List of political parties in India

India has a multi-party system. The Election Commission of India (ECI) accords to national-level and state-level political parties based upon objective criteria. A recognised political party enjoys privileges like a reserved party symbol,[lower-alpha 1] free broadcast time on state-run television and radio, consultation in the setting of election dates, and giving input in setting electoral rules and regulations. Other political parties that wish to contest local, state, or national elections are required to be registered by the Election Commission of India. Registered parties are upgraded as recognised national parties or state parties by the ECI if they meet the relevant criteria after a Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly election. The recognised party status is reviewed periodically by the ECI.

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Before the amendment in 2016 (which came into force on 1 January 2014), if a political party failed to fulfill the criteria in the subsequent Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly election, they lost their status as a recognised party. In 2016, the ECI announced that such a review would take place after two consecutive elections instead of every election. Therefore, a political party shall retain the recognised party status even if they do not meet the criteria in the next election. However, if they fail to meet the criteria in the subsequent election following the next election, they would lose their status.

As per latest publications dated May 2023 from Election Commission of India, and subsequent notifications, there are 6 national parties,[1] 54 state parties,[2][lower-alpha 2] and 2,597 unrecognised parties.[3] All registered parties contesting elections need to choose a symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the EC. All 28 states of the country along with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, National Capital Territory of Delhi, and Puducherry have elected governments unless President's rule is imposed under certain condition.

National parties

A registered party is recognised as a national party only if it fulfils any one of the three conditions listed below:[4]

  • The party wins two per cent of seats in the Lok Sabha from at least three different states.
  • At a general election to Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly, the party polls six per cent of votes in any four or more states and in addition it wins four Lok Sabha seats.
  • The party gets recognition as a state party in four states.
6 recognised national parties[1]
Party Flag Election
symbol		 Political
position		 Ideology Founded Leader Government in states/UTs Seats
Chief ministers Alliance partner Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha State
assemblies		 State
councils
Aam Aadmi Party Centre Populism
Secularism
Composite nationalism
Socialism		 November 2012 (November 2012) Arvind Kejriwal
2 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
10 / 245
161 / 4,123
0 / 426
Bahujan Samaj Party Centre-left Ambedkarism
Social Equality
Social Justice
Self-Respect		 April 1984 (April 1984) Mayawati
0 / 31
0 / 31
9 / 543
1 / 245
7 / 4,123
1 / 426
Bharatiya Janata Party Right-wing Hindutva
Hindu Nationalism
Nationalism
Neoliberalism
Right-wing populism
Conservatism
Social conservatism		 April 1980 (April 1980) J. P. Nadda
10 / 31
6 / 31
300 / 543
93 / 245
1,375 / 4,123
165 / 426
Communist Party of India (Marxist) Left-wing Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Secularism
Proletarian internationalism
Anti-capitalism
Socialism		 November 1964 (November 1964) Sitaram Yechury
1 / 31
2 / 31
3 / 543
5 / 245
82 / 4,123
0 / 426
Indian National Congress Centre to
centre-left		 Big tent
Secularism
Social liberalism
Civic nationalism
Social democracy		 December 1885 (December 1885) Mallikarjun Kharge
4 / 31
3 / 31
50 / 543
31 / 245
737 / 4,123
55 / 426
National People's Party Centre-right Regionalism
Ethnocentrism		 January 2013 (January 2013) Conrad Sangma
1 / 31
3 / 31
1 / 543
1 / 245
44 / 4,123
0 / 426

State parties

A registered party is recognised as a state party only if it fulfils any one of the five conditions listed below:[4]

