The Deemster

Early in his career, Hall Caine was acting as literary secretary to Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and it was he who suggested that he write a novel set on the Isle of Man.[1] However, it was not for another five years that Caine began to work on The Deemster. Having conceived of the plot outline, Caine wrote to Hugh Stowell Brown and then his brother, T. E. Brown, to get their opinions. On 3 October 1886 Caine wrote to the Manx poet:

I remember that your brother Hugh did something to dissuade me from tackling Manxland in any sort of work. He did not think the readers of novels would find the island at all interesting, and he was sure that the local atmosphere was not such as would attract them. I thought over this a good deal, and decided, I must say, against your brother's judgment. [...] In the first place, the island has excellent atmosphere. It has the sea, a fine coast on the west, fine moorland above; it has traditions, folk-talk, folk-lore, a ballad literature, and no end of superstition – and all these are very much its own.[2]

Brown's response on 14 October was blunt on the question of the novel's setting:

It could not possibly be placed in the Isle of Man, [...] the stage is inadequate for your romance; [...] [Your story] is strong and vital; but the Isle of Man sinks beneath it. [...] And as for an epic – just write the words, 'A Manx Epic' and behold the totally impossible at once![3]

Caine ignored their advice but did adapt the plot and characters to some of T.E. Brown's suggestions. He also sought the advice of two other Manxmen, A.W. Moore and Sir James Gell, particularly on the legal background of the novel.[4] Having assembled his materials, Caine wrote the novel at his house in Bexley in the space of only seven months,[4] a feat made possible by his recycling material from his 1885 novella, She's All The World To Me, in particular the central scene of Ewan's body floating back to shore.[5] Caine visited the Isle of Man for a week in August to check the locations of some scenes in the novel and by September the novel was ready to go to the publisher. In financial need, Caine sold the copyright to Chatto & Windus for £150, signing the contract on 27 September 1887.[5] Unfortunately for Caine, the terms of the contract meant that he did not gain the wealth of royalties when the book became a best-seller upon its release in November. Indeed, in 1921 when Caine wanted to release his Collected Works through a different publisher, he would have to pay £350 to Chatto & Windus for the rights to The Deemster.[6]

Between May and November 1887 the novel was serialised weekly in the Dundee Evening Telegraph as The Doomster or Cut off from the people and in the Sheffield Weekly Telegraph as The Deemster: A Romance of the Purple Island. The novel became an enormous success upon its release in November 1887, so much so that Punch Magazine was soon to dub it "The Boomster".[5] There were to be more than 50 editions of the book in English, as well as translations into French, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Russian, Spanish, Finnish and Czech.[5]

The book was well received in the press, being praised for attributes such as its "childlike purity, in its passionate simplicity".[3] Upon Caine's first visit to America in 1895, the American press commented on the novel that "By its setting in the Isle of Man it opened up a new domain in literature as surely as Scott, Dickens and Thackeray had in their day."[12]

After an initial period of apparent ignorance of the novel, the Manx audience became aware of it and was in "uproar".[4] The tone of this is perhaps shown by the former Bishop of the island noting that, with regard to this and Caine's next novel, The Manxman, "my soul revolts from such a travesty of Island life.”[13] In contrast, T. E. Brown, having previously advised Caine against setting the novel on the island, came to refer to the book as "little short of a masterpiece".[14]

Your story fits the Isle of Man like a lid to a box. [...] I have but to lift the alabaster box of precious ointment, and up leaps the genuine Manx perfume, so that the house is filled with the savour thereof. [...] Whether it's the blood in you, or the poet and diviner, you know all about it, you need not that any should tell you concerning Man. for you know what is Man, and that in two senses.
[...] 'The Deemster' will live in the literature of the English nation, their own descendants abashed and wondering, and asking what their fathers meant by an indifference so stupid and so unaccountable. Of course I can see that the year 1887 must always be an epoch in Manx history, the year 'The Deemster’ was published.[15]

