incumbent Paul Broun who defeated state representative Barry Fleming 71% to 29% in the July 15, 2008, primary election. Broun's victory surprised many political observers.[102]

In Arizona's 5th congressional district, the Club's PAC endorsed former Maricopa County Treasurer David Schweikert, who narrowly defeated former candidate Susan Bitter-Smith by a margin of 30% to 28%; there were three other candidates.[103] He did not win the general election.

During the 2008 Republican presidential primaries, the Club's PAC was critical of Mike Huckabee, attacking him as the "tax-increasing liberal governor of Arkansas".[104] Huckabee, in turn, referred to the Club for Growth as the "Club for Greed".[105]

Candidate Race Primary General Outcome
Paul Broun[102] Georgia's 10th congressional district 71% 61% Win
Charlie Ross Mississippi's 3rd congressional district 43% - Loss
Matt Shaner Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district 17% - Loss
Harri Anne Smith Alabama's 2nd congressional district 46% - Loss
Bob Onder Missouri's 9th congressional district 29% - Loss
Sean Parnell Alaska's at-large congressional district 45% - Loss
Steve Scalise Louisiana's 1st congressional district 58% 75% Win
Woody Jenkins Louisiana's 6th congressional district 61% 46% Loss
John Shadegg Arizona's 4th congressional district Unopposed 54% Win
Scott Garrett New Jersey's 5th congressional district Unopposed 56% Win
Doug Lamborn Colorado's 5th congressional district 45% 60% Win
Michele Bachmann Minnesota's 6th congressional district 85% 46% Win
Pete Olson Texas's 22nd congressional district 69% 53% Win
Mike Coffman Colorado's 6th congressional district 40% 61% Win
Tom McClintock[106] California's 4th congressional district 53% 50% Win
Saxby Chambliss United States Senate election in Georgia, 2008 Unopposed 58% Win
John E. Sununu United States Senate election in New Hampshire, 2008 89% 43% Loss
Bob Schaffer United States Senate election in Colorado, 2008 Unopposed 43% Loss
Steve Pearce United States Senate election in New Mexico, 2008 51% 39% Loss
Andrew P. Harris[107] Maryland's 1st congressional district 43% 48% Loss
Tim Walberg[108][109] Michigan's 7th congressional district Unopposed 46% Loss
Tom Feeney Florida's 24th congressional district 76% 41% Loss
Dean Andal California's 11th congressional district Dean Andal 45% Loss
David Schweikert Arizona's 5th congressional district 30% 44% Loss
Chris Hackett Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district 51% 44% Loss
Paul Jost Virginia's 1st congressional district Loss
Steve Buehrer Ohio's 5th congressional district 40% - Loss

2009

The Club's PAC endorsed in the special election in New York's 23rd congressional district the Conservative Party of New York candidate, Doug Hoffman instead of Republican candidate Dede Scozzafava. With the Club pouring money into Hoffman's campaign, Scozzafava realized that she could not win and withdrew from the race the Sunday before the November 3 special election, endorsing the Democratic candidate Bill Owens.[110] Owens won the election in a district where portions had not had a Democratic congressman since the 19th century.[111]

2010

Of the 26 general election candidates endorsed by Club for Growth in 2010, 20 won election.[112] The following chart lists candidates endorsed by the Club:[113]

Candidate Race Primary General Outcome
David Schweikert Arizona's 5th congressional district 37% 52% Win
Tom Coburn United States Senate election in Oklahoma, 2010 90%[114] 71%[115] Win
Tom Graves Georgia's 9th congressional district 55% Unopposed Win
Mike Lee United States Senate election in Utah, 2010 51% 62% Win
Ron Johnson United States Senate election in Wisconsin, 2010 85% 52% Win
Sharron Angle United States Senate election in Nevada, 2010 40% 45% Loss
Rand Paul United States Senate election in Kentucky, 2010 59% 56% Win
Marco Rubio United States Senate election in Florida, 2010 84% 48% Win
Ken Buck United States Senate election in Colorado, 2010 52% 46% Loss
Joe Miller United States Senate election in Alaska, 2010 51% 35% Loss
Pat Toomey United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, 2010 82% 51% Win
Tim Huelskamp Kansas's 1st congressional district 34% 74% Win
Mike Pompeo Kansas's 4th congressional district 39% 59% Win
Jeff Duncan South Carolina's 3rd congressional district 51% 62% Win
Tim Scott South Carolina's 1st congressional district 68% 65% Win
Justin Amash Michigan's 3rd congressional district 40% 60% Win
Mick Mulvaney South Carolina's 5th congressional district Unopposed 55% Win
Todd Young Indiana's 9th congressional district 34% 52% Win
Stephen Fincher Tennessee's 8th congressional district 48% 59% Win
Tim Griffin Arkansas's 2nd congressional district 61% 58% Win
David Harmer California's 11th congressional district 36% 48% Loss
Jesse Kelly Arizona's 8th congressional district 48% 47% Loss
Nan Hayworth New York's 19th congressional district 69% 53% Win
Keith Rothfus Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district 66% 49% Loss
Andrew P. Harris Maryland's 1st congressional district 67% 55% Win
Jim DeMint United States Senate election in South Carolina, 2010 83% 62% Win
Doug Hoffman[116] New York's 23rd congressional district 46% Loss
Kevin Calvey[117] Oklahoma's 5th congressional district 34% - Loss
Robin Smith[118] Tennessee's 3rd congressional district 28% - Loss

2012

In 2012, the Club for Growth PAC endorsed eighteen congressional candidates, nine of whom won their elections:[119]

