The Wall

The Wall is the eleventh studio album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd, released on 30 November 1979 by Harvest/EMI and Columbia/CBS Records. It is a rock opera that explores Pink, a jaded rock star whose eventual self-imposed isolation from society forms a figurative wall. The album was a commercial success, topping the US charts for 15 weeks and reaching number three in the UK. It initially received mixed reviews from critics, many of whom found it overblown and pretentious, but later received accolades as one of the greatest albums of all time.

This article is about the Pink Floyd album. For the film based on the album, see Pink Floyd – The Wall. For other uses, see Wall (disambiguation).

The Wall
An image of a plain white brick wall.
Original cover. Black or red text reading "Pink Floyd The Wall" was stickered on top of the original 1979 physical releases (as were some CD reissues and all 2016 vinyl rereleases).
Studio album by
Pink Floyd
Released30 November 1979 (1979-11-30)
RecordedDecember 1978 – November 1979
Studio
Genre
Length80:42
Label
Producer
Pink Floyd chronology
Animals
(1977)		 The Wall
(1979)		 A Collection of Great Dance Songs
(1981)
Singles from The Wall
  1. "Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2"
    Released: 23 November 1979
  2. "Run Like Hell"
    Released: April 1980
  3. "Comfortably Numb"
    Released: 23 June 1980

Bassist Roger Waters conceived The Wall during Pink Floyd's 1977 In the Flesh tour, modelling the character of Pink after himself and Pink Floyd's former songwriter Syd Barrett. Recording spanned from December 1978 to November 1979. Producer Bob Ezrin helped to refine the concept and bridge tensions during recording, as the band members were struggling with personal and financial issues at the time. The Wall was the last album to feature Pink Floyd as a quartet; keyboardist Richard Wright was fired by Waters during production but stayed on as a salaried musician.

Three singles were issued from the album: "Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2" (Pink Floyd's only UK and US number-one single), "Run Like Hell", and "Comfortably Numb". From 1980 to 1981, Pink Floyd performed the full album on a tour that featured elaborate theatrical effects. In 1982, The Wall was adapted into a feature film for which Waters wrote the screenplay.

The Wall is one of the best-known concept albums.[4] With over 30 million copies sold, it is the second best-selling album in the band's catalogue (behind The Dark Side of the Moon), the best selling double-album of all time,[5] and one of the best-selling albums of all time overall.[6] Some of the outtakes from the recording sessions were used on the group's next album, The Final Cut (1983). In 2000, it was voted number 30 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.[7] In 2003, 2012, and 2020, it was included in Rolling Stone's lists of the greatest albums of all time.[8] From 2010 to 2013, Waters staged a new Wall live tour that became one of the highest-grossing tours by a solo musician.

Background
The Olympic Stadium in Montreal, Canada.
The album's concept was born out of an altercation with audience members at the Montreal Olympic Stadium (pictured in 2006).

In 1977, Pink Floyd played the In the Flesh tour. Bassist and singer-songwriter Roger Waters despised the experience, feeling the audience was not listening and that many were too far away to see the band. He said: "It became a social event rather than a more controlled and ordinary relationship between musicians and an audience."[9] Some audience members set off firecrackers, leading Waters to stop playing and scold them. On 6 July 1977, the final date at the Montreal Olympic Stadium, a group of noisy and excited fans near the stage irritated Waters so much that he spat on one of them.[10]

Guitarist and singer-songwriter David Gilmour refused to perform a final encore and sat at the soundboard,[11] leaving the band, with backup guitarist Snowy White, to improvise a slow, sad 12-bar blues, which Waters announced to the audience as "some music to go home to".[12][13] That night, Waters spoke with producer Bob Ezrin and Ezrin's psychiatrist friend about the alienation and despair he was experiencing. He articulated his desire to isolate himself by constructing a wall across the stage between the band and the audience.[14]

While Gilmour and Wright were in France recording solo albums, and drummer Nick Mason was busy producing Steve Hillage's Green, Waters began to write material.[15] The spitting incident became the starting point for a new concept, which explored the protagonist's self-imposed isolation after years of traumatic interactions with authority figures and the loss of his father as a child.[13]

In July 1978, Pink Floyd reconvened at Britannia Row Studios, where Waters presented two new ideas for concept albums. The first was a 90-minute demo with the working title Bricks in the Wall.[16] The second was about a man's dreams across one night, and dealt with marriage, sex, and the pros and cons of monogamy and family life versus promiscuity.[17] The band chose the first option; the second eventually became Waters's first solo album, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking (1984).[16]

By September, Pink Floyd were having financial problems and urgently needed to produce an album to make money.[18] The financial planners Norton Warburg Group (NWG) had invested £1.3–3.3 million, up to £20.1 million in contemporary value,[19] of the group's money in high-risk venture capital to reduce their tax liabilities. The strategy failed when many of the businesses NWG invested in lost money, leaving the band facing tax rates potentially as high as 83 per cent. Waters said: "Eighty-three per cent was a lot of money in those days and we didn't have it."[20] Pink Floyd terminated their relationship with NWG, demanding the return of uninvested funds.[21][nb 1] Gilmour said he became closely involved in the business side of Pink Floyd afterwards: "Ever since then, there's not a penny that I haven't signed for. I sign every cheque and examine everything."[20]

To help manage the project's 26 tracks, Waters decided to bring in an outside producer and collaborator,[16] feeling he needed "a collaborator who was musically and intellectually in a similar place to where I was".[22] They hired Ezrin at the suggestion of Waters's then-wife Carolyne Christie, who had worked as Ezrin's secretary.[18] Ezrin had previously worked with Alice Cooper, Lou Reed, Kiss, and Peter Gabriel.[23] From the start, Waters made it clear who was in charge, telling him: "You can write anything you want. Just don't expect any credit."[24]

Ezrin and Gilmour reviewed Waters's concept, discarding what they thought was not good enough. Waters and Ezrin worked mostly on the story, improving the concept.[25] Ezrin presented a 40-page script to the rest of the band, with positive results. He recalled: "The next day at the studio, we had a table read, like you would with a play, but with the whole of the band, and their eyes all twinkled, because then they could see the album."[22] Ezrin broadened the storyline, distancing it from the autobiographical work Waters had written and basing it on a composite character named Pink.[26] Engineer Nick Griffiths later said: "Ezrin was very good in The Wall, because he did manage to pull the whole thing together. He's a very forceful guy. There was a lot of argument about how it should sound between Roger and Dave, and he bridged the gap between them."[27] Waters wrote most of the album, with Gilmour co-writing "Comfortably Numb", "Run Like Hell", and "Young Lust",[28] and Ezrin co-writing "The Trial".[25]

Concept and storyline

The Wall is a rock opera[29] that explores abandonment and isolation, symbolized by a wall. The songs create a storyline of events in the life of Pink, a character based on Waters and Pink Floyd's former frontman Syd Barrett.[30][31] The album includes several references to Barrett, including "Nobody Home", which hints at his condition during Pink Floyd's abortive US tour of 1967, with lyrics such as "wild, staring eyes", "the obligatory Hendrix perm" and "elastic bands keeping my shoes on". "Comfortably Numb" was inspired by Waters' injection with a muscle relaxant to combat the effects of hepatitis during the In the Flesh tour in Philadelphia.[32]

Plot

The album opens with Pink, a rock star, addressing a crowd of fans at one of his concerts, to whom he is about to give an apparently unexpected performance of his life story ("In the Flesh?"). A flashback on his life up to that point begins, in which it is revealed that his father was killed during World War II, leaving Pink's mother to raise him alone ("The Thin Ice"). Beginning with the death of his father, Pink starts to build a metaphorical wall around himself ("Another Brick in the Wall, Part 1"). Growing older, Pink is tormented at school by tyrannical, abusive teachers ("The Happiest Days of Our Lives"), and memories of these traumas become metaphorical "bricks in the wall" ("Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2").

