Central Australia Railway

The former Central Australia Railway, which was built between 1878 and 1929 and closed in 1980, was a 1241 km (771 mi) 1067 mm narrow gauge railway between Port Augusta and Alice Springs.[1] A standard gauge line duplicated the southern section from Port Augusta to Maree in 1957 on a new nearby alignment. The entire Central Australia Railway was superseded in 1980 after the standard gauge Tarcoola–Alice Springs Railway was opened, using a new route up to 200 km to the west. A small southern section of the original line between Port Augusta and Quorn has been preserved as the Pichi Richi Tourist Railway.

Central Australia Railway
Overview
Termini
Service
System
Operator(s)South Australian Railways
Commonwealth Railways
(became Australian National)
History
OpenedPort Augusta–Marree: 1884
Marree–Oodnadatta: 1891
Oodnadatta–Alice Springs: 1929
Closed1981
Technical
Line length1,241 km (771 mi)
Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in);
duplicated Port Augusta–Marree 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge from 1957–2016
Route map

1241 km
Alice Springs (old)
Alice Springs abattoir
Alice Springs (current)
1237 km
Heavitree
Macdonnell triangle
1231 km
Macdonnell
1224 km
Mount Ertwa
end preserved track
Ewaninga triangle
1208 km
Ewaninga
1192 km
Pohill Siding
1175 km
Ooraminna
1163 km
Deep Well
Deep Well siding
1141 km
Rodinga
Rodinga stock yards
1125 km
Maryvale
1099 km
Bundooma
1076 km
Engoordina
1060 km
Mount Squire
1044 km
Rumbalara
Rumbalara stock yards
1028 km
Musgrave
1014 km
Finke (Aputula)
1012 km
Finke stock yards
997 km
Crown Point
981 km
Duffield
965 km
Wall Creek
962 km
Northern Territory
South Australia
border
945 km
Abminga
Abminga sidings
929 km
Bloods Creek
908 km
Ilbunga
895 km
Mount Emery
876 km
Pedirka
859 km
Mt Rebecca
841 km
Mt Sarah (Stevenson Creek)
825 km
Macumba
811 km
Alberga
804 km
Wire Creek
Wire Creek siding
792 km
Todmorten
Oodnadatta sidings
770 km
Oodnadatta
744 km
North Creek
Mount Dutton stock yards
729 km
Mount Dutton
Mount Dutton triangle
714 km
Algebuckina
698 km
Peake Creek
Warrina stock yards
682 km
Warrina
Edwards Creek triangle
666 km
Edwards Creek
Edwards Creek siding
650 km
Duff Creek (Weedina)
632 km
Boorthana
616 km
Box Creek
600 km
Anna Creek
588 km
Douglas
574 km
William Creek
William Creek triangle
554 km
Irrappatana
537 km
Strangways Springs
525 km
Beresford
501 km
Coward Springs
Coward Springs triangle
489 km
Margaret
473 km
Curdimurka (Stuarts Creek)
453 km
Lake Eyre
440 km
Bopeechee
425 km
Alberrie Creek
407 km
Wangianna
387 km
Callanna
Marree gauge interchange
Marree
356 km
372 km
Marree
359 km
Mundownda
Witchelina
339 km
Wirrawilla
Farina triangles
Farina
303 km
320 km
Farina
Lyndhurst
278 km
294 km
Lyndhurst
Old Mine loop
Telford
271 km
Telford
end of Leigh Creek line tracks
Leigh Creek Coalfield
Copley
245 km
262 km
Copley
Leigh Creek
240 km
Puttapa
231 km
247 km
Puttapa
Beltana
232 km
Beltana
212 km
Nilpena (Black Fellows Creek)
Parachilna
175 km
195 km
Parachilna
Commodore
163 km
183 km
Commodore
Brachina
153 km
173 km
Brachina
163 km
Edeowie
Moralana
127 km
137 km
Mern Merna
Cotabena
107 km
124 km
Hookina (Wonoka)
Neuroodla
89 km
105 km
Hawker
89.6 km
Wilson
73.0 km
Gordon
57.5 km
Willochra
Wilkatana
48 km
39.8 km
Quorn
Quorn Pichi Richi Depot
32.4 km
Summit siding
23.6 km
Woolshed Flat
18.2 km
Saltia siding
start dormant tracks
Bungala Solar Plant
Goods yard
Northern Power Station
Port Augusta Racecourse
0 km
Port Augusta
Pichi Richi Depot
The routes of the narrow-gauge Central Australia Railway (1878–1980) and the standard-gauge Marree line which replaced the southernmost third of the route from 1957 to 2016 (click to enlarge).
Remaining trackbed of the Central Australia Railway near Lake Eyre South after the rails were lifted. Much of the 1241 km (771 mi) railway was laid on earth without ballast.