The novel also brought adoration and endorsement from the leading writers and public figures of the day. Bram Stoker, for instance, wrote an introduction to a later edition of the novel.[4] Caine's fellow contemporary novelist, George Gissing read the novel in February 1888 and called it "better than I anticipated...some really strong romantic writing in it...feeble characterization".[16] In August 1902 King Edward VII made an unannounced visit to the Isle of Man to have Hall Caine show him the locations of the novel, such as Bishopscourt.[17]

Critical concerns about the novel, when expressed, tended to concentrate on the perceived negativity or dark side of the novel.[3] This is shown in a letter written to Caine by Wilkie Collins on 15 March 1888:

For a long time past, I have read nothing in contemporary fiction that approaches what you have done here. [...] When you next take up your pen, will you consider a little whether your tendency to dwell on what is grotesque and violent in human character does not require some discipline? [...] your power as a writer sometimes misleads you, as I think, into forgetting the value of contrast. The grand picture which your story presents of terror and grief wants relief. Individually and collectively, there is variety in the human lot. We are no more continuously wretched than we are continuously happy. Next time, I want more humour, [...] More breaks of sunshine in your splendid cloudy sky will be a truer picture of nature-and will certainly enlarge the number of your admiring readers.[3]

The beach near Orrisdale Head, the apparent summit where Ewan Mylrea falls to his death on the rocks.

• Bishop's Court, Michael: The home of the Bishop, Gilcrist Mylrea, and Dan's childhood home.
• Ballamona Farm: The sites of the two Mylrea family homes. This may be based upon the farm Ballamona Mooar, located 6 km NE of Kirk Michael, a short distance from The Cronk on the edge of the Curraghs and near the sea. It is a short distance from Ballamona Beg, coinciding with Caine's narrative. Ballamona was the name of a treen (historical subdivision of a parish) in that area, and is derived from balley ny moaney ("farm by the turf").[18]
• The Three Legs of Man pub: Where Dan is found "roistering" with his fishermen friends. This is almost certainly the Mitre pub in Kirk Michael, as is made clear when he passes the pub immediately upon leaving Ewan's funeral in the churchyard nearby.
• 'Orris Head': The location of the fight between Dan and Ewan, where Ewan falls to his death upon the rocks below. This is Orrisdale Head, although the reality is some way from Caine's description: the "head" is on a straight stretch of coastline, and the "summit" is an indistinct rise above the rest of the sandy cliffs along the coastline.
• Peel Castle: The location of Dan's first imprisonment, from where the fishermen abduct him.
• Disused mining hut: The site of the final showdown between Dan and the fishermen, where his life is saved at the last by Mona and the authorities. This disused mine exists and is clearly described in the novel to be where, today, the Millennium Way crosses Sulby River (near its source), to the south-west of Snaefell.
• Castle Rushen, Castletown: The location of Dan's and the fishermen's second imprisonment, and of Dan's trial.
• Tynwald Hill: The place where the sentencing of Dan Mylrea is announced.
• A hut near Cregneash: The eventual home of Dan during his exile. This is identified as being near the Chasms, overlooking the sea near the cliffs, and backing onto a hill, from the top of which Cregneash can be seen. This hill is almost certainly to be identified with that where a radio mast stands today.

• And together these shipwrecked voyagers on the waters of life sat and wept, and wondered what evil could be in hell itself if man in his blindness could find the world so full of it. [Chapter XXI]
• "Strange it is, and very pitiful,” he said, "that what we think in our weakness to be the holiest of our human affections may be a snare and a stumbling-block. Strange enough, surely, and very sad, that even as the hardest of soul among us all may be free from blame where his children stand for judgement, so the tenderest of heart may, like Eli of old, be swept from the face of the living God for the iniquity of his children, which he has not restrained. […]” [Chapter XXVI]
• I thought that I was leaving for ever the fair island of my home, with all that had made it dear in dearer days. Though it had turned its back on me since, and knew me no more, but had blotted out my name from its remembrance, yet it was mine, and the only spot of earth on all this planet – go whither I would – that I could call my own. [Chapter XXXIX]
• For what was it to me though the world was wide if the little place I lived in was but my own narrow soul? [Chapter XXXIX]
• The blind leading the blind that is seen here of passion by accident is seen everywhere that great tragedies are done. It is not the evil in man's heart more than the deep perfidy of circumstance that brings him to crime. [Chapter XX]