Men of 'D' Company, 1st Battalion, The Green Howards occupy a captured German communications trench during the offensive at Anzio, Italy, 22 May 1944.
The death of Pink's father during the Battle of Anzio (pictured) forms the backdrop of the story.

Now an adult, Pink remembers his oppressive and overprotective mother ("Mother") and his upbringing during the Blitz ("Goodbye Blue Sky"). Pink soon marries, and after more "bricks" are created through more traumas, he is preparing to complete his "wall" ("Empty Spaces"). While touring in the United States, he seeks casual sex to relieve the tedium of touring, though in making a phone call home, he learns of his wife's infidelity ("Young Lust"). He brings a groupie back to his hotel room, only to trash it in a violent fit of rage, terrifying her out of the room ("One of My Turns"). Depressed, Pink thinks about his wife and fantasizes about committing violence against her ("Don't Leave Me Now"). Feeling trapped, he dismisses the impact his past has had on him while rejecting human contact and medication ("Another Brick in the Wall, Part 3"). Pink's wall is now finished, completely isolating himself from the outside world ("Goodbye Cruel World").

Immediately after the wall's completion, Pink questions his decisions ("Hey You") and locks himself in his hotel room ("Is There Anybody Out There?"). Beginning to feel depressed, Pink turns to his possessions for comfort ("Nobody Home"), and yearns for the idea of reconnecting with his personal roots ("Vera"). Pink's mind flashes back to World War II, with the people demanding that the soldiers return home ("Bring the Boys Back Home"). Returning to the present, Pink's manager and roadies break into his hotel room, where they find him unresponsive. A paramedic injects him with drugs to enable him to perform at a concert later that night ("Comfortably Numb").

The drugs kick in, resulting in a hallucinatory on-stage performance ("The Show Must Go On") where he believes that he is a fascist dictator, and that his concert is a Neo-Nazi rally, at which he sets brownshirt-like men on fans that he considers unworthy ("In the Flesh"). He proceeds to attack minorities and deviants ("Run Like Hell"), culminating in him imagining holding a violence-inciting rally in suburban London ("Waiting for the Worms"). Pink's hallucination then ceases, and he begs for everything to stop ("Stop"). Tormented with guilt, Pink places himself on trial before his inner judge, who orders him to "tear down the wall" as punishment for his actions ("The Trial"). This is the opening of Pink to the outside world ("Outside the Wall").

The album turns full circle with its closing words "Isn't this where...", the first words of the phrase that begins the album, "...we came in?", with a continuation of the melody of the last song hinting at the cyclical nature of Waters' theme, and that the existential crisis at the heart of the album will never truly end.[33]

Production

Recording

The Wall was recorded in several locations. In France, Super Bear Studios was used between January and July 1979, and Waters recorded his vocals at the nearby Studio Miraval. Michael Kamen supervised the orchestral arrangements at CBS Studios in New York, in September.[34] Over the next two months the band used Cherokee Studios, Producers Workshop and The Village Recorder in Los Angeles. A plan to work with the Beach Boys at the Sundance Productions studio in Los Angeles was cancelled (although Beach Boys member Bruce Johnston does sing backing vocals on "In the Flesh?", "The Show Must Go On", the side 4 version of "In the Flesh", and "Waiting for the Worms") .[35][36]

James Guthrie, recommended by previous Floyd collaborator Alan Parsons, arrived early in the production process.[37] He replaced engineer Brian Humphries, who was emotionally drained by his five years with the band.[38] Guthrie was hired as a co-producer, but was initially unaware of Ezrin's role: "I saw myself as a hot young producer ... When we arrived, I think we both felt we'd been booked to do the same job."[39] The early sessions at Britannia Row were emotionally charged, as Ezrin, Guthrie and Waters each had strong ideas about the direction the album would take. Relations within the band were at a low ebb, and Ezrin became an intermediary between Waters and the rest of the band.[40]

As Britannia Row was initially regarded as inadequate for The Wall, the band upgraded much of its equipment,[41] and by March another set of demos was complete. However, their former relationship with NWG placed them at risk of bankruptcy, and they were advised to leave the UK by no later than 6 April 1979, for a minimum of one year. As non-residents they would pay no UK taxes during that time, and within a month all four members and their families had left. Waters moved to Switzerland, Mason to France, and Gilmour and Wright to the Greek Islands. Some equipment from Britannia Row was relocated in Super Bear Studios near Nice.[27][42] Gilmour and Wright were both familiar with the studio and enjoyed its atmosphere, having recorded solo albums there. While Wright and Mason lived at the studio, Waters and Gilmour stayed in nearby houses. Mason later moved into Waters's villa near Vence, while Ezrin stayed in Nice.[43]

Ezrin's poor punctuality caused problems with the tight schedule dictated by Waters.[44] Mason found Ezrin's behaviour "erratic", but used his elaborate and unlikely excuses for his lateness as ammunition for "tongue-in-cheek resentment".[43] Ezrin's share of the royalties was less than the rest of the band and he viewed Waters as a bully, especially when Waters mocked him by having badges made that read NOPE (No Points Ezrin), alluding to his lesser share.[44] Ezrin later said he had had marital problems and was not "in the best shape emotionally".[44]

Pink Floyd keyboardist Richard Wright, pictured in concert in 2006.
Waters' relationship with Richard Wright (pictured in 2006) collapsed during production, leading to Wright's firing.