Candidate Race Primary General Outcome
Richard Mourdock[120] United States Senate election in Indiana, 2012 61% 44% Loss
Josh Mandel[121] United States Senate election in Ohio, 2012 63% 45% Loss
Connie Mack IV[122] United States Senate election in Florida, 2012 59% 42% Loss
Ted Cruz[123] United States Senate election in Texas, 2012 57% 56% Win
Jeff Flake[120] United States Senate election in Arizona, 2012 69% 49% Win
Thomas Massie[124] Kentucky's 4th congressional district 45% 62% Win
Steve King[125] Iowa's 4th congressional district Unopposed 52% Win
Ron DeSantis[126] Florida's 6th congressional district 38% 57% Win
Kevin Cramer[127] North Dakota's At-large congressional district 54% 54% Win
Tom Cotton[128] Arkansas's 4th congressional district 57% 59% Win
Mark Neumann[123] United States Senate election in Wisconsin, 2012 22% - Loss
Carl Wimmer[129] Utah's 4th congressional district – Loss
Don Stenberg[130] United States Senate election in Nebraska, 2012 18% - Loss
Matt Salmon[131] Arizona's 5th congressional district 51% 64% Win
Scott Keadle[132] North Carolina's 8th congressional district 36% – Loss
David M. McIntosh[133] Indiana's 5th congressional district 28% – Loss
Ron Gould Arizona's 4th congressional district 31% – Loss
Keith Rothfus[134] Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district Unopposed 52% Win

2014
Candidate Race Primary Runoff General Outcome
Justin Amash[135] Michigan's 3rd congressional district Win[136] – Win Win
Ben Sasse[135] United States Senate election in Nebraska, 2014 Win[137] – Win Win
Chris McDaniel[135] United States Senate election in Mississippi, 2014 Went to runoff election[138][139] Loss – Loss
Tom Cotton[135] United States Senate election in Arkansas, 2014 Unopposed[140] – Win Win
Bryan Smith[135] Idaho's 2nd congressional district Loss[141] – – Loss
Dan Sullivan[142] United States Senate election in Alaska, 2014 Win[143] – Win Win
John Ratcliffe[144] Texas's 4th congressional district Went to runoff election[145] Win Win Win
Chad Mathis[146] Alabama's 6th congressional district Loss[147] – – Loss
Barry Loudermilk Georgia's 11th congressional district Went to runoff election[148] Win Win Win
Bob Johnson Georgia's 1st congressional district Went to runoff election[149][150] Loss – Loss
Mike Pompeo[151] Kansas's 4th congressional district Win[152] – Win Win
Gary Palmer[153] Alabama's 6th congressional district Went to runoff election[154] Win Win Win
Marilinda Garcia[155] New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district Win[156] – Loss Loss

U.S. presidential election

With regard to the 2016 Republican presidential primary candidates, the Club for Growth was critical of Mike Huckabee, Chris Christie, John Kasich, Ben Carson, Carly Fiorina, and Donald Trump.[157][158][159][160][161] In August 2015, Club for Growth President David McIntosh said that Marco Rubio, Rand Paul, and Ted Cruz are "the real deal candidates, the gold standard of the race," and that while questions remained, Jeb Bush and Scott Walker showed some pro-growth stances.[162]

In August 2015, the Club for Growth PAC announced it would formally support presidential candidates for the first time, saying the group would bundle donations for Cruz, Rubio, Walker, Bush, and Paul. Club for Growth President David McIntosh said "Five candidates are at the forefront of the Republican presidential field on issues of economic freedom, and the Club for Growth PAC is standing with them to help them stand out from the rest."[163] In October 2015, McIntosh said Cruz and Rubio were "the gold standard" of Republican presidential candidates.[164]

The Club for Growth's Super PAC, Club for Growth Action, was particularly critical of Trump's candidacy, announcing a $1 million Iowa advertising buy against his campaign in September 2015. The Club for Growth Action was the first third-party group to spend significant sums against Donald Trump.[165] The Club for Growth announced a $1.5 million advertising buy in Florida in March 2016. The group's advertisements highlighted Trump's support for liberal policies, such as a single-payer health insurance system and tax increases.[166][167][168][169]

In March 2016, Politico reported that the Club for Growth PAC planned to deny congressional endorsements to any candidates who endorsed Donald Trump's presidential bid before the nomination was actually clinched. The Club's PAC noted that the warning did not apply to those who endorsed Trump after the May 3, 2016, Indiana primary.[170][171] Also in March 2016, the Club for Growth PAC endorsed Ted Cruz for president. The Club for Growth PAC had never previously endorsed in a presidential race. According to Club for Growth head David McIntosh, "This year is different because there is a vast gulf between the two leading Republican candidates on matters of economic liberty. Their records make clear that Ted Cruz is a consistent conservative who will fight to shrink the federal footprint, while Donald Trump would seek to remake government in his desired image."[172]

U.S. congressional elections

In North Carolina's 2nd congressional district, Club for Growth Action opposed incumbent Renee Ellmers without endorsing a specific candidate. She was defeated in the primary.[173]