Naming

Whilst officially the Central Australia Railway, it has been known by a number of names.

Initially the northern end point had not be determined. Government acts and the press used a number of terms prior to construction including

  • The Port Augusta Railway
  • The Northern Railway
  • The Port Augusta to (far) North Railway

After construction, railway was referred to as Port Augusta-Oodnadatta railway[2] before the line was extended towards Alice Springs and it was also referred to as the North-South Railway in possible anticipation to extend the line to Darwin.[3]

It has also often been referred to as the Great Northern Railway[4] in the 1890s and into the twentieth century. The most southern part of the line between Port Augusta and Quorn is now referred to as the Pichi Richi Tourist Railway.

Another colloquial name used was The Ghan, after the passenger train that utilised the line. It is suggested that The 'Ghan name is in recognition of the Afghan Cameleers that plied their trade in the area well before the railway; however, see The Ghan (Etymology) for alternatives. This colloquial term for the railway appears to have been widely in use from at least the early 1930s;[5] it may have been in use prior to this. The new Adelaide–Darwin railway line initially used The New Ghan as a trading name. It has now reverted to The Ghan, relegating the original line name colloquially as The Old Ghan.[6][7]

History

Proposal

From the proposal for a line heading north of Port Augusta to turning the first sod in 1878 took 18 years[8] and the process was referred to by the press as one "which has so far failed to extend itself out of the region of nebulous ideas.".[9]

The key issues reported at the time were:

Cost benefits

Significant debate about the cost delayed and eventually altered the final design. The costs were significant for the South Australian colony and there was rigorous debate over that period. Mineral extraction was touted as the key benefit,[10] with farming and passenger traffic deemed by many as being uneconomic alone although others suggest the key products were 'wool, station stores, and copper' in that order.[11] The cost per kilometre was set in the Acts which precluded more expensive options.

Gauge and minimum speed

There was fierce debate about the gauge of the line, the maximum weight to be carried and maximum speed as all three dictated the cost.

Route and end point

A multitude of routes and end-points were nominated with over a dozen potential routes explored, most of these to the north. End points that were discussed included Government Gums (Farina, South Australia (320 km), Yudnamutana, South Australia (390 km) and Beltana (232 km). The 1867 Act stated that the line would be 200 miles from Port Augusta. Newspapers of the time did mention extending the line to Port Darwin although this was not gazetted in Parliament.

State versus corporate

The State run South Australian Railways wanted to build the line and there were others who thought 'capitalists', predominantly from the United Kingdom, would offer better value for money. South Australian Railways developed a trial called the Northern Extension Railway to Burra to test the engineering capabilities.[12]

Legislation

The following Acts were passed by the parliament of South Australia and, after federation in 1901, the Australian parliament.