More problems became apparent when Waters's relationship with Wright broke down. The band were rarely in the studio together. Ezrin and Guthrie spliced Mason's previously recorded drum tracks together, and Guthrie worked with Waters and Gilmour during the day, returning at night to record Wright's contributions. Wright, worried about the effect that the introduction of Ezrin would have on band relationships, was keen to have a producer's credit on the album; their albums since More (1969) had credited production to "Pink Floyd".[45] Waters agreed to a trial period with Wright producing, after which he was to be given a producer's credit, but after a few weeks he and Ezrin expressed dissatisfaction with Wright's methods. A confrontation with Ezrin led to Wright working only at nights. Gilmour also expressed his annoyance, complaining that Wright's lack of input was "driving us all mad".[46] Ezrin later reflected: "it sometimes felt that Roger was setting him up to fail. Rick gets performance anxiety. You have to leave him alone to freeform, to create ..."[46]

Wright was troubled by a failing marriage and the onset of depression, exacerbated by his non-residency. While the other band members brought their children, Wright's children were older and could not join as they were attending school; he said he missed them "terribly".[47] The band's holidays were booked for August, after which they were to reconvene at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles, but Columbia offered the band a better deal in exchange for a Christmas release of the album. Waters increased the band's workload accordingly, booking time at the nearby Studio Miraval.[48] He also suggested recording in Los Angeles ten days earlier than agreed, and hiring another keyboardist to work alongside Wright, whose keyboard parts had not yet been recorded. Wright, however, refused to cut short his family holiday in Rhodes.[49]

Accounts of Wright's subsequent departure from the band differ. In his autobiography, Inside Out, Mason says that Waters called the band's manager, Steve O'Rourke, who was travelling to the US on the QE2, and told him to have Wright out of the band by the time Waters arrived in LA to mix the album.[50] In another version recorded by a later historian of the band, Waters called O'Rourke and asked him to tell Wright about the new recording arrangements, to which Wright responded: "Tell Roger to fuck off".[51] Wright denied this, stating that the band had agreed to record only through the spring and early summer, and that he had no idea they were so far behind schedule. Mason later wrote that Waters was "stunned and furious",[48] and felt that Wright was not doing enough.[48] Gilmour was on holiday in Dublin when he learnt of Waters's ultimatum, and tried to calm the situation. He later spoke with Wright and gave him his support, but reminded him about his minimal contributions.[52] Waters, however, insisted that Wright leave, or he would refuse to release The Wall. Several days later, worried about their financial situation and the failing interpersonal relationships within the band, Wright quit. News of his departure was kept from the music press.[53] Although his name did not appear on some editions of the album (it does appear on the UK gatefold sleeve),[54][55] he was employed as a session musician on the band's subsequent tour.[56]

By August 1979, the running order was largely complete. Wright completed his duties at Cherokee Studios aided by session musicians Peter Wood and Fred Mandel, and Jeff Porcaro played drums in Mason's stead on "Mother".[55] Mason left the final mix to Waters, Gilmour, Ezrin and Guthrie, and travelled to New York to record his debut solo album, Nick Mason's Fictitious Sports.[57] In advance of its release, technical constraints led to some changes to the running order and content of The Wall, with "What Shall We Do Now?" replaced by the similar but shorter "Empty Spaces", and "Hey You" being moved from the end of side three to the beginning. With the November 1979 deadline approaching, the band left the inner sleeves of the album unchanged.[58]

Instrumentation

Mason's early drum sessions were performed in an open space on the top floor of Britannia Row Studios. The 16-track recordings from these sessions were mixed down and copied onto a 24-track master, as guide tracks for the rest of the band to play to. This gave the engineers greater flexibility,[nb 2] but also improved the audio quality of the mix, as the original 16-track drum recordings were synced to the 24-track master and the duplicated guide tracks removed.[60] Ezrin later related the band's alarm at this method of working – they apparently viewed the erasure of material from the 24-track master as "witchcraft".[40]

While at Super Bear studios, Waters agreed to Ezrin's suggestion that several tracks, including "Nobody Home", "The Trial" and "Comfortably Numb", should have an orchestral accompaniment. Michael Kamen, who had previously worked with David Bowie, was booked to oversee these arrangements, which were performed by musicians from the New York Philharmonic and New York Symphony Orchestras, and a choir from the New York City Opera.[61] Their sessions were recorded at CBS Studios in New York without Pink Floyd present. Kamen eventually met the band once recording was complete.[62]

I think things like 'Comfortably Numb' were the last embers of mine and Roger's ability to work collaboratively together.

David Gilmour[63]

"Comfortably Numb" has its origins in Gilmour's debut solo album, and was the source of much argument between Waters and Gilmour.[27] Ezrin claimed that the song initially started life as "Roger's record, about Roger, for Roger", but he thought that it needed further work. Waters changed the key of the verse and added more lyrics to the chorus, and Gilmour added extra bars for the line "I have become comfortably numb". Gilmour's "stripped-down and harder" recording was not to Waters's liking; Waters preferred Ezrin's "grander Technicolor, orchestral version". Following a major argument in a North Hollywood restaurant, the two compromised; the song's body included the orchestral arrangement, with Gilmour's second and final guitar solo standing alone.[63]

Sound design

Ezrin and Waters oversaw the capture of the album's sound effects. Waters recorded the phone call used on the original demo for "Young Lust", but neglected to inform its recipient, Mason, who assumed it was a prank call and angrily hung up.[64] A real telephone operator was also an unwitting participant.[65] The call references Waters' viewpoint of his bitter 1975 divorce from first wife Judy.[66] Waters also recorded ambient sounds along Hollywood Boulevard by hanging a microphone from a studio window. Engineer Phil Taylor recorded some of the screeching tyre noises on "Run Like Hell" from a studio car park, and a television set being destroyed was used on "One of My Turns". At Britannia Row Studios, Nick Griffiths recorded the smashing of crockery for the same song.[67] Television broadcasts were used, and one actor, recognising his voice, accepted a financial settlement from the group in lieu of legal action against them.[68]

The maniacal schoolmaster was voiced by Waters, and actress Trudy Young supplied the groupie's voice.[67] Backing vocals were performed by a range of artists, although a planned appearance by the Beach Boys on "The Show Must Go On" and "Waiting for the Worms" was cancelled by Waters, who instead settled for Beach Boy Bruce Johnston and Beach Boys touring musician Toni Tennille.[69]

Ezrin's suggestion to release "Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2" as a single with a disco-style beat did not initially find favour with Gilmour, although Mason and Waters were more enthusiastic. Waters opposed releasing a single, but became receptive once he listened to Ezrin and Guthrie's mix. With two identical verses the song was felt to be lacking, and so a copy was sent to Griffiths in London with a request to find children to perform several versions of the lyrics.[61] Griffiths contacted Alun Renshaw, head of music at the nearby Islington Green school, who was enthusiastic, saying: "I wanted to make music relevant to the kids – not just sitting around listening to Tchaikovsky. I thought the lyrics were great – 'We don't need no education, we don't need no thought control ...' I just thought it would be a wonderful experience for the kids."[70]

Griffiths first recorded small groups of pupils and then invited more, telling them to affect a Cockney accent and shout rather than sing. He multitracked the voices, making the groups sound larger, before sending his recordings back to Los Angeles. The result delighted Waters, and the song was released as a single, becoming a Christmas number one.[71] There was some controversy when the British press reported that the children had not been paid for their efforts; they were eventually given copies of the album, and the school received a £1,000 donation (£5,000 in contemporary value[19]).[72]