Candidate Race Primary Primary runoff General General runoff Outcome
Ron Johnson[174] United States Senate election in Wisconsin, 2016 Win — Win — Win
Mike Lee[174] United States Senate election in Utah, 2016 Win — Win — Win
Rand Paul United States Senate election in Kentucky, 2016 Win — Win — Win
Tim Scott[174] United States Senate election in South Carolina, 2016 Win — Win — Win
Pat Toomey[174] United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, 2016 Win — Win — Win
Marco Rubio United States Senate election in Florida, 2016 Win — Win — Win
Ron DeSantis Florida's 6th congressional district Win — Win — Win
Marlin Stutzman[175] United States Senate election in Indiana, 2016 Loss[176] — — — Loss
Warren Davidson[177] Ohio's 8th congressional district Win[178] — Win[179] — Win
Jim Banks[180] Indiana's 3rd congressional district Win[181] — Win — Win
Kyle McCarter[182] Illinois's 15th congressional district Loss[183] — — — Loss
Mary Thomas[184] Florida's 2nd congressional district Loss — — — Loss
John Fleming[185] United States Senate election in Louisiana, 2016 Loss — — — Loss
Mike Crane[186] Georgia's 3rd congressional district Went to runoff election[187] Loss — — Loss
Ted Budd[188] North Carolina's 13th congressional district Win[189] — Win — Win
Rod Blum Iowa's 1st congressional district Win — Win — Win
Scott Garrett New Jersey's 5th congressional district Win — Loss — Loss
Tim Huelskamp Kansas's 1st congressional district Loss — — — Loss
Andy Biggs[190] Arizona's 5th congressional district Win — Win — Win
Paul Gosar[191] Arizona's 4th congressional district Win — Win — Win
Mike Johnson[192] Louisiana's 4th congressional district — — Went to runoff Win Win

2017

The Club for Growth endorsed Bob Gray to represent Tom Price's district after he left to lead the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The group reportedly also bought $250,000 of airtime on Atlanta cable against early Republican front-runner Karen Handel.[193][194] The special election took place on April 18, 2017, with Republican Karen Handel defeating Gray and winning a run-off election on June 20, 2017, against Democrat Jon Ossoff.

The organization endorsed Ralph Norman in the Republican primary to replace Mick Mulvaney in South Carolina's 5th congressional district. Norman won the primary and went on to defeat Archie Parnell in the general election.[195] The organization also endorsed Christopher Herrod's candidacy in the special election to replace Jason Chaffetz.[196]

2018

The Club for Growth PAC endorsed Ohio State Treasurer Josh Mandel in his bid to unseat incumbent Democratic Senator Sherrod Brown in the 2018 United States Senate election in Ohio. Mandel dropped out of the race in January 2018.[197]

Candidate Race Primary Primary runoff General
Matt Rosendale[198] United States Senate election in Montana, 2018 Win — Loss
Van Taylor[199] Texas's 3rd congressional district Win — Win
Kevin Nicholson[200] United States Senate election in Wisconsin, 2018 Loss — —
Marsha Blackburn United States Senate election in Tennessee, 2018 Win — Win
Mark Green Tennessee's 7th congressional district Uncontested — Win
Josh Hawley United States Senate election in Missouri, 2018 Win — Win
Denver Riggleman Virginia's 5th congressional district Win — Win
Russ Fulcher[201] Idaho's 1st congressional district Win — Win
Chip Roy Texas's 21st congressional district Went to runoff election Win Win
Rick Saccone Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district Win — Loss
Dino Rossi Washington's 8th congressional district Win — Loss
Ron Wright Texas's 6th congressional district Went to runoff election Win Win
Andy Coleman Oklahoma's 1st congressional district Loss — —
Mark Harris North Carolina's 9th congressional district Win — New election called (see 2019 North Carolina's 9th congressional district special election)
Michael Cloud Texas's 27th congressional district Went to runoff election Win Win
Scott Perry Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district Uncontested — Win
Ted Budd North Carolina's 13th congressional district Uncontested — Win
Bunni Pounds Texas's 5th congressional district Went to runoff election Loss —
Greg Steube Florida's 17th congressional district Win — Win
Josh Kimbrell South Carolina's 4th congressional district Loss — —
Lee Bright South Carolina's 4th congressional district Went to runoff election Loss —
Ted Cruz United States Senate election in Texas, 2018 Win — Win
Rick Scott United States Senate election in Florida, 2018 Win — Win
Dave Brat Virginia's 7th congressional district Win — Loss
Ross Spano Florida's 15th congressional district Win — Win
Steve Chabot Ohio's 1st congressional district Win — Win

2019

In the 2019 special election in North Carolina's 9th congressional district, the Club for Growth endorsed state senator Dan Bishop in the 10-candidate Republican primary field.[202] Bishop advanced from the primary and defeated Democrat Dan McCready in the general special election on September 10, 2019.[203]

In the 2019 special election in Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district, the Club for Growth endorsed Fred Keller, who advanced to the general election.[204] Keller won the general special election held on May 21, 2019.[205]

In the 2019 special election in North Carolina's 3rd congressional district, the Club for Growth endorsed Celeste Cairns in the 17-person Republican primary field. Cairns did not advance to the run-off primary.[206]

2020

Club for Growth supported the re-election campaign of President Donald Trump.[207]