  • A party should secure at least six per cent of valid votes polled in an election to the state legislative assembly and win at least two seats in that state assembly.
  • A party should secure at least six per cent of valid votes polled in an election to Lok Sabha and win at least one seat in Lok Sabha.
  • A party should win at least three per cent of the total number of seats or a minimum of three seats in the Legislative Assembly, which ever is higher.
  • A party should win at least 1 seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allotted to that state.
  • Under the liberalised criteria, one more clause that it will be eligible for recognition as state party if it secures eight per cent or more of the total valid votes polled in the state.
55 recognised state parties[5]
Party Flag Election
symbol		 Political
position		 Ideology Founded Leader(s) State(s) Government in states/UTs Seats
Chief minister Alliance partner Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha State
assemblies		 State
councils
State party in three states
All India Trinamool Congress Centre to centre-left Bengali nationalism
Progressivism
Welfarism
Secularism
Populism		 1998 Mamata Banerjee Meghalaya
Tripura
West Bengal
1 / 31
0 / 31
23 / 543
13 / 245
226 / 4,123
0 / 426
Communist Party of India Left-wing Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Anti-capitalism
Socialism
Secularism		 1925 D. Raja Kerala
Manipur
Tamil Nadu
0 / 31
3 / 31
2 / 543
2 / 245
21 / 4,123
1 / 426
Janata Dal (Secular) Centre-left to left-wing Secularism 1999 H. D. Deve Gowda Arunachal Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
0 / 31
1 / 31
1 / 543
1 / 245
21 / 4,123
8 / 426
Janata Dal (United) Centre-left Socialism[6]
Secularism[6]
Integral humanism		 2003 Nitish Kumar Arunachal Pradesh
Bihar
Manipur
1 / 31
0 / 31
16 / 543
5 / 245
46 / 4,123
26 / 426
State party in two states
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Two Leaves Centre[7] to Centre-left[8] Populism
Socialism
Secularism
Progressivism
Social equality
Tamil nationalism[9][10]		 1972 Edappadi K. Palaniswami Puducherry
Tamil Nadu
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
4 / 245
62 / 4,123
0 / 426
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Centre-left Social democracy[11]
Dravidianism
Social justice[11]
Federalism		 1949 M. K. Stalin Puducherry
Tamil Nadu
1 / 31
0 / 31
24 / 543
10 / 245
131 / 4,123
0 / 426
Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) 2021 Chirag Paswan Bihar
Nagaland
0 / 31
1 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
2 / 4,123
0 / 426
Naga People's Front Regionalism 2002 Kuzholuzo Nienu Manipur
Nagaland
0 / 31
1 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
7 / 4,123
0 / 426
Nationalist Congress Party Centre Indian nationalism
Secularism		 1999 Sharad Pawar Maharashtra
Nagaland
0 / 31
3 / 31
5 / 543
4 / 245
62 / 4,123
11 / 426
Rashtriya Janata Dal Centre-left Socialism 1997 Lalu Prasad Yadav
Tejashwi Yadav		 Bihar
Jharkhand
0 / 31
2 / 31
0 / 543
6 / 245
81 / 4,123
5 / 426
Telugu Desam Party Centre[12] to centre-right

[13]