Artwork and packaging

The album's cover art is one of Pink Floyd's most minimal – a white brick wall and no text. Waters had a falling out with Hipgnosis designer Storm Thorgerson a few years earlier when Thorgerson had included the cover of Animals in his book The Work of Hipgnosis: 'Walk Away René'. The Wall is therefore the first album cover of the band since The Piper at the Gates of Dawn not to be created by the design group.[73] Issues of the album would include the lettering of the artist name and album title by cartoonist Gerald Scarfe, either as a sticker on sleeve wrapping or printed onto the cover itself, in either black or red. Scarfe, who had previously created animations for the band's "In the Flesh" tour, also created the LP's inside sleeve art and labels of both vinyl records of the album, showing the eponymous wall in various stages of construction, accompanied by characters from the story. The drawings would be translated into dolls for The Wall Tour, as well as into Scarfe's animated segments shown during the tour and the film based on the album. It is notable that the stadium drawn in the inner sleeve looks a lot like the Montreal Olympic Stadium where the album's concept happens to find its origin. It seems plausible that the artist was inspired by the stadium's appearance in 1977 and its inclined tower which was completed only at a third of its projected (and present) height, reminiscent of the many "towers" pictured in the artist's stadium.[74][75]

Release and reception
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[76]
The Daily Telegraph[77]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[78]
The Great Rock Discography9/10[79]
MusicHound Rock[80]
Music Story[79]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[81]
Smash Hits8/10[82]
Sputnikmusic5/5[83]
The Village VoiceB−[84]

When the completed album was played for an assembled group of executives at Columbia's headquarters in California, several were reportedly unimpressed by what they heard.[85] Matters had not been helped when Columbia Records offered Waters smaller publishing rights on the grounds that The Wall was a double album, a position he did not accept. When one executive offered to settle the dispute with a coin toss, Waters asked why he should gamble on something he owned. He eventually prevailed.[57] The record company's concerns were alleviated when "Another Brick in the Wall Part 2" reached number one in the UK, US, Norway, Portugal, West Germany and South Africa.[85] It was certified platinum in the UK in December 1979, and platinum in the US three months later.[86] In Germany, the album reached the one million sales mark within three months of its release.[87] In Canada, the album had sold 830,000 copies by January 1981.[88]

The Wall was released in the UK and in the US on 30 November 1979.[nb 3] Coinciding with its release, Waters was interviewed by veteran DJ Tommy Vance, who played the album in its entirety on BBC Radio 1.[73] Critical opinion of its content was mixed.[89] Reviewing for Rolling Stone in February 1980, Kurt Loder hailed it as "a stunning synthesis of Waters's by now familiar thematic obsessions" that "leaps to life with a relentless lyrical rage that's clearly genuine and, in its painstaking particularity, ultimately horrifying."[90] By contrast, The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau regarded it as "a dumb tribulations-of-a-rock-star epic" backed by "kitschy minimal maximalism with sound effects and speech fragments",[91] adding in The New York Times that its worldview is "self-indulgent" and "presents the self-pity of its rich, famous and decidedly post-adolescent protagonist as a species of heroism".[92] Melody Maker declared, "I'm not sure whether it's brilliant or terrible, but I find it utterly compelling."[93]

Nevertheless, the album topped the Billboard charts for 15 weeks,[94] selling over a million copies in its first two months of sales[89] and in 1999 was certified 23× platinum.[nb 4][95] It remains one of the best-selling albums of all time in the US,[86][95] between 1979 and 1990 selling over 19 million copies worldwide.[96] The Wall is Pink Floyd's second-best selling album after 1973's The Dark Side of the Moon.

Engineer James Guthrie's efforts were rewarded in 1980 with a Grammy award for Best Engineered Recording (non-classical), and the album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year.[97] Rolling Stone placed it at number 87 on its 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list in 2003,[98] maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list,[99] although this was updated to 129 with the list's 2020 revision.[8] Based on such rankings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists The Wall as the 166th most acclaimed album in history.[100] The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[101]

The Wall, said Billy Corgan at his induction of the Floyd into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, was "at my tender age of fourteen… too creepy, too intense, too nihilistic. And, of course, these are all the things that I believe in now… But at twenty-eight years old, it's one of the bravest records I've ever heard. And I really can't point to anything else that's ever summed up everything that's fucked up about life; everything that's fucked up about rock. It takes on politics, hero worship, rock 'n' roll, and our desires to connect with the universe, all in one fell swoop. It really, truly, is an amazing testament to how far they were willing to go to reach the outer limits of what's important."[102]

"The Wall is stupefyingly good," Waters declared in 1992. "Christ, what a brilliant idea that was. It holds together so well… And of course Dave's musical influence on that was considerable. Despite what has happened between us since then, I still have great respect for him as a guitarist."[103]

Reissues

A 1994 digitally remastered CD version manufactured in China omits "Young Lust", but retains a composition credit for Waters/Gilmour in the booklet.[104] The album was reissued in three versions as part of the Why Pink Floyd...? campaign, which featured a massive restoration of the band's catalogue with remastering by producer James Guthrie: in 2011, a "Discovery" edition, featuring the remastered version with no extras; and in 2012, both the "Experience" edition, which adds a bonus disc of unreleased material and other supplementary items, and the "Immersion" version, a seven-disc collection that also adds video materials.[105][106] The album was reissued under the Pink Floyd Records label on 26 August 2016 along with The Division Bell.

Tour

The Wall Tour opened at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena on 7 February 1980. As the band played, a 40-foot (12 m) wall of cardboard bricks was gradually built between them and the audience. Several characters were realised as giant inflatables, including a pig, replete with a crossed hammers logo.[107] Scarfe was employed to produce a series of animations to be projected onto the wall.[107] At his London studio, he employed a team of 40 animators to create nightmarish visions of the future, including a dove of peace, a schoolmaster, and Pink's mother.[108]

For "Comfortably Numb", while Waters sang his opening verse, Gilmour waited in darkness at the top of the wall, standing on a flight case on casters, held steady by a technician, both precariously balanced atop a hydraulic platform. On cue, bright blue and white lights would suddenly illuminate him.[109] At the end of the concert, the wall collapsed, revealing the band.[110] Along with the songs on the album, the tour featured an instrumental medley, "The Last Few Bricks", played before "Goodbye Cruel World" to allow the construction crew to complete the wall.[111]

During the tour, band relationships dropped to an all-time low; four Winnebagos were parked in a circle, with the doors facing away from the centre. Waters used his own vehicle to arrive at the venue, and stayed in separate hotels from the rest of the band. Wright, returning as a salaried musician, was the only member of the band to profit from the tour, which lost about £400,000.[56]

Adaptations
A concert stage in front of a wall with 2 levels. Five men stand on a balcony, including Roger Waters, who is saluting with his arm. On the lower level is a drum kit and a man playing guitar.
Waters (in spotlight), dressed in military attire, performing at The Wall – Live in Berlin, 1990

A film adaptation, Pink Floyd – The Wall, was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in July 1982.[40] It was written by Waters and directed by Alan Parker, with Bob Geldof as Pink. It used Scarfe's animation alongside actors, with little conventional dialogue.[112] A modified soundtrack was created for some of the film's songs.[113]

On 21 July 1990, Waters and producer Tony Hollingsworth created The Wall – Live in Berlin, staged for charity at a site once occupied by part of the Berlin Wall.[114] The concert included several artists and celebrities popular at the time, including Scorpions, Cyndi Lauper, Sinéad O'Connor, Ute Lemper, Tim Curry, Van Morrison, Bryan Adams among others. The concert was broadcast on television in 52 countries, and was later released as a video and album at the end of that same year. The band omitted the song "Outside the Wall" and instead played "The Tide Is Turning", a song from Roger Waters' 1987 solo album Radio K.A.O.S. In 2003, the album was remastered and for the first time, the video was released on DVD.