Candidate Race Primary Primary runoff General
Ben Sasse[208] 2020 United States Senate election in Nebraska Win — Win
Chip Roy[208] Texas's 21st congressional district Uncontested — Win
Scott Perry[208] Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district Uncontested — Win
Ted Budd[208] North Carolina's 13th congressional district Uncontested — Win
Steve Chabot[208] Ohio's 1st congressional district Uncontested — Win
David Schweikert[208] Arizona's 6th congressional district Uncontested — Win
Matt Rosendale[209] Montana's at-large congressional district Win — Win
Bill Hightower[210] Alabama's 1st congressional district Advanced to runoff Loss —
Nancy Mace[211] South Carolina's 1st congressional district Win — Win
Nick Freitas[212] Virginia's 7th congressional district Win — Loss
Eric Brakey[213] Maine's 2nd congressional district Loss — —
Jeanne Ives[214] Illinois's 6th congressional district Win — Loss
Cynthia Lummis[215] 2020 United States Senate election in Wyoming Win — Win
Chris Ekstrom[216] Texas's 13th congressional district Loss — —
Thomas Massie Kentucky's 4th congressional district Win — Win
Chris Putnam[217] Texas's 12th congressional district Loss — —
Tom Tiffany[218] Wisconsin's 7th congressional district Win — Win
Rich McCormick[219] Georgia's 7th congressional district Win — Loss
Tommy Tuberville[220] 2020 United States Senate election in Alabama Advanced to runoff Win Win
Barry Moore Alabama's 2nd congressional district Advanced to runoff Win Win
Victoria Spartz Indiana's 5th congressional district Win — Win
Steve Daines[221] 2020 United States Senate election in Montana Win — Win
Mike Garcia California's 25th congressional district Win — Win
Matt Gurtler[222] Georgia's 9th congressional district Advanced to runoff Loss —
Ronny Jackson[223] Texas's 13th congressional district Advanced to runoff Win Win
Shane Hernandez Michigan's 10th congressional district Loss — —
Ross Spano Florida's 15th congressional district Loss — —
Byron Donalds[224] Florida's 19th congressional district Win — Win
Timothy Hill[225] Tennessee's 1st congressional district Loss — —

2023

The 2023 closed-donor event was attended by presidential hopeful Ron DeSantis, and held the same weekend as the annual CPAC conference, which headlined Donald Trump. Nikki Haley and Vivek Ramaswamy planned to attend both.[226]

