Thelotrema

Thelotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae,[1] the family to which all taxa in the former Thelotremataceae[2] now belong.

Thelotrema
Thelotrema lepadinum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Graphidales
Family: Graphidaceae
Genus: Thelotrema
Ach. (1803)
Type species
Thelotrema lepadinum
(Ach.) Ach. (1803)

Members of the genus Thelotrema are commonly called barnacle lichens.[3][4]

Description

Thelotrema lichens have a thallus with colours ranging from white to yellow-grey or light olive. The texture of the thallus can be smooth, uneven, or verrucose, with the presence of either an ecorticate surface or a loosely to rarely dense proso- to paraplectenchymatous cortex. The photobiont layer and medulla frequently contain clusters of calcium oxalate crystals.[5]

The apothecia can be immersed or sessile and appear rounded or angular-rounded. The disc is partially covered by remnants of the excipulum, while the margin can be entire, undulate, or fissured, displaying a distinct double margin. The columella is absent in this genus. The excipulum is paraplectenchymatous, uncarbonized, and varies in colour from colourless to brown. It has distinct periphysoids, and the paraphyses are unbranched.[5]

Thelotrema ascospores are transversely septate to muriform, fusiform-ellipsoid to oblong-cylindrical, and feature thin to thick septa with angular to rounded lumina. The outer wall of the spores is often thick, and the spores may be colourless or brown. They can display weak to strong violet-blue amyloid reactions. The secondary chemistry of Thelotrema lichens generally includes stictic acid or norstictic acid or closely related compounds, with hypoprotocetraric acid appearing rarely.[5]

Species

As of December 2022, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 165 species of Thelotrema.[6]