In 2000, Pink Floyd released Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81, which contains portions of various live shows from the Wall Tour, but mainly the shows in the Earls Court in London.[115] In 2012, it was remastered and released on The Wall "Immersion" Box-Set as an extra.

Beginning in 2010[116] and with dates lasting into 2013, Waters performed the album worldwide on his tour, The Wall Live.[117] This had a much wider wall, updated higher quality projected content and leading-edge projection technology. Gilmour and Mason played at one show in London at The O2 Arena.[118] A film of the live concert, Roger Waters: The Wall, was released in 2015.[119]

In 2016, Waters adapted The Wall into an opera, Another Brick in the Wall: The Opera with contemporary classical composer Julien Bilodeau. It premiered at Opéra de Montréal in March 2017, and was produced by Cincinnati Opera in July 2018.[120] It is orchestrated for a score of eight soloists, 48 chorus members, and a standard 70-piece operatic orchestra.[121]

In 2018, a tribute album The Wall [Redux] was released, with individual artists covering the entire album. This included Melvins' version of "In The Flesh?",[122] Pallbearer covering "Run Like Hell", former Screaming Trees' singer Mark Lanegan covering "Nobody Home" and Church of the Cosmic Skull reworking "The Trial".[123][124]

On September 19, 2019, Channel Awesome's internet series, Nostalgia Critic released a music video review of the album called Nostalgia Critic's The Wall, featuring Corey Taylor and Rob Scallon.[125] The album and video received overwhelmingly poor reviews from viewers and critics.[126]

Track listing

All tracks written or co-written by Roger Waters.
All lead vocals by Waters, except where noted.

Young Lust, Comfortably Numb, and Run Like Hell, co-written by David Gilmour.

The Trial, co-written by Bob Ezrin.


Side one
No.TitleLead vocalsLength
1."In the Flesh?" 3:16
2."The Thin Ice"
  • Waters
  • Gilmour
2:27
3."Another Brick in the Wall, Part 1" 3:11
4."The Happiest Days of Our Lives" 1:46
5."Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2"
  • Waters
  • Gilmour
3:59
6."Mother"
  • Waters
  • Gilmour
5:32
Total length:20:11
Side two
No.TitleLead vocalsLength
1."Goodbye Blue Sky"Gilmour2:45
2."Empty Spaces" 2:10
3."Young Lust"Gilmour3:25
4."One of My Turns" 3:41
5."Don't Leave Me Now"
  • Waters
  • Gilmour
4:08
6."Another Brick in the Wall, Part 3" 1:18
7."Goodbye Cruel World" 1:16
Total length:18:43
Side three
No.TitleLead vocalsLength
1."Hey You"
  • Gilmour
  • Waters
4:40
2."Is There Anybody Out There?"
  • Waters
  • Gilmour
2:44
3."Nobody Home" 3:26
4."Vera" 1:35
5."Bring the Boys Back Home" 1:21
6."Comfortably Numb"
  • Waters
  • Gilmour
6:23
Total length:20:09
Side four
No.TitleLead vocalsLength
1."The Show Must Go On"Gilmour1:36
2."In the Flesh" 4:15
3."Run Like Hell"
  • Waters
  • Gilmour
4:20
4."Waiting for the Worms"
  • Waters
  • Gilmour
4:04
5."Stop" 0:30
6."The Trial" 5:13
7."Outside the Wall" 1:41
Total length:21:39 (80:42)

Personnel

Pink Floyd[127]

  • Roger Waters – vocals, bass guitar (1-5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 19, 21), EMS VCS 3 (1, 7, 8, 11, 16, 21, 23), acoustic guitar (6, 17), electric guitar (12),[128] sleeve design, co-production
  • David Gilmour – vocals, electric (1-6, 8–12, 14, 15, 19, 21–23, 25) and acoustic guitars (6, 7, 14, 17, 19, 20), bass guitar (6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25), Prophet-5 (2, 7, 8, 19, 23) and ARP Quadra synthesizers (8, 21), co-production
  • Nick Mason – drums and percussion (except 3, 6–8, 13, 16, 17, 24, 26)
  • Richard Wright – Hammond organ (2, 4, 5, 9–11, 13, 14, 19, 22, 23), Prophet-5 (1, 3–5, 7, 10–13, 15–17, 20, 22), piano (2, 8, 11, 25), ARP Quadra (14) and Minimoog synthesizers (3), Fender Rhodes (14) and Wurlitzer electric pianos (9), clavinet (4)

Additional musicians

  • Bob Ezrin – production, piano (6, 10, 16, 20, 23, 24), Hammond organ and harmonium (6), Prophet-5 (15, 20, 21), orchestral arrangement and music (25), backing vocals (23)
  • James Guthrie – co-producer, engineer, percussion (4), ARP Quadra (8, 21), sound effects (14, 22)
  • Michael Kamen – orchestral arrangement (15, 19)
  • New York Orchestra – orchestra (16, 17, 18, 25)
  • New York Opera – choral vocals (18)
  • Fred Mandel – Hammond organ (1, 21)
  • Jeff Porcaro – drums (6)
  • Lee Ritenour – rhythm guitar (10), additional acoustic guitar (19)
  • Joe (Ron) di Blasi – classical guitar (15)
  • Joe Porcaro[129] – snare drums (18)
  • Bobbye Hall – congas and bongos (22)
  • Frank Marocco – concertina (26)
  • Larry Williams – clarinet (26)
  • Trevor Veitch – mandolin (26)
  • Bruce Johnston – backing vocals[130] (1, 20, 21, 23)
  • Toni Tennille – backing vocals (1, 20, 21, 23)
  • Joe Chemay – backing vocals (1, 20, 21, 23)
  • Jon Joyce – backing vocals (1, 20, 21, 23)
  • Stan Farber – backing vocals (1, 20, 21, 23)
  • Jim Haas – backing vocals (1, 20, 21, 23)
  • Children of Islington Green School – vocals (5)
  • Harry Waters – child's voice (7)
  • Trudy Young – voice of the groupie (9)
  • Vicki Brown and Clare Torry (credited simply as "Vicki & Clare") – backing vocals (25)
  • Phil Taylor – sound effects
  • Chris Fitzmorris – male telephone voice