References
  1. Organizational Profile Archived February 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute).
  2. Kacich, Tom (February 11, 2016). UPDATED: Coming to a TV near you: Congressional attack ads. The News-Gazette. Retrieved: February 18, 2016.
  3. Drew, Elizabeth (March 21, 2013). "Are the Republicans Beyond Saving?". New York Review of Books. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  4. Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (January 15, 2021). "Billionaires backed Republicans who sought to reverse US election results". The Guardian.
  5. Marcus, Rachael (May 19, 2014). "Nonprofit profile: Club for Growth Inc". Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  6. "About". Club for Growth.
  7. "Stephen Moore". CNBC.
  8. Savransky, Rebecca (May 9, 2017). "Club for Growth calling on Trump to exit Paris climate deal". TheHill. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  9. Burns, Alexander; Palmer, Anna (April 7, 2014). "Inside the Club for Growth's art of war". Politico. p. 1. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
  10. Zuylen-Wood, Simon Van. "Can the Club for Growth Survive Donald Trump?". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  11. O'Connor, Patrick. "Conservative unrest fuels Club fundraising: Toomey". The Hill. Retrieved April 3, 2006.
  12. "Stephen Moore". CNBC.
  13. John Sugden (December 16, 2014). "Club for Growth Names New President After Lackluster Returns in '14". OpenSecrets . Retrieved December 19, 2014.
  14. "Club for Growth Suit". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  15. AP, "Citizens Club for Growth to pay fine", USA Today, September 5, 2007.
  16. "United States District Court for the District of Columbia: Stipulation for Entry of Consent Judgment" (PDF). September 5, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
  17. "United States District Court for the District of Columbia: Civl No. 05-1851". June 25, 2012.
  18. Lengell, Sean. "Club for Growth targeting 'establishment' GOP candidates". The Washington Times. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  19. "Organization Profiles: Club for Growth". OpenSecrets.
  20. Yang, Jia Lynn (October 11, 2013). "Here's who pays the bills for Ted Cruz's crusade". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 20, 2019
  21. Pathé, Simone (March 7, 2019). "It's no longer all about Republican primaries for the Club for Growth". Roll Call. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  22. Lewis, Matt (March 8, 2019). "The Club for Growth, Once a Sometimes Thorn in GOP's Side, Joins the Party—and Team Trump". Daily Beast. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  23. Axelrod, Tal (June 25, 2020). "Club for Growth unleashes financial juggernaut for 2020 races". The Hill. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  24. "Billionaires backed Republicans who sought to reverse US election results". The Guardian. January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  25. Running on empty: how the Democratic and Republican Parties are bankrupting our future By Peter G. Peterson.
  26. Catanese, David (May 10, 2010). "How Bennett got Clubbed". Politico. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  27. Heller, Marc (April 24, 2010). "Club for Growth on fence". Watertown Daily Times. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
  28. "Medicare reform The biggest turkey of all?". The Economist. November 27, 2003. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  29. Bai, Matt (August 10, 2003). "Fight Club". The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  30. "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 234". House of Representatives. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  31. "CLUB ANNOUNCES NEW CONGRESSIONAL SCORECARD". Archived from the original on July 5, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  32. Ackley, Kate (July 25, 2005). "CAFTA Vote Is Emerging As a Major Litmus Test". Roll Call. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  33. "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 453". House of Representatives. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  34. Burke, Josh (August 16, 2005). "Bush makes history – a five-year streak without saying 'no'". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  35. Murray, Shailagh (November 5, 2005). "Some in GOP Regretting Pork-Stuffed Highway Bill". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  36. Sweet, Lynn (August 10, 2005). "Museum gets a plum from Congress". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on September 8, 2005. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  37. Russell Chaddock, Gail (October 24, 2005). "Budget debate now a fight for soul of GOP". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  38. "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 350". House of Representatives. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  39. O'Connor, Patrick (March 21, 2006). "Main Street gears up to defend its own". The Hill. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  40. Toomey, Patrick (April 5, 2006). "527 'Reform' Bill Goes Too Far". Human Events. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  41. "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 88". House of Representatives. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  42. "The 2006 Congressional Scorecard – House". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on November 24, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  43. "Card Check is an Abomination". Club for Growth. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  44. "The Club's 2007 Congressional Scorecard". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  45. "2007 Senate Scorecard". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  46. "Who Wants to Return to President Hoover's Import Export Trade Policies?". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  47. "Reaction to Bush's decision on auto bailout". Associated Press. December 19, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  48. Toomey, Patrick (November 6, 2008). "Swing Voters Don't Want Big Government". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  49. "The 2009 Club for Growth RePORK Card: Full Report". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  50. "Year After Launching Pledge, Club for Growth Calls on House to Repeal It!". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  51. "Countdown with Keith Olbermann' for Thursday, July 1, 2010". MSNBC. July 20, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  52. "Club For Growth Ad Tells GOP to "Show Some Spine"". Real Clear Politics. July 11, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  53. Wasson, Erik (May 7, 2012). "Conservative groups to punish members voting for Cantor's Export-Import bill". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  54. O'Keefe, Ed; Helderman, Rosalind (December 19, 2012). "Club for Growth comes out against 'Plan B'". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  55. Roth, Andrew. "Key Vote Alert – "YES" on FY14 Continuing Resolution (H.J.Res 59)". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
  56. Sullivan, Sean (December 11, 2013). "Conservatives slam Ryan-Murray budget deal". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  57. Dumain, Emma; Dennis, Steven (June 6, 2013). "Farm Bill's Failure Poisons Well in House". Roll Call. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  58. Dumain, Emma (July 1, 2013). "Farm Bill Split Won't Appease Club for Growth". Roll Call. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  59. Abbott, Charles (June 20, 2013). "U.S. House deals shock defeat to Republican farm bill". Reuters. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  60. Min Kim, Seung (June 11, 2015). "Club for Growth adds 2 more targets". Politico. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  61. Needham, Vicki (October 23, 2015). "Club for Growth key-votes Export-Import Bank vote". The Hill. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  62. "2016 Presidential White Paper Series". Club for Growth. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  63. Bordelon, Brandon (April 16, 2015). "Cruz, Paul, and Rubio Get Qualified Thumbs-Up from Club for Growth". National Review. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  64. Roth, Andrew (October 28, 2015). "Key Vote Alert – "NO" on the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 (HR 1314)". Club for Growth. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  65. "Across the Board, GOP Senate Candidates Shy Away From Cap and Trade - NYTimes.com". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  66. "Romney draws early fire from conservatives over views on climate change". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  67. Rappeport, Alan (July 23, 2021). "For Republicans, Deep Wounds Fuel Resistance to Bolstering the I.R.S." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