  • Thelotrema adjectum Nyl. (1866)[7]
  • Thelotrema africanum (Hale) Hale (1980)
  • Thelotrema ahtii Sipman (1994)[8]
  • Thelotrema albidopallens Nyl. (1873)[9]
  • Thelotrema allosporoides Nyl. (1873)[9]
  • Thelotrema amabilis B.de Lesd. (1927)[10]
  • Thelotrema amazonicum Rivas Plata & Lücking (2012)[11]
  • Thelotrema armellense Patw., Sethy & Nagarkar (1986)[12]
  • Thelotrema attenuatum (C.Knight) Hellb. (1896)
  • Thelotrema australiense Müll.Arg. (1887)[13]
  • Thelotrema berendsohnii Sipman (2014)[14]
  • Thelotrema berkeleyanum (Mont.) Brusse (1988)
  • Thelotrema bicuspidatum Müll.Arg. (1891)[15]
  • Thelotrema biliranum Vain. (1921)[16]
  • Thelotrema byssoideum (Kremp.) G.Salisb. (1966)
  • Thelotrema californicum Tuck. (1877)[17]
  • Thelotrema cameroonense C.W.Dodge (1953)[18]
  • Thelotrema canarense Patw. & C.R.Kulk. (1977)[19]
  • Thelotrema canescens Tat.Matsumoto (2000)[20]
  • Thelotrema capense Zahlbr. (1932)[21]
  • Thelotrema capetribulense Mangold (2008)[22]
  • Thelotrema catastictum Tuck. (1866)[23]
  • Thelotrema cinerellum Müll.Arg. (1891)[24]
  • Thelotrema cinereovirens Kremp. (1875)[25]
  • Thelotrema colobicum Nyl. (1873)[9]
  • Thelotrema conferendum Hale (1975)[26]
  • Thelotrema confertum Nagarkar, Sethy & Patw. (1987)[27]
  • Thelotrema configuratum (Hale) Mangold (2016)
  • Thelotrema crassisporum Mangold (2009)[28]
  • Thelotrema crateriforme Bél. (1834)
  • Thelotrema crespoae Mangold, Elix & Lumbsch (2008)[22]
  • Thelotrema cubanum Tuck. (1862)[29]
  • Thelotrema cyphelloides Müll.Arg. (1895)[30]
  • Thelotrema defectum Hale ex R.C.Harris (1990)
  • Thelotrema defossum (Müll.Arg.) Mangold (2008)
  • Thelotrema demersum (Müll.Arg.) G.Salisb. (1978)
  • Thelotrema demissum Flot. (1842)
  • Thelotrema depressum Mont. (1851)[31]
  • Thelotrema dignitosum (Kremp.) Zahlbr. (1923)
  • Thelotrema dislaceratum Kremp. (1875)[25]
  • Thelotrema dissultum Hale (1981)[32]
  • Thelotrema dominicanum Hale (1974)[33]
  • Thelotrema elmeri Vain. (1921)[16]
  • Thelotrema endoxanthum Müll.Arg. (1891)[15]
  • Thelotrema eungellaense Mangold, Elix & Lumbsch (2007)[34]
  • Thelotrema euphorbiae Frisch (2006)[35]
  • Thelotrema expansum C.Knight (1888)
  • Thelotrema exsertum (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1923)
  • Thelotrema farinaceum C.Knight (1883)[36]
  • Thelotrema fijiense Lumbsch, Lücking & Naikatini (2011)
  • Thelotrema fissiporum Hale (1974)[37]
  • Thelotrema flavescens Darb. (1912)[38]
  • Thelotrema floridense R.C.Harris (1990)
  • Thelotrema formosanum Zahlbr. (1933)[39]
  • Thelotrema foveolare Müll.Arg. (1891)[24]
  • Thelotrema fuscosubtile Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch (2014)[40]
  • Thelotrema galactizans Harm. (1912)
  • Thelotrema gallowayanum Mangold, Elix & Lumbsch (2007)
  • Thelotrema gomezianum Lücking (2012)
  • Thelotrema granatum Kremp. (1875)
  • Thelotrema grossimarginatum Tat.Matsumoto (2000)
  • Thelotrema harmandii Pit. (1911)
  • Thelotrema hawaiiense (Hale) Hale (1980)
  • Thelotrema heladivense Weerakoon, Jayalal & Lücking (2015)
  • Thelotrema hnatiukii Sipman (2010)
  • Thelotrema hypomelaenum Müll.Arg. (1895)
  • Thelotrema hypoprotocetraricum (Hale) Hale (1980)
  • Thelotrema indicum Hale (1975)
  • Thelotrema infundibulare Tat.Matsumoto (2000)
  • Thelotrema inscalpens Nyl. (1867)
  • Thelotrema inspersoporinaceum Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch (2014)
  • Thelotrema integrellum Harm. (1912)
  • Thelotrema isidiophorum (Kremp.) Zahlbr. (1923)
  • Thelotrema isidiosum S.Joshi, Upreti & Hur (2018)
  • Thelotrema jugale (Müll.Arg.) Lücking (2012)
  • Thelotrema kalakkadense Nagarkar, Sethy & Patw. (1987)
  • Thelotrema kalarense Sethy, Nagarkar & Patw. (1987)
  • Thelotrema kamatii (Patw. & C.R.Kulk.) Hale (1980)
  • Thelotrema kinabaluense Sipman (2014)