Production

  • Nick Griffiths – engineer
  • Patrice Quef – engineer
  • Brian Christian – engineer
  • Rick Hart – engineer
  • Doug Sax – mastering at The Mastering Lab
  • John McClure - engineer
  • Phil Taylor – sound equipment
  • Gerald Scarfe – sleeve design
  • Krieg Wunderlich – remastering on Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab 24kt gold CD[131]
  • Doug Sax, James Guthrie – 1994 remastering at The Mastering Lab[132]
  • James Guthrie, Joel Plante – 2011 remastering at das boot recording[130]

Charts

Singles

Chart performance for singles from The Wall
Date Single Chart Position Source
23 November 1979 "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" UK Top 40 1 [nb 5][196]
7 January 1980 "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" US Billboard Pop Singles 1 [nb 6][86]
9 June 1980 "Run Like Hell" US Billboard Pop Singles 53 [nb 7][86]
March 1980 "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" Norway's single chart 1 [197]

Certifications and sales
Certifications and sales for The Wall
Region CertificationCertified units/sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[198] Platinum 60,000^
Australia (ARIA)[199]
DVD 		11× Platinum 165,000^
Australia (ARIA)[200] 11× Platinum 800,000[201]
Brazil — 110,000[202]
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[203]
DVD 		Platinum 50,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[204] 2× Diamond 2,000,000^
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[205] 6× Platinum 120,000‡
France (SNEP)[206] Diamond 1,000,000*
France (SNEP)[207]
video 		2× Platinum 40,000*
Germany (BVMI)[208] 4× Platinum 2,100,000[209]
Germany (BVMI)[210]
video 		2× Platinum 100,000^
Greece (IFPI Greece)[211] Platinum 100,000^
Hong Kong (IFPI Hong Kong)[212] Platinum 20,000*
Italy (FIMI)[213]
sales of Parlophone edition since 2009 		5× Platinum 250,000‡
Italy (FIMI)[214]
sales of Harvest edition since 2009 		Platinum 60,000*
Italy
DVD 2006 sales 		— 15,000[215]
Netherlands (NVPI)[216]
EMI Records Holland B.V. edition 		Platinum 100,000^
Netherlands (NVPI)[217]
Sony BMG edition 		Gold 50,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[218] 14× Platinum 210,000^
Poland (ZPAV)[219]
DVD 		Platinum 10,000*
Poland (ZPAV)[220]
2011 release 		2× Platinum 40,000‡
Poland (ZPAV)[221] Platinum 70,000*
Portugal (AFP)[222] Platinum 40,000^
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[223] Platinum 100,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[224] 2× Platinum 250,000[225]
United Kingdom (BPI)[226]
sales of Parlophone edition – 2011–2022 		3× Platinum 900,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)[227]
sales of Harvest edition in 1979 		Platinum 300,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[228]
video 		5× Platinum 250,000*
United States (RIAA)[229]
certified sales 1979–1999 		23× Platinum 11,500,000^
United States
Nielsen sales 1991–2008 		— 5,220,000[230]
Summaries
Worldwide — 30,000,000[6]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

See also

References

Notes

  1. Pink Floyd eventually sued NWG for £1 million, accusing them of fraud and negligence. NWG collapsed in 1981. Andrew Warburg fled to Spain, Norton Warburg Investments (a part of NWG) was renamed to Waterbrook, and many of its holdings were sold at a loss. Andrew Warburg was jailed for three years upon his return to the UK in 1987.[21]
  2. As well as being more flexible, repeated replay of magnetic tape can, over time, reduce the quality of the recorded material.
  3. EMI Harvest SHDW 411 (double album)[86]
  4. As a double album 23× platinum signifies sales of 11.5 million.
  5. EMI Harvest HAR 5194 (7" single)
  6. Columbia 1-11187 (7" single)
  7. Columbia 1-11265 (7" single)