  68. "Rep. Broun receives Defender of Economic Freedom award". Lincoln Journal. May 3, 2012. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  69. Steinhauer, Jennifer (March 1, 2012). "A Conservative Leader Was Less So in Congress". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  70. Reid, Jon (April 29, 2015). "Club for Growth Releases 2015 Congressional Scorecard". Morning Consult. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  71. Persons, Sally (February 22, 2018). "Rep. Andy Biggs, lone House member, gets top score on Club for Growth's annual economic scorecard". The Washington Times. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  72. "Congressional Scorecards". Club for Growth. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  73. Fitzgerald, Thomas (October 22, 2010). "Club for Growth Spends $1m for Toomey". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  74. Roth, Andrew. "Club for Growth PAC Endorses Doug Lamborn in CO-05". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  75. Roth, Andrew. "Bill Sali and the Minimum Wage". 1-1-2007. Club for Growth. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013.
  76. Newlin Carney, Eliza (November 21, 2011). "Tim Walberg Back in His 'Sweet Spot'". Roll Call. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  77. Levinson, Nathan. "Anti-Tax Message Helps Push Smith to Primary Win". Congressional Quarterly. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  78. Vogel, Ed (August 12, 2006). "Angle catches Heller Legislative veteran closes former big gap". Las Vegas Review Journal. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  79. DeGette, Cara. "Club for Growth Revives Lamborn Cash Quest". Colorado Independent. Retrieved October 18, 2006.
  80. "Rep. Adrian Smith (R)". National Journal Almanac. National Journal. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  81. "Primary Elections (August 2006)". Colorado Cumulative Report: Official Results: Primary Election. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006.
  82. Ben Ysursa, Secretary of State (May 23, 2006). "Idaho Secretary of State – Elections, Campaign Disclosure and Lobbyists". Archived from the original on August 17, 2007. Retrieved July 16, 2007.
  83. "2006 Official Michigan Primary Election Results – 7th District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Michigan Department of State. September 11, 2006. Archived from the original on June 29, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  84. "Election Results – District 28 in Texas". The Political Guide. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  85. Land, Terri Lynn (May 10, 2007). "Official Michigan General Election Results – United States Senator 6 Year Term (1) Position". Michigan Department of State. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014.
  86. "2006 Primary Election Results". Washington Secretary of State. October 3, 2006. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2006.
  87. "2006 General Election Results". Washington Secretary of State. Archived from the original on December 1, 2006. Retrieved November 17, 2006.
  88. "Official 2006 Gubernatorial Primary Election results for U.S. Senator". Maryland State Board of Elections. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  89. "Official 2006 Gubernatorial General Election results for U.S. Senator". Maryland State Board of Elections. December 19, 2006. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  90. "secretaryofstate.biz - This website is for sale! - nevada secretary state corp corporate business database information election securities Resources and Information". www.secretaryofstate.biz. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  91. "Primary Election". ok.gov. Oklahoma State Election Board. July 26, 2006. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  92. "U.S. House of Representatives/Indiana 02". America Votes 2006. CNN. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  93. "U.S. House of Representatives/Wisconsin 08". America Votes 2006. CNN. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  94. "OH – District 01 Race – Nov 07, 2006". Our Campaigns. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  95. "Jon Kyl's Special Interest Group Ratings". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  96. "Club Standards". National Review. August 23, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  97. Cilizza, Chris (May 24, 2006). "Club For Growth Chalks Up More Wins". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  98. Weigel, David (December 2006). "Insurgent Republicans". Reason Magazine. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  99. "Club for Growth Endorses Four More Candidates". CNN. September 28, 2006. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  100. Stacy, Dave (October 5, 2007). "OH-5: Club For Growth Drops $75k for Buehrer". Cleveland Plain-Dealer. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  101. "Club for Growth PAC Endorses Paul Jost in VA-1". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  102. "House Incumbents Easily Hold That Line in Georgia Primaries". CQ Politics. July 16, 2008. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  103. "Arizona Delegates Watch From Afar as Front-Runners Win Close Primaries". CQ Politics. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  104. "Huckabee foes open their wallets for attack ads". Los Angeles Times. January 1, 2008. Archived from the original on January 13, 2008.
  105. "Huckabee?". The New Yorker. November 26, 2007.
  106. Meredith Turney (November 21, 2008). "Tom McClintock Wins 4th CD Race". FlashReport. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  107. Michael Teitelbaum (November 11, 2008). "GOP Concession in Maryland Race Boosts Dems' House Gain to 20". Congressional Quarterly. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  108. "Joe Schwarz Endorses Mark Schauer". Walberg Watch. September 30, 2008. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  109. "Schwarz endorses Democrat in Michigan congressional race". Mlive.com. Associated Press. September 30, 2008. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  110. "Political eyes on Republican Scozzafava after conservatives urge her to quit". The Washington Post. November 10, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  111. Peters, Jeremy W. (November 4, 2009). "Conservative Loses Upstate House Race in Blow to Right". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  112. "CFG PAC Endorsed Candidates". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  113. Connolly, Michael. "Club for Growth PAC Endorses David Schweikert in AZ-05". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  114. "Oklahoma Primary Results". Politico. July 27, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
  115. "SUMMARY RESULTS: General Election -- November 2, 2010".