  • Thelotrema lacteum Kremp. (1864)
  • Thelotrema laurisilvae Lücking & Breuss (2012)
  • Thelotrema lecanodeum Nyl. (1876)
  • Thelotrema lepademersum Nagarkar, Sethy & Patw. (1987)
  • Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. (1803)
  • Thelotrema leprocarpoides Hale (1981)
  • Thelotrema leucocarpum Nyl. (1863)
  • Thelotrema leucocheilum Vain. (1921)
  • Thelotrema lirellizans Zahlbr. (1944)
  • Thelotrema lueckingii Breuss (2013)
  • Thelotrema macrosporum P.M.Jørg. & P.James (1995)
  • Thelotrema manosporum (C.Knight) Hellb. (1896)
  • Thelotrema marginatum Eschw. (1834)
  • Thelotrema megasporum S.Joshi, Upreti & Hur (2018)
  • Thelotrema meridense Hale (1975)
  • Thelotrema minarum Vain. (1890)
  • Thelotrema minisporum Wijey., Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)
  • Thelotrema mongkolsukii Homchant. & Coppins (2002)
  • Thelotrema monospermum R.C.Harris (1990)
  • Thelotrema monosporum Nyl. (1861)
  • Thelotrema murinum Zahlbr. (1933)
  • Thelotrema nipponicum Tat.Matsumoto (2000)
  • Thelotrema nostalgicum G.Salisb. (1972)
  • Thelotrema occlusum Nyl. (1867)
  • Thelotrema oleosum Mangold (2008)
  • Thelotrema osornense C.W.Dodge (1967)
  • Thelotrema paludosum Sipman (2014)
  • Thelotrema papillosum Hale (1974)[33]
  • Thelotrema parvisporum Sipman (2014)
  • Thelotrema parvizebrinum Mangold (2009)
  • Thelotrema patwardhanii (Hale) Rivas Plata & Mangold (2010)
  • Thelotrema pauperculum Vain. (1929)
  • Thelotrema perriei Papong, Lücking & Lumbsch (2014)
  • Thelotrema philippinum Rivas Plata, Sipman & Lücking (2014)
  • Thelotrema phliuense Homchant. & Coppins (2002)
  • Thelotrema pidurutalagalum Hale (1981)
  • Thelotrema piluliferum Tuck. (1868)
  • Thelotrema poeltii Patw. & C.R.Kulk. (1977)
  • Thelotrema polythecium Sethy, Nagarkar & Patw. (1987)
  • Thelotrema porinoides Mont. & Bosch (1856)
  • Thelotrema profundum (Stirt.) Shirley (1889)
  • Thelotrema pruinosum D.S.Clemente (1867)
  • Thelotrema pseudosimilans Weerakoon, Wijey. & Lumbsch (2012)
  • Thelotrema pseudosubtile Mangold (2008)
  • Thelotrema quitoense Fée (1837)
  • Thelotrema reunionis Kalb (2009)
  • Thelotrema rhamni-purshianae E.Senft (1897)
  • Thelotrema rhododiscum Homchant. & Coppins (2002)
  • Thelotrema rhodothecium Vain. (1915)
  • Thelotrema rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale (1980)
  • Thelotrema rugatulum Nyl. (1873)
  • Thelotrema samaranum Vain. (1921)
  • Thelotrema saxicola (Vain.) G. Salisb. (1972)
  • Thelotrema scabrosum Hale (1974)[37]
  • Thelotrema sendaiense Vain. (1918)
  • Thelotrema similans Nyl. (1890)
  • Thelotrema simplex Tuck. (1866)
  • Thelotrema sitianum Vain. (1890)
  • Thelotrema stenosporum Zahlbr. (1944)
  • Thelotrema stromatiferum Harm. (1912)
  • Thelotrema subadjectum Mangold (2009)
  • Thelotrema subexpallescens Nagarkar, Sethy & Patw. (1987)
  • Thelotrema subgeminum (Nyl.) Nyl. (1891)
  • Thelotrema subgranulosum Jatta (1911)
  • Thelotrema subhiatum Patw. & Nagarkar (1980)
  • Thelotrema submyriocarpum Lücking (2012)
  • Thelotrema suboccultum (Stirt.) Hellb. (1896)
  • Thelotrema subsphaerosporum Harm. (1912)
  • Thelotrema subweberi Sipman (1993)
  • Thelotrema suecicum (H.Magn.) P.James (1977)
  • Thelotrema tetrasporum (Stirt.) D.D.Awasthi (1965)
  • Thelotrema thesaurum Mangold (2009)
  • Thelotrema triseptatum Mangold (2009)
  • Thelotrema tristanense Øvstedal (2010)
  • Thelotrema trypethelioides C.Knight ex F.M.Bailey (1884)
  • Thelotrema umbonatum Müll.Arg. (1891)
  • Thelotrema umbratum (Ach.) Fée (1837)
  • Thelotrema velatum Müll.Arg. (1894)
  • Thelotrema verrucorugosum Nagarkar, Sethy & Patw. (1987)
  • Thelotrema verruculosum Nagarkar & Hale (1989)
  • Thelotrema weberi Hale (1974)[37]
  • Thelotrema wilsoniorum Sipman & Lücking (2012)
  • Thelotrema zenkeri C.W.Dodge (1964)
  • Thelotrema zimbabwense Frisch (2006)