Footnotes

  1. Murphy, Sean (17 November 2015). "The 25 Best Classic Progressive Rock Albums". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  2. Brown, Jake (2011). Jane's Addiction: In the Studio. SCB Distributors. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-9834716-2-2. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  3. Breithaupt, Don; Breithaupt, Jeff (2000), Night Moves: Pop Music in the Late '70s, St. Martin's Press, p. 71, ISBN 978-0-312-19821-3, archived from the original on 22 February 2017, retrieved 12 March 2016
  4. Barker, Emily (8 July 2015). "23 of the Maddest And Most Memorable Concept Albums". NME. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  5. "Pink Floyd's The Wall: The secrets behind 1980's best selling album". loudersound.com. 3 September 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  6. Borrelli, Christopher (22 September 2010). "How The Wall gets built in the first place". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013.
  7. Colin Larkin (2000). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 48. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6.
  8. "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  9. Turner, Steve: "Roger Waters: The Wall in Berlin"; Radio Times, 25 May 1990; reprinted in Classic Rock #148, August 2010, p76
  10. Scarfe 2010, p. 51
  11. Schaffner, p 329
  12. Schaffner, pp 219–220
  13. Mason 2005, pp. 235–236
  14. Blake 2008, pp. 256–257
  15. Blake 2008, p. 258
  16. Blake 2008, p. 259
  17. Blake 2008, p. 305
  18. Blake 2008, pp. 258–259
  19. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  20. Gwyther, Matthew (7 March 1993). "The dark side of success". Observer magazine. p. 37.
  21. Schaffner 1991, pp. 206–208
  22. Blake 2008, p. 260
  23. Fitch & Mahon 2006, p. 25
  24. Schaffner 1991, p. 212
  25. Schaffner 1991, pp. 211–213
  26. Blake 2008, pp. 260–261
  27. Schaffner 1991, p. 213
  28. Blake 2008, p. 278
  29. Nathan Southern (2012), "Rock Milestones: Pink Floyd – The Wall", Movies & TV Dept., The New York Times, archived from the original on 4 November 2012, retrieved 30 May 2010; Pink Floyd's Roger Waters Announces The Wall Tour, MTV, archived from the original on 25 April 2010, retrieved 30 May 2010; Top 14 Greatest Rock Operas/Concept Albums of All Time, ign.com, archived from the original on 9 March 2011, retrieved 30 May 2010
  30. Schaffner 1991, pp. 225–226
  31. Scarfe 2010, p. 57
  32. Blake 2008, p. 274
  33. Fitch & Mahon 2006, pp. 71, 113
  34. "Pink Floyd news :: Brain Damage – Michael Kamen". Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  35. Fitch & Mahon 2006, pp. 50–59, 71–113
  36. Povey 2007, p. 232
  37. Fitch & Mahon 2006, p. 26
  38. Mason 2005, p. 238
  39. Blake 2008, p. 262
  40. Blake 2008, p. 263
  41. Mason 2005, p. 240
  42. Blake 2008, pp. 262–263
  43. Mason 2005, pp. 243–244
  44. Blake 2008, p. 264
  45. Blake 2008, p. 265
  46. Blake 2008, p. 266
  47. Blake 2008, p. 2672
  48. Mason 2005, p. 245
  49. Blake 2008, pp. 264–267
  50. Mason 2005, p. 246
  51. Blake 2008, p. 267
  52. Simmons 1999, p. 88
  53. Blake 2008, pp. 267–268
  54. Schaffner 1991, p. 219
  55. Blake 2008, p. 269
  56. Blake 2008, pp. 285–286
  57. Mason 2005, p. 249
  58. Bench & O'Brien 2004, pp. 70–72
  59. McCormick, Neil (31 August 2006), "Everyone wants to be an axeman...", The Daily Telegraph, archived from the original on 29 June 2009, retrieved 28 September 2009
  60. Mason 2005, pp. 239–242
  61. Blake 2008, pp. 271–272
  62. Mason 2005, p. 247
  63. Blake 2008, p. 275
  64. Mason 2005, p. 237
  65. Mabbett, Andy (2010). Pink Floyd - The Music and the Mystery. London: Omnibus. ISBN 978-1-84938-370-7.
  66. Schaffner 1991, p. 189
  67. Blake 2008, pp. 269–271
  68. Mason 2005, p. 250
  69. Schaffner 1991, p. 214
  70. Blake 2008, p. 273
  71. Blake 2008, pp. 273–274
  72. Schaffner 1991, pp. 215–216
  73. Blake 2008, p. 279
  74. Simmons 1999, pp. 76–95
  75. "Interview: Gerald Scarfe". Floydian Slip. 5–7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  76. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Album review at AllMusic. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  77. McCormick, Neil (20 May 2014). "Pink Floyd's 14 studio albums rated". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  78. Larkin, Colin (2007). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734.
  79. "Pink Floyd The Wall". Acclaimed Music. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  80. Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel, eds. (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. p. 872. ISBN 1-57859-061-2.
  81. Sheffield, Rob (2 November 2004). "Pink Floyd: Album Guide". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media, Fireside Books. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  82. Starr, Red. "Albums". Smash Hits. No. December 13–26, 1979. p. 29.
  83. Med57. "The Wall". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  84. Christgau, Robert (31 March 1980). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2020 – via robertchristgau.com.
  85. Blake 2008, pp. 275–276
  86. Povey 2007, p. 348
  87. "Pink Floyd's Wall LP sets new sales record in Germany" (PDF). Music Week. 19 April 1980. p. 16. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  88. "Juno Album, Singles Data" (PDF). Billboard. 24 January 1981. p. 102. Retrieved 12 March 2022 – via World Radio History.
  89. Blake 2008.
  90. Loder, Kurt (7 February 1980), "Pink Floyd – The Wall", Rolling Stone, archived from the original on 3 May 2008, retrieved 6 October 2009
  91. Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: P". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.
  92. Christgau, Robert (15 December 1984). "Censorship Is Not a Cure for Teen-Age Suicide". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020 – via robertchristgau.com.
  93. Blake 2008, p. 277
  94. Schaffner 1991, p. 221
  95. GOLD & PLATINUM, riaa.com, archived from the original on 1 July 2007, retrieved 10 January 2011
  96. Holden, Stephen (25 April 1990), "Putting Up 'The Wall'", The New York Times, archived from the original on 26 December 2010, retrieved 21 August 2009
  97. Grammy Award Winners (search for The Wall), National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, archived from the original on 2 October 2009, retrieved 7 October 2009
  98. "The Wall – Pink Floyd", Rolling Stone, archived from the original on 15 April 2011, retrieved 30 March 2011
  99. "500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time". Rolling Stone. 2012. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  100. "The Wall". Acclaimed Music. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  101. MacDonald, Bruno (2006). "Pink Floyd: The Wall". In Dimery, Robert (ed.). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Universe Publishing. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-7893-1371-3.
  102. Induction speech at Waldorf Astoria New York, 17 January 1996
  103. Blake, Mark (1992). "Still Waters". RCD. Vol. 1, no. 3. p. 56.
  104. EMI/Harvest 00946 368220 2 0] copyright owned by Pink Floyd Music Ltd.
  105. "Why Pink Floyd...? Official website". EMI. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  106. Topping, Alexandra (10 May 2011). "Pink Floyd to release unheard tracks". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  107. Blake 2008, pp. 280–282
  108. Schaffner 1991, pp. 223–225
  109. Blake 2008, pp. 284–285
  110. Mason 2005, p. 252
  111. Povey 2007, p. 233 The band also played "What Shall We Do Now?", which was kept off the original album due to time constraints.
  112. Romero, Jorge Sacido. "Roger Waters' Poetry of the Absent Father: British Identity in Pink Floyd's "The Wall"" Atlantis 28.2 (2006): 45–58. JSTOR. Web. 21 February 2015.
  113. Blake 2008, pp. 288–292
  114. Blake 2008, pp. 342–347
  115. Povey 2007, p. 354
  116. "Roger Waters Pictures Madison Square Garden 11-06-2010". ClickitTicket. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  117. "Roger Waters to Restage 'The Wall' on 2010 Tour". CBS News. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  118. Greene, Andy (12 May 2011). "Pink Floyd Reunite at Roger Waters Show in London". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  119. "Roger Waters: The Wall review – primo stadium spectacle meets History Channel doc". The Guardian. 23 September 2015. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  120. "Cincinnati Opera to give U.S. premiere of 'Another Brick in the Wall' with music by Pink Floyd's Roger Waters". The Cincinnati Enquirer. 16 March 2017. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  121. "'The Wall' Opera Gets U.S. Release Date". Entertainment Weekly. 13 March 2017. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  122. "Hear Melvins Out-Strange Pink Floyd With Sludgy "In the Flesh?" Cover". Revolver. 1 November 2018. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  123. "Pallbearer's cover of Pink Floyd's "Run Like Hell" might be better than the original". Revolver Magazine. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  124. "Another Brick from The Wall (Redux) – Mark Lanegan 'Nobody Home'". Noise11. 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  125. "Nostalgia Critic's the Wall". music.apple.com.
  126. Fantano, Anthony. "Doug Walker - Nostalgia Critic's The Wall". The Needle Drop. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  127. Fitch & Mahon 2006
  128. Fitch, Vernon (2005). 'The Pink Floyd Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Collector's Guide. pp. 73, 76, 88. ISBN 1-894959-24-8.
  129. "Blue Ocean Drummer and Percussionist New York City". bleu-ocean.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  130. "The Wall – Pink Floyd | Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  131. The Wall (Booklet). Pink Floyd. Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab (UDCD 2-537). 1991.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  132. The Wall (Booklet). Pink Floyd. Capitol Records (CDP 7243 8 31243 2 9). 1994.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  133. Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). St. Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 233. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
  134. "Austriancharts.at – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  135. "Top RPM Albums: Issue 9481a". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  136. Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. p. 130. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
  137. "Dutchcharts.nl – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  138. "Offiziellecharts.de – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  139. "Classifiche". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 30 May 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Album". Then, in the "Titolo" field, search "The wall".
  140. "New Zealand charts portal (23/12/1979)". charts.nz. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  141. "Norwegian charts portal (50/1979)". norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  142. Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos:año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