  116. "NY-23: Club Endorses Hoffman (C)". RealClearPolitics. September 28, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  117. Casteel, Chris (August 19, 2010). "D.C. Club for Growth airs ad for Oklahoma's Kevin Calvey in congressional race". The Oklahoman. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  118. Humphrey, Tom (February 10, 2010). "Club for Growth Endorses Robin Smith in 3rd District". News Sentinel. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  119. Carter, Zach (November 12, 2012). "Club For Growth In 2012 Bests Conservative Groups In Candidate Picks, Richard Mourdock Aside". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  120. Sobel, Julie (October 2, 2012). "Club for Growth Spending To Save Mourdock, Flake". National Journal. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  121. Koff, Stephen (June 28, 2011). "Josh Mandel gets another national endorsement for U.S. Senate". Plain Dealer. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  122. Powers, Scott (August 22, 2012). "Club For Growth endorses Connie Mack in senate race". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  123. Hughes, Siobhan (August 1, 2012). "Club for Growth Scores Another Win". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  124. "Club for Growth PAC Congratulates Thomas Massie". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  125. "Club for Growth PAC Congratulates Steve King". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  126. Derby, Kevin (June 26, 2012). "Club for Growth: 'Ron DeSantis is principled conservative America desperately needs'". Sunshine State News. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  127. "Club for Growth PAC Endorses Kevin Cramer In ND-AL". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  128. Joseph, Cameron (May 22, 2012). "Club for Growth favorite leads in Arkansas". The Hill. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  129. Trygstad, Carl (December 1, 2011). "Club for Growth Endorses Wimmer in New Utah District". Roll Call. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  130. Sullivan, Sean. "Club for Growth Endorses Stenberg". National Journal. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  131. Livingston, Abby (December 1, 2011). "Club for Growth Backs Matt Salmon for Congress". Roll Call. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  132. Ordonez, Franco (May 26, 2012). "Scott Keadle boosted by power-wielding conservative group". The Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  133. "Club for Growth PAC Endorses David McIntosh for Congress". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  134. "Club for Growth PAC Endorses Keith Rothfus for U.S. Congress". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  135. "PAC Candidates". Club for Growth. Archived from the original on February 8, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  136. "Michigan–Summary Vote Results". Associated Press. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  137. Sullivan, Sean (May 13, 2014). "Tea-party-backed Ben Sasse wins Nebraska primary for U.S. Senate". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
  138. Burns, Alexander (June 4, 2014). "Thad Cochran, Chris McDaniel barrel toward runoff". Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  139. Walshe, Shussanah (June 24, 2014). "Six-Term Incumbent Sen. Thad Cochran Beats Tea Party Challenger, Chris McDaniel". ABC News. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  140. Cahn, Emily (May 20, 2014). "Arkansas Primary Results: French Hill, Bruce Westerman Win GOP Primaries". Roll Call. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  141. Parti, Tarini (May 21, 2014). "Idaho's Mike Simpson beats Club for Growth-backed Bryan Smith". Politico. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  142. Joseph, Cameron. "Club for Growth picks Sullivan for Alaska Senate". The Hill. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  143. "2014 U.S. Senate Results". Election Central. Politico. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  144. O'Keefe, Ed (March 25, 2014). "Ralph Hall challenger John Ratcliffe picks up endorsements from Club for Growth, Madison Project". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  145. "Texas – Summary Vote Results". Associated Press. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
  146. Stinson, Jim (May 1, 2014). "Club for Growth endorses Chad Mathis in GOP primary for Congressional District 6". AL.com. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
  147. "Election Results". Politico. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  148. "Election Results". Associated Press. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  149. "Georgia Election Results". Associated Press. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  150. Howard, Marcus (July 22, 2014). "Buddy Carter wins 1st Congressional District Republican runoff". Savannah Morning News. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  151. Seitz, Blake (May 20, 2014). "Former Rep. Todd Tiahrt sets off GOP primary fight in Kansas with challenge to Mike Pompeo". Washington Examiner. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
  152. "Kansas–Summary Vote Results". Associated Press. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  153. Underwood, Madison (June 11, 2014). "Club for Growth endorses Gary Palmer in 6th District runoff". AL.com. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  154. Cahn, Emily (July 15, 2014). "Alabama Runoff Results: Gary Palmer Wins Republican Nomination". Roll Call. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  155. Livingston, Abby (June 20, 2014). "Club for Growth Backs New Hampshire House Candidate". Roll Call. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  156. "Primary 2014: Wins In Hand For Brown, Havenstein, Garcia, Guinta". New Hampshire Public Radio. September 9, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  157. Lovelace, Ryan (November 19, 2015). "Club for Growth hits Fiorina on 'concerning level of inconsistencies'". Washington Examiner. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  158. Camia, Catalina (May 5, 2015). "Club for Growth hits Mike Huckabee on taxes in new ad". USA Today. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  159. Kapur, Sahil (June 17, 2015). "Donald Trump: Club For Growth Is Attacking Me After Seeking $1 Million Donation". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  160. Reinhard, Beth (June 12, 2015). "Jeb Bush Faulted Over Use of Florida Tax Money". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  161. Easley, Jonathan (October 23, 2015). "Club for Growth claims credit as Trump drops in Iowa". The Hill. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  162. McIntosh, David (August 5, 2015). "Rating GOP's pro-growth contenders: Club for Growth". USA Today. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  163. O'Connor, Patrick (August 10, 2015). "Club for Growth PAC Blesses Five GOP Candidates". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  164. Kaczynski, Andrew (October 29, 2015). "Club for Growth PAC Blesses Five GOP Candidates". BuzzFeed. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  165. Epstein, Reid (March 2, 2016). "Super PACS Launch Anti-Trump Ads in Florida, Illinois and Michigan". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  166. Rappeport, Alan (September 22, 2015). "Donald Trump Threatens to Sue Club for Growth Over Ad Campaign". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  167. Confessore, Nicholas; Rappeport, Alan (September 15, 2015). "Donald Trump Is Target of Conservative Ad Campaign". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  168. Schouten, Fredreka (September 15, 2015). "Club for Growth launches ad campaign against Donald Trump in Iowa". USA Today. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  169. Adler, Jonathan (September 25, 2015). "Donald Trump v. Club for Growth". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  170. Everett, Burgess (March 1, 2016). "Club for Growth warns against Trump endorsements". Politico. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  171. Everett, Burgess (May 4, 2016). "Club for Growth backs off Trump threat". Politico. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  172. Goldmacher, Shane (March 23, 2016). "Club for Growth endorses Ted Cruz". Politico. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  173. Hudnall, David (February 9, 2016). "Weird Club for Growth Attack Ad Hits Renee Ellmers for Supporting Big Sheep". Indy Week. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