Parliamentary Acts associated with the Central Australia Railway
YearActJuris-dictionKey provisions
1862The Northern Railway Act 1862[13]SA
  • Carriage of passengers, merchandise and produce between Port Augusta and some point (not less than 100 miles) northwards.
  • First 20 miles to be completed in two years, remainder in five years.
  • Speed was to be a "rate of not less than eight miles an hour for the whole distance travelled, including stoppages (luggage trains excepted)".
  • Propulsion was to be either horse or steam locomotive.
  • Two passenger and two goods trains were to be provided at least twice a week, one way, for the entire length.
  • All military, police, and other forces, when proceeding on duty, and all public mails and public stores, or stores belonging to a public department, were to be conveyed in the ordinary trains free of charge.
  • in the event of war or civil commotion, the whole of the resources of the railway were to be placed at the disposal of the government at the charges actually incurred.
  • The company would be entitled to a grant of the land traversed by the railway for a breadth of two chains, and to grants of contiguous blocks of land up to 20 square miles at the rate of two square miles for every mile traversed by the railway.
1864The Port Augusta and Northern Railway Act 1864[14]SA
  • Similar to the 1862 Act.
  • Purpose was "to encourage the formation of railways northwards from Port Augusta, or Port Paterson, with a branch line between those ports".
  • Land grant increased to four square kilometres with some limitations.
1864The Sale of Railways Act 1864[15]SA
  • Authorised SA Government to sell any railway or tram line; reflected lack of commitment to financing railways in South Australia.
1867The Port Augusta and Northern Railway Act 1867[16]SA
  • Length of railway was extended to at least 200 miles from Port Augusta; costs "shall not exceed 3750 pounds for every mile"; land grants removed.
  • Gauge "shall be five feet and three inches".
  • Horse drawn or steam engine propulsion were still alternatives.
1876 Port Augusta and Government Gums Railway Act 1876[17]SA
1883 Palmerston and Pine Creek Railway Act 1883[18]SA
  • Specified a narrow gauge of "three feet six inches" for the Palmerston and Pine Creek railway (i.e., what was to become the northern part of the Central Australia Railway).
1902The Transcontinental Railway Act 1902[19]SA
1907The Northern Territory Surrender Act 1907[20]SA
1910Northern Territory Acceptance Act 1910[21]Cth
  • Federal legislation to confirm the 1907 Act. Specified a line from Port Darwin to be constructed to meet the Port Augusta (Central Australia) Railway at the South Australian border and be referred to as The Transcontinental Railway. No start or completion date included.
1949Railway Standardization (South Australia) Agreement Act 1949[22]Cth
  • Authorised a Commonwealth–SA agreement for railway gauges in SA to be converted to standard gauge on grounds of defence and development of Australia, facilitation of interstate trade and commerce, and to secure maximum efficiency and economy in railway operation – financed 70 per cent Commonwealth, 30 per cent SA. In a supplementary provision in the Schedule, the Commonwealth undertook to standardise the Central Australia Railway and North Australia Railway and to build a new standard-gauge railway to close the Alice Springs–Birdum gap.
1950Brachina to Leigh Creek North Coalfield Railway Act 1950[23]Cth
  • Authorised an agreement between the Commonwealth and SA for the federal government to construct a railway "as soon as practicable" from Brachina to Leigh Creek North Coalfield; acknowledged that the limited capacity of the narrow-gauge line to transport coal to the impending Port Augusta power station necessitated a standard-gauge railway. (The Act provided only for 60 per cent of the required distance from the coalfield to Port Augusta; objection by the South Australian Government to the alignment of routes further south led to a royal commission being appointed.)
1950Port Augusta to Alice Springs Railway (Alteration of Route) Act 1950[24]Cth
  • Appointed a royal commission to investigate which of two routes were more suitable for the construction of a standard gauge railway between Stirling North and Brachina. Specific factors ordered to be taken into account included the proposed conversion to standard gauge of the railway from Port Augusta to Alice Springs; the cost of construction, maintenance and comparative economics of the respective routes; the probability of increased tonnage of coal hauled from Leigh Creek and the consequential financial results on the cost of constructing and operating railways on the respective routes. Consideration of "any break-of-gauge station required at the northern terminus of the standard gauge line" was explicitly excluded.
1952Stirling North to Brachina Railway Act 1952[25]Cth
  • Authorised the Commonwealth Railways to construct a standard-gauge railway from Stirling North to Brachina. Specified that the total cost of this railway and the previously authorised Brachina to Leigh Creek North Coalfield railway, including the cost of rolling stock, was not to exceed 11  million pounds. (This Act provided for the remaining 40 per cent of the distance from the coalfield to Port Augusta, the SA Government having accepted the findings of the royal commission, causing a delay of 24 months.)
1954Leigh Creek North Coalfield to Marree (Conversion to Standard Gauge) Act 1954[26]Cth
  • Authorised the standard-gauge line to be extended to Marree, subject to agreement by the SA Government. Specified that the total cost of this railway and the two railways previously authorised was not to exceed 12.241 million pounds.
1974Tarcoola to Alice Springs Railway Act 1974[27]Cth
1997Alice Springs to Darwin Railway Act 1997[28]SA
  • Committed South Australian Government funding up to $125 million (plus $25 million if necessary for contingencies, and $26.5 million to underwrite any loans) to the Alice Springs to Darwin railway. Included the South Australian and Northern Territory governments' acknowledgement of various mutual obligations.