 Populism[14]
Economic liberalism[15]		 1982 N. Chandrababu Naidu Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
0 / 31
0 / 31
3 / 543
1 / 245
23 / 4,123
15 / 426
State party in one state
All India Forward Bloc Left-wing Left-wing nationalism
Socialism
Anti-imperialism
Marxism[16]		 1939 Debabrata Biswas West Bengal
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen kite Right-wing[17] Composite nationalism[18]
Minority rights[19]
Dalit Rights[20]
Constitutionalism[21]		 1927 Asaduddin Owaisi Telangana
0 / 31
0 / 31
2 / 543
0 / 245
10 / 4,123
2 / 426
All India N.R. Congress Centre Social democracy
Populism		 2011 N. Rangaswamy Puducherry
1 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
10 / 4,123
0 / 426
All India United Democratic Front 2005 Badruddin Ajmal Assam
0 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
15 / 4,123
0 / 426
All Jharkhand Students Union 1986 Sudesh Mahto Jharkhand
0 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
2 / 4,123
0 / 426
Apna Dal (Sonelal) Centre-right Kurmis Interest 2016 Anupriya Patel Uttar Pradesh
0 / 31
1 / 31
2 / 543
0 / 245
12 / 4,123
1 / 426
Asom Gana Parishad Centre-right Regionalism
Anti-Bengali sentiment		 1985 Atul Bora Assam
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
1 / 245
9 / 4,123
0 / 426
Bharat Rashtra Samithi Centre[22] Regionalism[23]
Populism[24]
Conservatism
Separatism		 2001 K. Chandrashekar Rao Telangana
1 / 31
0 / 31
9 / 543
7 / 245
103 / 4,123
34 / 426
Biju Janata Dal Centre-left Regionalism[25]
Populism
Secularism[25]
Liberalism[26]
Economic nationalism[27]		 1997 Naveen Patnaik Odisha
1 / 31
0 / 31
12 / 543
9 / 245
114 / 4,123
0 / 426
Bodoland People's Front Secularism
Democratic socialism[28]		 2005 Hagrama Mohilary Assam
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
3 / 4,123
0 / 426
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation Far-left Communism[29]
Marxism–Leninism
Maoism[29]		 1974 Dipankar Bhattacharya Bihar
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
13 / 4,123
0 / 426
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam Centre to centre-left Social welfare
Populism
Secularism
Social democracy		 2005 Vijayakant Tamil Nadu
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Goa Forward Party Regionalism 2016 Vijai Sardesai Goa
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
1 / 4,123
0 / 426
Hill State People's Democratic Party 1968 KP Pangniang Meghalaya
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
2 / 4,123
0 / 426
Indian National Lok Dal Centre Social liberalism
Regionalism		 1996 Om Prakash Chautala Haryana
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
1 / 4,123
0 / 426
Indian Union Muslim League Centre-right[30] Muslim interests
Social conservatism		 1948 Hyderali Shihab Thangal Kerala
0 / 31
0 / 31
3 / 543
1 / 245
15 / 4,123
0 / 426
Indigenous People's Front of Tripura Centre-right Regionalism
Ethnic nationalism
Anti-immigration		 2009 N.C. Debbarma Tripura
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
1 / 4,123
0 / 426
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Kashmiriyat
Kashmiri autonomy
Secularism		 1932 Farooq Abdullah Jammu and Kashmir
0 / 31
0 / 31
3 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party Democracy[31][32]
Anti-corruption[31][32]
Secularism[33]
Women's rights		 1982 Bhim Singh Jammu and Kashmir
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Kashmiriyat
Kashmiri autonomy[34]
Regionalism		 1999 Mehbooba Mufti Jammu and Kashmir
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Janta Congress Chhattisgarh Left-wing Social justice
Feminism
Direct democracy
Agrarianism		 2016 Renu Jogi Chhattisgarh
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
2 / 4,123
0 / 426
Jannayak Janta Party Democratic socialism 2018 Dushyant Chautala Haryana
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
10 / 4,123
0 / 426
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 1972 Shibu Soren
Hemant Soren		 Jharkhand
1 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
2 / 245
30 / 4,123
0 / 426
Kerala Congress (M) Welfare[35]
Democratic socialism[36]		 1979 Jose K. Mani Kerala
0 / 31
1 / 31
1 / 543
1 / 245
5 / 4,123
0 / 426
Maharashtra Navnirman Sena Far-right Hindutva[37]
Right-wing populism[38]
Regionalism[39][40]
Ultranationalism[41][40]
Marathi interests[40]		 2006 Raj Thackeray Maharashtra
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
1 / 4,123
0 / 426
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party Centre Populism
Regionalism		 1963 Deepak Dhavalikar Goa
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
2 / 4,123
0 / 426
Mizo National Front 1961 Zoramthanga Mizoram
1 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
1 / 245
28 / 4,123
0 / 426
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party Right Regionalism 2017 Neiphiu Rio Nagaland
1 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
25 / 4,123
0 / 426
People's Party of Arunachal Regionalism 1977 Kamen Ringu Arunachal Pradesh
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party 2021 Pashupati Kumar Paras Bihar
0 / 31
0 / 31
5 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
1 / 426
Rashtriya Loktantrik Party 2018 Hanuman Beniwal Rajasthan
0 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
3 / 4,123
0 / 426
Revolutionary Socialist Party Far-left Communism
Marxism–Leninism[42]
Revolutionary socialism		 1940 Manoj Bhattacharya[43] Kerala
0 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Samajwadi Party Centre-left[44]
to left[45][46]		 Social democracy[47]
Democratic socialism
Left-wing populism[48]
Social conservatism		 1992 Akhilesh Yadav Uttar Pradesh
0 / 31
0 / 31
3 / 543
3 / 245
113 / 4,123
9 / 426
Shiromani Akali Dal Centre-right Punjabiyat[49][50]
Conservatism[51]
Federalism[52][53]		 1920 Sukhbir Singh Badal Punjab
0 / 31
0 / 31
2 / 543
0 / 245
3 / 4,123
0 / 426
Sikkim Democratic Front Centre-left
to left-wing		 Democratic socialism 1993 Pawan Kumar Chamling Sikkim
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
1 / 245
1 / 4,123
0 / 426
Sikkim Krantikari Morcha Democratic socialism 2013 Prem Singh Tamang Sikkim
1 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
19 / 4,123
0 / 426
Shiv Sena Right-wing to Far-right Nationalism