  174. Cahn, Emily (November 12, 2014). "Club for Growth Endorses 6 Senators for 2016". Roll Call. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  175. Groppe, Maureen (August 5, 2015). "Club for Growth endorses Stutzman for U.S. Senate". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  176. Groppe, Maureen (May 4, 2016). "Young wins GOP Senate primary over Stutzman". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  177. "PAC endorses Davidson for 8th Congressional District". The Journal-News. January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  178. Peterson, Kristina; O'Connor, Patrick (March 16, 2016). "Warren Davidson Wins Ohio Republican Primary for John Boehner's Seat". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  179. "Warren Davidson wins race to replace John Boehner". Dayton Daily News. June 7, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
  180. Clifton, Grant (September 18, 2015). "Club for Growth endorses Jim Banks for congress". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  181. Wittmeyer, Sara (May 3, 2016). "Jim Banks Secures GOP Nomination In U.S. 3rd District". Indiana Public Media. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  182. Yokley, Eli (January 6, 2015). "Club for Growth Makes Shimkus Second GOP Target". Roll Call. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  183. "Congressman Shimkus Has Easy Primary Win Over Kyle McCarter". WJDB. March 16, 2016. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  184. Schneider, Elena (January 29, 2016). "IOWA COUNTDOWN ... THREE days". Politico. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  185. Boyd, Kevin (April 19, 2016). "John Fleming Lands Major Conservative Endorsement In The U.S. Senate Race". The Hayride. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  186. Bluestein, Greg (April 22, 2016). "Top Georgia Democrat: 2017 will be the start of a Medicaid expansion". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  187. Gould Sheinin, Aaron; Hallerman, Tamar (May 24, 2016). "Crane, Ferguson head into GOP runoff to fill Lynn Westmoreland's seat". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  188. Wireback, Taft (May 19, 2016). "Political neophyte draws big-dollar support in District 13 House race". Winston-Salem Journal. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  189. Valencia, Jorge (June 7, 2016). "First-Time Candidate Ted Budd Takes 13th District GOP Nomination". WUNC. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
  190. Sachtleben, Doug (July 13, 2016). "Club for Growth PAC Endorses Andy Biggs (AZ-05)". Club for Growth. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  191. Bade, Rachael (August 26, 2016). "Establishment frets: Freedom Caucus and Club for Growth in cahoots". Politico. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  192. Hilburn, Greg (October 4, 2016). "1 Club for Growth, Webster Republicans endorse Johnson". The News-Star. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
  193. "Club for Growth to Air TV Ad Against Handel in Georgia Special". Roll Call. March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
  194. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: club4growth (March 28, 2017), "Trees" GA-06, retrieved March 28, 2017
  195. Pathé, Simone (May 10, 2017). "Club for Growth Steps Into South Carolina GOP Primary". Roll Call. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  196. Super PAC jumps into the 3rd CD Republican Primary, Bryan (July 24, 2017). "Super PAC jumps into the 3rd CD Republican Primary". Utah Policy. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
  197. Yokley, Eli (December 21, 2016). "Club for Growth Backs Josh Mandel for 2018 Ohio Senate Race". Morning Consult. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  198. Pathé, Simone (July 31, 2017). "Republican Matt Rosendale Challenging Montana's Jon Tester". Roll Call. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
  199. Svitek, Patrick (August 23, 2017). "GOP state Sen. Van Taylor of Plano makes congressional run official". Texas Tribune. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  200. Bowden, John (August 15, 2017). "Club for Growth endorses Nicholson in Wisconsin GOP primary". The Hill. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  201. "Club for Growth endorses Fulcher in Idaho congressional race". Seattle Times. Associated Press. November 27, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  202. Morrill, Jim (April 21, 2019). "Bishop wins endorsement that could mean more outside money in the 9th District primary". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  203. Morrill, Jim (May 14, 2019). "Republican Dan Bishop wins NC District 9 GOP primary to face Democrat Dan McCready". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  204. Mutnik, Ally (April 11, 2019). "Club for Growth PAC Endorses Fred Keller". National Journal. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  205. Beague, John (June 1, 2019). "Pennsylvania Real-Time News Fred Keller to become 12th District's congressman Monday, replacing Tom Marino". Penn Live. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  206. Pathe, Simone (April 17, 2019). "Club for Growth backs a woman in 17-person North Carolina primary". Roll Call. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  207. "Club for Growth takes aim at impeachment backers Cheney, Anthony Gonzalez". POLITICO.
  208. Pathé, Simone (March 7, 2019). "It's no longer all about Republican primaries for the Club for Growth". Roll Call. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  209. Brufke, Juliegrace (June 17, 2019). "Republican who lost Montana Senate bid to run for House next year". The Hill. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  210. Moseley, Brandon (August 6, 2019). "Elections Club for Growth PAC Endorses Bill Hightower". Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  211. "South Carolina First District Race: Nancy Mace Gets National Endorsement". FIT News. November 4, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  212. Portnoy, Jenna (December 2, 2019). "Va. Del. Nicholas J. Freitas joins Republican race to challenge U.S. Rep. Abigail Spanberger". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
  213. Burns, Christopher (September 17, 2019). "Eric Brakey officially announces 2020 bid for Maine's 2nd District seat". WGME. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  214. Kapos, Shia; Hurst, Adrienne (December 17, 2019). "Illinois Playbook". Politico. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  215. Reynolds, Nick (January 17, 2020). "Flirting with a Senate run, Foster Friess to kick off 'listening tour' of Wyoming". Casper Star Tribune. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  216. Warren, Thomas (January 13, 2020). "Club For Growth Endorses Ekstrom for Congress". Amarillo Pioneer. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  217. Isenstadt, Alex (January 23, 2020). "Club for Growth works to defeat House GOP incumbent". Politico. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  218. Kowles, Naomi (February 6, 2020). "Outside spending, campaign fundraising narrowly separates GOP 7th Congressional candidates". WSAW. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  219. Galloway, Jim (February 25, 2020). "The Jolt: The Kelly Loeffler-Doug Collins fight is dialed up to 11". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  220. Arkin, James (March 16, 2020). "endorses Tuberville in Alabama". Politico. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  221. Montellaro, Zach (April 8, 2020). "Milwaukee's long lines could be a warning ahead of November". Politico. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  222. "Political Insider". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. April 20, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  223. Svitek, Patrick (May 25, 2020). "Influential conservative group endorses Ronny Jackson over Josh Winegarner in runoff for U.S. Rep. Mac Thornberry's seat". Texas Tribune. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  224. Ogles, Jacob (June 10, 2020). "Club For Growth backs Byron Donalds in CD 19". Florida Politics. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  225. "Club for Growth endorses Timothy Hill for Congress". WJHL. July 7, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  226. Jedeed, Laura; Otten, Tori; Otten, Tori; Jedeed, Laura; Jedeed, Laura; Strauss, Daniel; Strauss, Daniel; Jedeed, Laura; Jedeed, Laura (March 4, 2023). "The Sad, Desolate Scenes of CPAC 2023". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved March 5, 2023.

38°54′14.8″N 77°2′42.9″W

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.