Construction

Design, construction, as well as a hiatus, occurred in four periods distinct under both South Australian and Federal Australian Governments over a fifty-year period.

Initial design and route

Around 1871, there was general agreement between Robert C. Patteson, Assistant Engineer (report writer), H. C. Mais, (Engineer-in-Chief) and Surveyor General. George Goyder (creator of the Goyder line of rainfall) about the length and route of the railway.[11] All three could not see going further north than Beltana (232 km) due to rain fall and environment, The two options out of Port Augusta were the Western Plains and the Pichi Richi routes.[29] The Pichi Richi route, while more expensive, offered access to the farmland to the west.

An extensive permanent survey was conducted circa 1876 and the final route mapped to Government Gums due to the water available at the terminus.[30] The length was to be "198 miles 66.92 chains", and the route consisted of "no less than 64 bridges, ranging in length from 20 feet to 740 feet, 470 flood-openings from 10 to 40 feet wide, 550 culverts from 2 feet 6 inches to 10 feet wide, 61 pipe-drains,and 14 water courses".[30]

Initial build to Farina (Government Gums)

The first sod was turned at Port Augusta on 18 January 1878 and took until 1882 to reach Government Gums (320 km), 1884 Maree (372 km), 1888 Coward Springs (501 km) and finally Oodnadatta in 1891 (770 km). Construction was by South Australian Railways as a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge railway.[31][32]

Cessation of extending the line

Between 1891 and 1926, the railway line was not extended. Discussion occurred about if the existing line should be extended or commence a standard gauge railway from Tarcoola.[33][34] The South Australian Railways were transferred to the Australian Federal Government on 1 January 1911 however South Australian Railways continued running the service until 1 January 1926.[1] In 1926, Commonwealth Railways took over the running and commenced planning for extending the railway line north.

Completion from Oodnadatta to Alice Springs

A Commonwealth Railways poster of the 1940s advertising train travel to winter holidays in Central Australia. The scene is Heavitree Gap, or Ntaripe in the Arrernte language, 3.5 km (2 mi) south of Alice Springs railway station. Both the size of the cliff and the speed of the train bore no connection with reality.

Extending the line from Oodnadatta to Alice Springs commenced around 1926 and was completed on 6 August 1929.

The Northern Territory Act (Cth 1910) required the building of a north–south railway although no date was specified. Two unballasted routes were shortlisted with a standard gauge line from Kingoonya to Alice Springs estimated at 4.5m pounds and the 1.7m pound narrow gauge extension from Oodnadatta to Alice Springs. The 270 miles 65 chain extension was passed after a number of debates in Federal Parliament.[35]

Railway workers were paid 5 pounds, 8 shillings a week and a request for this to be raised to 6 pounds per week was refused by Sir John Quick in the Federal Arbitration Court on 11 March 1927.[36]

The first train consisted of 12 carriages including Mail and Fruit vans. There were 60 first class and 60 second class passengers and left on 5 August 1929 however an official ceremony to be attended by the Prime Minister was cancelled due to the cost of running a special train.[37][38]

Operations

Conditions

The tortuously curving narrow-gauge line between Marree and Alice Springs was notoriously prone to delays, often caused by flash floods washing away bridges and tracks.[39] Some track was laid on sand without ballast, and wood sleepers were used, serving as food for termites, causing unstable tracks.[40]

Floods

The chosen route for the Central Australian Railway was heavily influenced by the need for water for steam locomotives. Since time immemorial, Aboriginal people had followed a chain of artesian springs and waterholes to sustain them when carrying ochre from the Far North of South Australia to trading places in the south. The explorer John McDouall Stuart followed a similar route during several expeditions between 1858 and 1862.[41] The route taken by the Overland Telegraph ten years later, to which Stuart is believed to have given attention during his travels, was very similar. When the railway route was surveyed, it was hardly surprising that it followed the reliable sources of water.[42]:52 And as a consequence, the railway was intermittently subject to floods on a grand scale that washed away bridges, embankments and other earthworks. A selection during 50 years is in this table:

Reports of floods on the Central Australia Railway
YearEvent
1911

A train driver was killed at Brachina, 107 miles (172 kilometres) north of Port Augusta, when the train entered the creek after rains.[43]

1915

Rain occurred around Quorn and further north, with significant damage around Brachina, including a bridge destroyed.[44]

1926

Widespread rain damaged the railway between Quorn and Oodnadatta.[45]

1929

The railway north of Quorn was damaged for more than 460 miles (740 km) after torrential rain broke a seven-year drought.[46][47]

1930

Service was suspended north of Finke from 17 January to 6 March 1930 after some of the Finke River bridge piers were carried away and others were damaged. A deviation was put in place to run the line over the river bed.[48]

1936

A works train locomotive dived nose-first into Camel Creek near Rodinga after the 30-foot Camel Creek bridge was undermined. The fireman sustained a broken leg; the driver was also injured. The train, comprising a locomotive and three wagons, was repairing tracks after recent floods.