Hindutva
Hindu Nationalism
Marathi
Regionalism
Social Conservatism
Conservatism
Ultranationalism
Economic Nationalism
Right-wing Populism

 1966 Eknath Shinde Maharashtra
1 / 31
0 / 31
13 / 543
0 / 245
40 / 4,123
0 / 426
Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) Centre-right to right-wing Secular Hindutva
Nationalism
Marathi Regionalism
Composite Nationalism		 2022 Uddhav Thackeray Maharashtra
0 / 31
0 / 31
6 / 543
3 / 245
17 / 4,123
12 / 426
Tipra Motha Party Tripuri nationalism
Greater Tipraland		 2019 Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma Tripura
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
13 / 4,123
0 / 426
United Democratic Party Regionalism
Populism		 1997 Metbah Lyngdoh Meghalaya
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
11 / 4,123
0 / 426
United People's Party Liberal Centre Regionalism 2015 Urkhao Gwra Brahma Assam
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
1 / 245
7 / 4,123
0 / 426
Voice of the People Party Regionalism
Federalism		 2021 Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit Meghalaya
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
4 / 4,123
0 / 426
YSR Congress Party Centre-left[54] Populism[14]
Regionalism		 2011 Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy Andhra Pradesh
1 / 31
0 / 31
22 / 543
9 / 245
147 / 4,123
42 / 426
Zoram Nationalist Party[55] Centre Regionalism 1997 H. Lalrinmawia Mizoram
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
{{{1}}} Johar Chhattisgarh Party Hindutva
Chhattisgarhiya Regionalism
Social Conservatism
Conservatism
Economic Nationalism
Populism		 2017 Amit Baghel Chhattisgarh
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426