Hall Caine adapted the novel for the stage with Wilson Barrett, who was to play the lead role of Dan. The play was entitled Ben-my-Chree (“Girl of my heart" in Manx), the name of Dan's boat in the novel, and it was Caine's first foray into writing for the stage. It opened at the Princess's Theatre on Oxford Street, London, on 17 May 1888, and despite initially dubious reviews it proved to be a great success.[19] The adaptation made substantial changes to the novel, particularly at the ending, which many concessions for the sake of melodrama:

The play ends with Mona protesting her innocence on a charge of immoral conduct when Dan appears unbidden. He corroborates the maiden's oath but by speaking, he sacrifices his own life, having been sentenced to life-long silence on pain of death if he breaks it. Mona dies of shock, the Governor is handed over to the police for laying false evidence and Dan throws himself across his sweetheart's body while waiting for the hangman.[19]

After falling out with Barrett, eventually leading to legal action, Caine came to rewrite another version of the novel for the stage, now entitled, The Bishop's Son. It was taken on tour in 1910, including a performance in Douglas, the capital of the Isle of Man, on 15 August, at which Caine delivered a rapturously-received pre-performance speech. The play eventually opened in London at the Garrick Theatre on 28 September 1910, with Bransby Williams in the lead role.[20]

The novel was made into a silent film by the Arrow Film Corporation in America in 1917. Hall Caine's son, Derwent Hall Caine, and Marian Swayne were cast in the lead roles.[21] The film was released in England in March 1918, when Hall Caine organised "a stellar first night audience" for the screening in aid of war charities.[22] Caine had invited the Prime Minister, Lloyd George, but he politely declined the invitation.[22]

Bishop Wilson, the model for Gilcrist Mylrea

• In Manx history there were two Daniel Mylreas (or Daniel McYlreas) from Ballaugh, the parish of the family home in The Deemster. The father was Deemster, 1734–57, and he used his influence to have his youngest son, William, appointed Archdeacon in 1760. Both Daniel and William were in opposition to the island's Bishop at the time, Bishop Wilson. Daniel's older son and namesake followed him in becoming Deemster, from 1758 to 1775.[23]
• Bishop Wilson is clearly the model for Bishop Mylrea, with Caine using many of the stories attached to Wilson in the novel.[24] Bishop Wilson was suggested to Caine as an "epoch-making personage" by T. E. Brown in their correspondence.[25]
• Hommy-beg ("little Tommy" in Manx, an example of lenition, a type of initial consonant mutation), the name of the Deemster's servant, was also the nickname used for Caine by his Manx grandmother.[26]
• Gilcrist Mylrea's lowly position at the University of Cambridge as a sizar is similar to what T. E. Brown had experienced as a servitor at Oxford.
• The wedding of Thorkell Mylrea is heavily based on Chapter 17, "Manners and Customs", of Joseph Train's history of the Isle of Man.[27]
• Gilcrist's departure on the regular sailing of the King Orry to Liverpool is anachronistic, as most sailings from the island went to Whitehaven at the time, and the name King Orry reflects that of a 19th-century Steam Packet, whereas 17th and 18th century packets were usually given names like the Duke of Athol.[26]
• The name of Dan's boat, and later the title of the first stage production of the novel, Ben-my-Chree, was and is a regular name for passenger boats of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company, the first of which was launched in 1845.
• Shortly after the novel's publication, Caine received a letter from a man on the Isle of Man who told him that he had known the fictional main character, Dan Mylrea, from childhood and had always warned him of his ways. The correspondent even said that he still had the knife with which Dan had fought with Ewan Mylrea.[28]

Media related to The Deemster at Wikimedia Commons

• Full text of the novel available from www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook.
• Notes on the novel (from a Manx perspective) available from www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook.
• Little Manx Nation by Hall Caine, wherein Caine describes the era in which The Deemster was set, and some of the characters used as bases for the novel.