1936

Sixteen passengers and railway crew were stranded at Finke River, where water was "four feet over the line". They would "have to remain there for some days".[49]

1937

Reports of flooding delaying trains for at least 3 days.

1939

Reports of six weeks of disruptions and headlines of "Train weeks late". Food shortages in Alice Springs after the train was delayed 34 days.[50]

1950

In February, trains from the Telford Cut coalfields were among those unable to operate. Reserves of South African coal would be required to continue power supplies if the line did not reopen soon.[51]

1950

In March, floods caused washaways and made 180 miles (290 km) of line impassable from Brachina to Curdimurka; a coal train was among the trains stranded.[52]

1963

In May, The Ghan was held up for nearly a week by floods described as "the worst since 1938", and 114 of the 140 passengers were eventually flown from Oodnadatta to Alice Springs on five special flights.[53]

1967

The line was closed for about 27 days after the track was breached in more than 32 places. The Finke River bridge was again destroyed. Alice Springs required what was described as a "minor Berlin airlift" for food supplies.

World War II

In 1944, it was reported that trains had increased on the line from the normal two a week to 56, whilst the North Australia Railway had increased from one a week to 147. Rolling stock, sidings, marshaling areas and water points for the steam engines were all key issues in increasing traffic on the line.[54]

Diesel locomotives

The first diesel-electric locomotive entered service in June 1954. It was one of 14 locomotives ordered for both the Central and North Australia Railway. Built by the Birmingham Carriage and Wagon company, the locomotives had a maximum range of about 1130 kilometres (700 miles) and were designed to haul 330 long tons (300 tonnes) at 50 kilometres per hour (31 miles per hour) on level track.[55]

Film

Shortly before the closure of the narrow gauge line in 1980, BBC Television filmed an episode of the television series Great Railway Journeys of the World featuring the original route of the Ghan (and the infamously slow speed of the train).

Decline, conversion to standard gauge and closure

After World War II, the railway line existence became questionable for a number of reasons:

  • The railway had a history of extensive flood damage as the original steam engines required access to streams which were prone to floods.
  • The track was narrow gauge and not ballasted and thus loads and speeds were both reduced, reducing the profitability of the line.
  • Goyder's Line of rainfall (1865), excluding rains in 1865, 1872 and some other years, was shown as being highly accurate with communities and cropping lands north of his line being abandoned after long dry spells. The entire railway is north of this line.
  • Trucks and roads were becoming more reliable and utilised in South Australia.
  • The 1910 Northern Territory Acceptance Act mandating a railway line between Darwin and Adelaide requiring a standard gauge railway, which would need to be less susceptible to flooding than the existing route designed for diesel-electric engines rather than steam.
  • Improved railway engineering and construction methods allowed for improved design.
  • The standard gauge upgrade of the southern section of the line from near Port Augusta to Maree placed pressure on the remaining narrow gauge sections that remained opened due to transfer and maintenance costs.

Standard gauge line to Marree

In 1949, both South Australia and the Federal Government enacted the Railway Standardisation (South Australia) Agreement Act[22] which looked at the upgrade of all lines to standard gauge, including the Central Australia Line. The act was more of an overarching statement rather than a commitment to complete all lines in a set order or time.

The Leigh Creek and Telford Cut Coalfields were first excavated in 1943 following a shortage of coal during World War II and between 1951 and 1954, discussions surrounded two route options to upgrade to standard gauge. Option B2 was upgrading the current line to Telford, the C option was the chosen option which was up to 32 km west of the current line.[56] The South Australian and Federal governments bickered over by-passing the township of Quorn and it was only after a Royal Commission, that the Commonwealth Railways got their way with option C avoiding Quorn and the work commenced on the 255 km line.