Unrecognised parties
Notable registered unrecognised political parties (RUPPs)[3]
Party Founded Leader(s) States/UTs
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha 1915 Swami Chakrapani All-India
All India Hindustan Congress Party 2015 Buddh Prakash Sharma Gujarat
Rajasthan
All India Mahila Empowerment Party 2017 Nowhera Shaik Telangana
Karnataka
Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam 2018 T. T. V. Dhinakaran Tamil Nadu
Amra Bangali 1983 Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar West Bengal
Tripura
Bahujan Mukti Party 2012 V. L. Matang Bihar
Uttar Pradesh
Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh 1983 Sundar Shaekhar Maharashtra
Dravidar Kazhagam 1944 K. Veeramani Tamil Nadu
Puducherry
Gorkha Janmukti Morcha 2007 Bimal Gurung West Bengal
Goa Suraksha Manch 2016 Subhash Velingkar Goa
Gondwana Ganatantra Party 1991 Hira Singh Markam Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Maharashtra
Hindu Sena 2011 Vishnu Gupta New Delhi
Hindustani Awam Morcha[56] 2015 Jitan Ram Manjhi Bihar
Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi 2010 T. R. Paarivendhar Tamil Nadu
Indian Gandhiyan Party 2012 Aashin U S Kerala
Indian Secular Front 2021 Nawsad Siddique West Bengal
Ittehad-e-Millat Council 2001 Tauqeer Raza Khan Uttar Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party 2020 Altaf Bukhari Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party 2020 Mir Junaid Jammu and Kashmir
Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)[57] 2015 Pappu Yadav Bihar
Uttar Pradesh
Jan Shakti Party of India[58] 2015 Gurjeet Singh Azad Punjab
Jana Sena Party 2014 Pawan Kalyan Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik) 2018 Raghuraj Pratap Singh Uttar Pradesh
Karnataka Rashtra Samithi 2019 Ravi Krishna Reddy Karnataka
Kerala Congress 1964 P. J. Joseph Kerala
Kerala Congress (B) 1989 R. Balakrishna Pillai Kerala
Kerala Congress (Jacob) 1991 Anoop Jacob Kerala
Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi 2013 E. R. Eswaran Tamil Nadu
Kongunadu Makkal Katchi 2000 A. M. Raja Tamil Nadu
Lok Satta Party 2006 Jaya Prakash Narayana Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Lok Insaaf Party 2019 Simarjit Singh Bains Punjab
Makkal Needhi Maiam 2018 Kamal Haasan Tamil Nadu
Puducherry
Manipur Peoples Party 1968 Sovakiran N. Manipur
Manithaneya Makkal Katchi 2009 M. H. Jawahirullah Tamil Nadu
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1992 Vaiko Tamil Nadu
Puducherry
Naam Tamilar Katchi 2009 Senthamizhan Seeman Tamil Nadu
Puducherry
NISHAD Party 2016 Sanjay Nishad Uttar Pradesh
Odisha Jan Morcha 2013 Pyarimohan Mohapatra Odisha
Param Digvijay Dal 2014 Krishna Mohan Shankar Yogi Uttar Pradesh
Pattali Makkal Katchi 1989 S. Ramadoss Puducherry
Tamil Nadu
Peace Party of India 2008 Mohamed Ayub Uttar Pradesh
People's Democratic Alliance (Manipur) 2012 Bd. Behring Anal Manipur
People's Democratic Front 2001 Ajoy Biswas Tripura
Plurals Party 2020 Pushpam Priya Choudhary Bihar
Puthiya Tamilagam 1996 K. Krishnasamy Tamil Nadu
Raijor Dal 2020 Akhil Gogoi Assam
Rashtriya Jan Jan Party 2020 Ashutosh Kumar Bihar
Rashtriya Lok Dal 1996 Jayant Chaudhary Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Rashtriya Samaj Paksha 2003 Mahadev Jankar Maharashtra
Kerala
Rashtriya Ulama Council 2008 Aamir Rashadi Madni Uttar Pradesh
Republican Party of India (Athawale) 1999 Ramdas Athawale Nagaland
Revolutionary Goans Party 2022 Viresh Borkar Goa
Right to Recall Party 2019 Rahul Chimanbhai Mehta All-India
Samata Party 1994 Uday Mandal[59] Bihar
Manipur[60]
Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) 1994 Simranjit Singh Mann Punjab
Social Democratic Party of India 2009 M.K. Faizy Karnataka
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Socialist Party (India) 2011 Thampan Thomas Uttar Pradesh
Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) 1948 Provash Ghosh All-India
Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party 2002 Om Prakash Rajbhar Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
Swaraj Abhiyan 2016 Yogendra Yadav Haryana
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Tamil Maanila Congress 1996 G. K. Vasan Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu Kongu Ilaingar Peravai 2001 U. Thaniyarasu Tamil Nadu
Uttarakhand Kranti Dal 1979 Kashi Singh Airy Uttarakhand
Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi 2018 Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar Maharashtra
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi 1982 Thol. Thirumavalavan Tamil Nadu
Vikassheel Insaan Party 2018 Mukesh Sahani Bihar
Welfare Party of India 2011 S. Q. R. Ilyas Kerala
YSR Telangana Party 2021 Y. S. Sharmila Telangana
Zoram People's Movement 2017 Lalduhoma Mizoram