References
  1. Mangold, Armin; Martín, María P.; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2008). "Molecular Phylogeny Suggests Synonymy of Thelotremataceae within Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". Taxon. 2: 476–486.
  2. Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany. 13: 1–58.
  3. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Name Search
  4. Barnacle Lichen (Thelotrema), Encyclopedia of Life
  5. Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Lücking, Robert; Aptroot, André; Chaves, José Luis; Kalb, Klaus; Tenorio, Loengrin Umaña (2012). "A first assessment of the Ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica and adjacent areas: the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". Phytotaxa. 55 (1): 1–214 [182]. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.55.1.1.
  6. Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Thelotrema". Catalog of Life Version 2022-11-14. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  7. Nylander, W. (1866). "Collectio lichenum ex insula Cuba". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 49: 289–295.
  8. Sipman, H.J.M. (1994). "New Graphidales (lichenized Ascomycotina) from the Guianas and nearby areas". Acta Botanica Fennica. 150: 165–172.
  9. Nylander, W. (1873). "Lichenes insularum Andaman". Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie (in Latin). 7: 162–182.
  10. Bouly de Lesdain, M. (1927). "Notes lichénologiques. XXIII". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France (in French). 74 (3): 436–439. doi:10.1080/00378941.1927.10831484.
  11. Rivas Plata, E.; Lücking, R. (2012). "High diversity of Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales) in Amazonian Perú". Fungal Diversity. 58: 13–32.
  12. Patwardhan, P.G.; Sethy, P.K.; Nagarkar, M.B. (1985). "A contribution to our knowledge of the lichen family Thelotremataceae from South India". Biovigyanam. 11 (2): 133–140.
  13. Müller, J. (1887). "Lichenologische Beiträge XXV". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 70 (4): 56–64.
  14. Sipman, Harrie J.M. (2014). "New species of Graphidaceae from the Neotropics and Southeast Asia". Phytotaxa. 189 (1): 289–311. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.21.
  15. Müller, J. (1891). "Lichenes Brisbanenses a cl. F.M. Bailey, Government Botanist, prope Brisbane (Queensland) in Australia orientali lecti". Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano (in Latin). 23 (3): 385–404.
  16. Vainio, E.A. (1921). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum, III". Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae. Ser. A (in Latin). 15 (6): 1–368.
  17. Tuckerman, E. (1877). "Observations on North American and other lichens. 4". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 12: 166–185. doi:10.2307/25138446. JSTOR 25138446.
  18. Dodge, C.W. (1953). "Some lichens of tropical Africa". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 40 (4): 271–401. doi:10.2307/2394552. JSTOR 2394552.
  19. Patwardhan, P.G.; Kulkarni, C.R. (1977). "Some new taxa of the family Thelotremataceae from Western Ghats, SW India". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 24: 127–131.
  20. Matsumoto, T. (2000). "Taxonomic studies of the Thelotremataceae (Graphidales, lichenized Ascomycota) in Japan (1) Genus Thelotrema". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 88: 1–50.
  21. Zahlbruckner, A. (1932). "Lichenes in Africa lecti". Annales de Cryptogamie Exotique. 5 (3–4): 198–275.
  22. Lumbsch, H.T.; Mangold, A.; Martin, M.P.; Elix, J.A. (2008). "Species recognition and phylogeny of Thelotrema species in Australia (Ostropales, Ascomycota)". Australian Systematic Botany. 21 (3): 217–227. doi:10.1071/SB07049. hdl:1885/39183. S2CID 86591896.
  23. Tuckerman, E. (1864). "Observations on North American and other lichens". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 6: 263–287.
  24. Müller, J. (1891). "Lichenes Miyoshiani in Japonia a cl. Myoshi lecti et a cl. Professore Yatabe communicati". Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano (in Latin). 23: 120–131.
  25. Krempelhuber, A. von (1875). "Lichenes quos legit O. Beccari in insulis Borneo et Singapore annis 1866 et 1867". Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano (in Latin). 7 (1): 5–67.
  26. Hale, M.E. Jr. (1975). "Studies on the lichen family Thelotremataceae. 3". Mycotaxon. 3 (1): 173–181.
  27. Nagarkar, M.B.; Sethy, P.K.; Patwardhan, P.G. (1985). "A contribution to our knowledge of the lichen family Thelotremataceae from South India II". Kavaka. 13 (2): 57–62.
  28. Mangold, A.; Elix, J.A.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2009). "Thelotremataceae". Flora of Australia. Vol. 57. Australian Biological Resources Study/CSIRO Publishing. pp. 653–659. ISBN 978-0-643-09664-6.
  29. Tuckerman, E. (1862). "Observations on North American and other lichens. 2". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 5: 383–422. doi:10.2307/20021278. JSTOR 20021278.
  30. Müller, J. (1895). "Sertum Australiense s. species novae Australienses Thelotremearum, Graphidearum et Pyrenocarpearum". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in Latin). 3: 313–327.
  31. Montagne, J.P.F.C. (1851). "Cryptogamia Guyanensis seu plantarum cellularium in Guyana gallica annis 1835-1849 a cl. Leprieur collectarum enumeratio universalis". Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique (in French). 16: 47–81.
  32. Hale, M.E. (1981). "A revision of the lichen family Thelotremataceae in Sri Lanka". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 8 (3): 227–232.
  33. Hale, M.E. (1974). "Morden-Smithsonian Expedition to Dominica: The Lichens. (Thelotremataceae)". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 16 (16): 1–46. doi:10.5479/si.0081024X.16.
  34. Mangold, A.; Elix, J.A.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2007). "The norstictic acid containing Thelotrema species in Australia". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 95: 459–470.
  35. Frisch, A. (2006). "The lichen family Thelotremataceae in Africa". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 92: 3–370.
  36. Knight, C. (1883). "On the Lichenographia of New Zealand". Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. 15: 346–358.
  37. Hale, M.E. (1974). "Studies on the lichen family Thelotremataceae. 2". Phytologia. 27: 490–501.
  38. Darbishire, O.V. (1912). "The lichens of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition". Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Südpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. 4 (2/no. 11): 1–73.
  39. Zahlbruckner, A. (1933). "Flechten der Insel Formosa". Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. 33 (1–7): 22–68. doi:10.1002/fedr.19330330103.
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