The South Australian Government and agriculturists wanted to extend the standard gauge line a further 88 km to Marree.[57][58] This would reduce the bruising of the cattle and shorten the time to market as well as increase the number of cattle that could be transferred. Transferring livestock at Telford was considered problematic with coal dust and machinery.[59]

The federal minister of transport travelled to the area in mid-1954 and confirmed the extension from Telford Cut to Marree. The cost was set at 1,241,000 pounds, compared to 821,000 pounds to bring the existing line up to an acceptable level including ballasting and possible bridge replacement.[60]

The Minister for Transport, Senator George McLeay and the Commonwealth Railways Commissioner, Mr. P. J. Hannaberry, both stated that they were "strongly in favour" to extend the standard gauge line all the way to Alice Springs in 1952.[61] By April 1954, Hannaberry had changed his mind and stated it was "out of the question".[62]

In 1957, the Marree Railway Line, the new standard gauge line from Stirling North (near Port Augusta) to Marree (372 km from Port Augusta) opened, replacing the existing line via Quorn. This was predominantly for coal to be transferred from the Leigh Creek and Telford Cut Coalfields to the power stations at Stirling North. The line was extended to Marree for cattle to be transported to market from the grazing plains, including around the Birdsville Track.

Closures

With the new standard gauge Marree Railway Line opened, the narrow gauge line began to close in sections:

  • 1957: The section between Brachina (173 km) to Beltana (232 km) is closed in March
  • 1957: The section between Leigh Creek (262 km) to Marree (372 km) is closed in July
  • 1958: Beltana (232 km) to Leigh Creek (262 km) closed in July.[63]
  • 1972: Port Augusta (0 km) to Hawker (105 km) closed.
    • Some sections of the narrow-gauge line remain in operation as the Pichi Richi Railway and the section from Port Augusta to Stirling North was realigned and restored in 2000–2002.
  • 1981: The entire narrow gauge line was closed with the section between Marree (372 km) and Alice Springs (1243 km) abandoned, replaced by Tarcoola-Alice Springs line standard gauge line.[64]
  • 1987: Standard gauge between Marree and Telford Cut closed.
  • 2016: Stirling North-Telford Cut standard gauge line mothballed after power station and mine closure.[65]

Heritage trail, restoration and preserved sections

The old railway route is now a heritage trail.[66]

In 1974, the newly formed Pichi Richi Railway Preservation Society commenced a restoration program, headquartered at Quorn at the picturesque southern end of the railway; Stirling North, near Port Augusta, was the other terminus. It progressively restored and operated the Pichi Richi Railway as a working museum, upgrading track and undertaking preservation of a wide range of South Australian Railways rolling stock and some locomotives, secured against deterioration in the former running sheds. Between 2000 and 2002, the line was extended 12 km (7 mi) to Port Augusta station, running alongside the standard gauge mainline for about half the distance.[67]

In May 2016, traffic ceased on the standard gauge line between Telford Cut coal mine and Port Augusta after the power station at Port Paterson was shut down.[68]

The Farina Restoration Project Group, whose members travel to the former town at agreed periods to work voluntarily, is restoring the small, now-deserted railway township of Farina.[69]

List of stations, stopping places and localities

Stations, stopping places and localities on the Central Australia Railway
For south-to-north sequence, read across. As an indication of settlement today, 2016 census populations of 100 or more are shown as [pop.]. Population figures of early years are not available. Compared with the final decades of the 20th century, the present-day population Port Augusta is higher; Stirling North much higher; Quorn lower; Marree and Oodnadatta much lower; Alice Springs lower.
Port Augusta [pop. 6560]Port Augusta racetrackStirling North [pop. 2670]Saltia
Woolshed FlatPichi RichiSummitQuorn [pop. 1230]
WillochraGordonWilsonHawker [pop. 340]
Hookina (at Wonoka)Mern MernaEdeowieBrachina
Commodore (originally Meadows)ParachilnaNilpena (originally Blackfellow's Creek)Beltana
PuttapaCopley (originally Leigh Creek) [pop. 320]TelfordLyndhurst
Farina (originally Government Gums)WirrawillaMundowdnaMarree (originally Hergott) [pop. 100]
CallannaWangiannaAlberrie CreekBopeechee
Lake EyreStuart's Creek (Curdimurka)Margaret SidingCoward Springs
BeresfordStrangways SpringsIrrappatanaWilliam Creek
DouglasAnna CreekBox CreekBoorthana
Duff CreekEdward's CreekWarrinaPeake Creek
AlgebuckinaMount DuttonNorth CreekOodnadatta [pop. 200]
TodmortenWire CreekAlbergaMacumba
Mount SarahMount RebeccaPedirkaMount Emery
IllbungaBloods CreekAbmingaWall Creek
DuffieldCrown PointFinke (now Aputula) [pop. 170]Musgrave
RumbalaraMount SquireEngoordinaBundooma
MaryvaleRodingaDeep WellOoraminna
Mount PolhillEwaningaMount ErtivaMacDonnell
HeavitreeAlice Springs [pop. 24,750]Alice Springs Abattoirs