See also

Notes
  1. If a party is recognised as a national or state party, its symbol is reserved for its exclusive use in the country or in the state.[1][2]
  2. There were 57 state parties listed in publication issued by the Election Commission of India on 15 May 2023. However 3 out of 57 parties (Rashtriya Lok Samata Party, People's Democratic Front and Zoram Nationalist Party) have merged with other parties.

References
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  2. "List of State Parties". Election Commission of India. 15 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  3. "List of RUPPs". Election Commission of India. 15 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  4. "The Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  6. "Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Know your party symbols!". Daily News and Analysis. 10 April 2014.
  7. "AIADMK". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  8. Ogden, Chris (20 June 2019). A Dictionary of Politics and International Relations in India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-253915-1. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2022. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Tamil: 'All India Anna Dravidian Progress Federation') A political party. It was established in 1972...
  9. Price, P. (1996). Revolution and Rank in Tamil Nationalism. The Journal of Asian Studies, 55(2), 359-383. doi:10.2307/2943363
  10. Pamela Price (1999) Relating to leadership in the Tamil nationalist movement: C.N. Annadurai in person‐centred propaganda, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 22:2, 149-174, doi:10.1080/00856409908723369
  11. Kannan, Ramya (8 August 2018). "M. Karunanidhi: From health care to community living, his schemes were aimed at social equality". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  12. "Tumultuous transition". 27 May 2017.
  13. "Why no centre-right political party in India today?". 16 February 2014.
  14. "Encyclopedia Britannica".
  15. Price, Pamela; Srinivas, Dusi (August 2014). Piliavsky, Anastasia (ed.). "Patronage and autonomy in India's deepening democracy". Cambridge University Press: 217–236. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107296930.011. ISBN 9781107296930.
  16. "Party constitution". India: All India Forward Bloc. 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  17. "Though BJP and AIMIM are ideologically apart they share a few similarities".
  18. "Will fight back to save India's composite culture, Constitution: Asaduddin Owaisi". 26 May 2019.
  19. "Minority Upliftment".
  20. "AIMIM eyes minorities and Dalits in Malda".
  21. "AIMIM want to confront Hindu nationalism with Indian Constitution: Owaisi". Business Standard India. 8 February 2021.
  22. "Centrist polity of TRS".
  23. Hyderabad, K. VENKATESHWARLU in (23 April 2004). "Regionalism and sub-regionalism". Frontline. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
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  26. "Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Know your party symbols!". Daily News and Analysis. 10 April 2014. Founded in December 1997, the Biju Janata Dal or the BJD is a regional political party of India. Having split from the larger faction Janata Dal, the party stands by democracy and liberalism.
  27. Capron, Laurence; Guillén, Mauro (12 October 2006). "Fighting economic nationalism in deals". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  28. "IDEOLOGY & FLAG". India: Election Commission of India. 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  29. "General Programme of CPI(ML)". Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) website. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  30. "A coloured scheme of things". Archived from the original on 19 July 2023.
  31. "History". JK Panthers Party. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  32. PTI (9 November 2010). "SC upholds freeze on delimitation in J&K till 2026". The Hindu.
  33. "Headlines Today". Panther party MLAs disrupt house in Jammu and Kashmir assembly. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2015 – via youtube.com.
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