  143. "Swedish charts portal (14/12/1979)". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  144. "Pink Floyd | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  145. "Pink Floyd Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  146. "Dutchcharts.nl – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  147. "Austriancharts.at – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  148. "Ultratop.be – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  149. "Ultratop.be – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  150. "Danishcharts.dk – Pink Floyd – The Wall". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  151. "Pink Floyd: The Wall" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  152. "Italiancharts.com – Pink Floyd – The Wall". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  153. "Spanishcharts.com – Pink Floyd – The Wall". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  154. "Swisscharts.com – Pink Floyd – The Wall". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  155. "Australiancharts.com – Pink Floyd – The Wall". Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  156. "Austriancharts.at – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  157. "Ultratop.be – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  158. "Ultratop.be – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  159. "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 09.Týden 2012 on the field besides the words "CZ – ALBUMS – TOP 100" to retrieve the correct chart. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  160. "Danish charts portal (09/03/2012)". danishcharts.dk. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  161. "Dutchcharts.nl – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  162. "Finnish charts portal (10/2012)". finnishcharts.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  163. "Les charts francais (03/03/2012)". lescharts.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  164. "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2023. 9. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  165. "Irish-charts.com – Discography Pink Floyd". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  166. "Italian charts portal (08/03/2012)". italiancharts.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  167. "New Zealand charts portal (05/03/2012)". charts.nz. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  168. "Norwegian charts portal (10/2012)". norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  169. "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  170. "Portuguese charts portal (24/2021)". portuguesecharts.com. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  171. "Spanish charts portal (04/03/2012)". spanishcharts.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  172. "Swedish charts portal (02/03/2012)". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  173. "Swisscharts.com – Pink Floyd – The Wall". Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  174. "Pink Floyd | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  175. "Pink Floyd Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  176. "Pink Floyd Chart History (Top Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  177. "Jahreshitparade Alben 1980". austriancharts.at (in German). Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  178. "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  179. "Top Selling Albums of 1980 — The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Recorded Music New Zealand. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  180. "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1980". Billboard. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  181. "Classifica annuale 2010 (dal 28.12.2009 al 26.12.2010)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  182. "Top de l'année Top Albums 2012" (in French). SNEP. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  183. "TOP AFP 2018" (PDF). Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa (in Portuguese). Audiogest. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  184. "Top Rock Albums – Year-End 2018". Billboard. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  185. "Rapports Annuels 2019". Ultratop. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  186. "Top Rock Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  187. "Jaaroverzichten 2020" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  188. "Rapports Annuels 2020" (in French). Ultratop. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  189. "Classifica annuale 2020 (dal 27.12.2019 al 31.12.2020)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  190. "Top Rock Albums – Year-End 2020". Billboard. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  191. "Jaaroverzichten 2021" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  192. "Classifica annuale 2021 (dal 01.01.2021 al 30.12.2021)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  193. "Top Rock Albums – Year-End 2021". Billboard. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  194. "OLiS 2022 – roczne podsumowanie sprzedaży płyt na nośnikach fizycznych" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  195. "Top 100 Álbuns - Semanas 1 a 52 – De 31/12/2021 a 29/12/2022" (PDF). Audiogest (in Portuguese). p. 1. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  196. Povey 2007, p. 347
  197. Pink Floyd – Another Brick in the Wall (Part II), norwegiancharts.com, archived from the original on 5 January 2010, retrieved 3 July 2009
  198. "Discos de Oro y Platino" (in Spanish). Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011.
  199. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 DVDs" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  200. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2011 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  201. "The Music Australia Loved". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014.
  202. Souza, Tarik de (22 April 1983). "Balladas De Pink Floyd Contra A Guerra". Jornal do Brasil. p. 40. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020. (...) In Brazil, where the trajectory of the group's recent LPs is a little fluctuating, (Animals (77), 60,000 copies, Wish You Were (75), 80,000 copies and The Wall (79), 110,000 copies) (...)
  203. "Brazilian video certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  204. "Canadian album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall". Music Canada. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  205. "Danish album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  206. "French album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 7 November 2020. Select PINK FLOYD and click OK. 
  207. "French video certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  208. "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Pink Floyd; 'The Wall')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
  209. "Phil Collins Seriously Breaks The Records" (PDF). Music & Media. 15 September 1990. p. 1. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  210. "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Pink Floyd; 'The Wall')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  211. Ewbank,Alison J; Papageorgiou, Fouli T (1997), Whose master's voice? Door Alison J. Ewbank, Fouli T. Papageorgiou, page 78, Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-27772-6, archived from the original on 18 April 2021, retrieved 11 October 2020
  212. "IFPIHK Gold Disc Award − 1982". IFPI Hong Kong. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  213. "Italian album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  214. "Italian album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 7 November 2020. Select "2011" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "The Wall" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Album e Compilation" under "Sezione".
  215. "LE CIFRE DI VENDITA 2006" (PDF). Musica e dischi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2014.
  216. "Dutch album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 7 November 2020. Enter The Wall in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 1979 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
  217. "Dutch album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 7 November 2020. Enter The Wall in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 2006 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
  218. "New Zealand album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  219. "Wyróżnienia – Platynowe płyty DVD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2004 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  220. "Wyróżnienia – Platynowe płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  221. "Wyróżnienia – Platynowe płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2003 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. 29 October 2003. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  222. "Portuguese album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  223. Sólo Éxitos 1959–2002 Año A Año: Certificados 1979–1990 (in Spanish), Iberautor Promociones Culturales, 2005, ISBN 8480486392, archived from the original on 28 September 2013, retrieved 7 November 2020
  224. "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Pink Floyd; 'The Wall')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  225. Haesler, Pierre (23 May 1981). "International – Imports Sell More – EMI Switzerland Is Pushing Local Disks" (PDF). Billboard. p. 77 – via American Radio History.
  226. "British album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  227. "British album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 7 November 2020. Select albums in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Type The Wall in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
  228. "British video certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  229. "American album certifications – Pink Floyd – The Wall". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  230. Barnes, Ken (16 February 2007). "Sales questions: Pink Floyd". USA Today. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Di Perna, Alan (2002), Guitar World Presents Pink Floyd, Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corporation, ISBN 978-0-634-03286-8
  • Fitch, Vernon (2001), Pink Floyd: The Press Reports 1966–1983, Ontario: Collector's Guide Publishing Inc, ISBN 978-1-896522-72-2
  • Fricke, David (December 2009), "Roger Waters: Welcome to My Nightmare ... Behind The Wall", Mojo, London: Emap Metro, vol. 193, pp. 68–84
  • Hiatt, Brian (September 2010), "Back to The Wall", Rolling Stone, vol. 1114, pp. 50–57
  • MacDonald, Bruno (1997), Pink Floyd: through the eyes of ... the band, its fans, friends, and foes, New York: Da Capo Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80780-0
  • Mabbett, Andy (2010), Pink Floyd The Music and the Mystery, London: Omnibus Press, ISBN 978-1-84938-370-7
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.