See also

Notes

    References

    1. "Central Australia Railway". War Time History of the Commonwealth Railways. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
    2. "Port Augusta-Oodnadatta railway". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 24 October 1925. p. 16 via National Library of Australia.
    3. "North-South railway". The Northern Miner. Charters Towers. 28 April 1921. p. 16 via National Library of Australia.
    4. "South Australia Great Northern Railway Impresses Commissioner". The Barrier Miner. Broken Hill. 4 December 1922. p. 4. Retrieved 9 October 2012 via National Library of Australia.
    5. "Newspaper archive". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
    6. Newell, Brian R (2000), Following the Old Ghan railway line 1878–1980 (1st ed.), Brian R Newell, ISBN 978-0-646-39415-2
    7. Pearce, Kenn (2011), Riding the 'wire fence' to the Alice: memories of the old Ghan railway, Railmac Publications, ISBN 978-1-86477-079-7
    8. "The Port Augusta Railway". Adelaide Advertiser / The Express and Telegraph. No. 18 January 1878. p. 2. Retrieved 1 June 2018 via National Library of Australia.
    9. "The Port Augusta Railway". No. 11 August 1870. South Australian Register. Retrieved 1 June 2018 via National Library of Australia.
    10. "Port Augusta Railway". Border Watch (Mt Gambier). No. 11 December 1869. Retrieved 2 June 2018 via National Library of Australia.
    11. "The Port Augusta Railway". The South Australian Advertiser. 5 August 1871. p. 3. Retrieved 2 June 2018 via National Library of Australia.
    12. "Opening of the Northern Extension Railway". South Australian Register. Adelaide, SA. 30 August 1870. p. 5. Retrieved 11 June 2018 via National Library of Australia.
    13. "The Northern Railway Act 1862". Australasian Legal Information Institute. UTS and UNSW Faculties of Law.
    14. "The Port Augusta and Northern Railway Act 1864". Australasian Legal Information Institute. UTS and UNSW Faculties of Law.
    15. "The Sale of Railways Act 1864". Australasian Legal Information Institute. UTS and UNSW Faculties of Law.
    16. "The Port Augusta and Northern Railway Act 1867". Australasian Legal Information Institute. UTS and UNSW Faculties of Law.
    17. "Port Augusta and Government Gums Railway Act 1876". Australasian Legal Information Institute. UTS and UNSW Faculties of Law.
    18. "Palmerston and Pine Creek Railway Act 1883". Australasian Legal Information Institute. UTS and UNSW Faculties of Law.
    19. "The Transcontinental Railway Act 1902". Australasian Legal Information Institute. UTS and UNSW Faculties of Law.
    20. "The Northern Territory Surrender Act 1907" (PDF). Australasian Legal Information Institute. UTS and UNSW Faculties of Law.
    21. "Northern Territory Acceptance Act 1910". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government.
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    Further reading

    • Anchen, Nick (2017). Iron Roads in the Outback: The Legendary Commonwealth Railways. Ferntree Gully, Vic: Sierra Publishing. ISBN 9780992538828.
    • Browne, Jeremy R. (2020). Along the Old Ghan line: a guide to discovering the Old Ghan railway. Adelaide: Independently published. ISBN 9780646821870.
    • Pearce, Kenn (2011). Riding the 'Wire Fence' to the Alice: memories of the old Ghan railway. Elizabeth, South Australia: Railmac Publications. ISBN 9781864770797.
    • Wilson, John (2021). The train to Oodna-Woop-Woop: a social history of the Afghan Express. Banksia Park, South Australia: Sarlines Railway Books. ISBN 9780646842844.
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