Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League was a Minor League Baseball organization that operated for the better part of 60 seasons, with teams based in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska and Wisconsin. The league began play in 1901 and disbanded after the 1961 season. It was popularly known as the Three–I League and sometimes as the Three–Eye League.

Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
ClassificationClass D (1901)
Class B (1902–1917, 1919–1932, 1935, 1937–1942, 1948–1961)
SportMinor League Baseball
Inaugural season1901 (1901)
Ceased1961 (1961)
PresidentMichael H. Sexton (1901–1904)
Edward Holland (1905–1907)
Tom Loftus (1908)
Michael H. Sexton (1909)
Albert R. Tearney (1910–1917, 1919–1924)
L.J. Wylie (1924–1932, 1935)
Tom Fairweather (1937–1942, 1948–1950)
Vern McMillan (1951)
Hal Totten (1952–1959)
Vern Hoscheit (1960–1961)
No. of teams31
CountryUnited States of America
Most titles8
Evansville Braves/ Bees/ Hubs (1957, 1956, 1954, 1952, 1949, 1941, 1938, 1930)
Related
competitions		Midwest League

The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League played from 1901 to 1961 with some interruptions due to world events: the league did not play in 1918 due to World War I and it had a break in 1933 and 1934 because of the Great Depression. After resuming play in 1935, it closed down in 1936, but reformed and had a six-year run from 1937 through 1942, before a break due to World War II. The league resumed play in 1946, lasting through 1961, where it was largely supplanted by the Midwest League. A Class B level league from 1902 throughout its lifespan, no other league survived for as long at that level.

History

The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League was founded in 1901 with Rock Island, Illinois native Michael H. Sexton serving as the first president. Eight charter members began play in 1901. The Bloomington Blues, Cedar Rapids Rabbitts, Davenport River Rats, Decatur Commodores, Evansville River Rats, Rock Island Islanders, Rockford Red Sox and Terre Haute Hottentots were the charter teams.[1] Bloomington, Illinois, Decatur, Illinois and Terre Haute, Indiana had left the Central League to join expansion teams in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Davenport, Iowa, Evansville, Indiana, Rockford, Illinois, and Rock Island, Illinois and form the Class D level league. Two expansion teams, Davenport and Evansville, chose "River Rats" as their team name.[2]

For the second season, 1902, the league became Class B level league, a classification it retained for the next 59 seasons of league operation.[3]

The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League was inactive during some years of World War I (1918), the Great Depression (1933–1934, 1936) and World War II (1943–1945), similar to many minor leagues that were forced to suspend operations or disband during those severe times.[2][4]

As with many minor leagues, especially at the lower classifications, league membership fluctuated a great deal over its six decades. Overall, the league hosted teams in 31 cities during its existence.[5] At various times it had teams in such medium-sized cities as Cedar Rapids, Davenport, Bloomington, Decatur, Danville, Peoria, Springfield, Evansville and Terre Haute. It was a Class B league in the old classification system that ran from Class D up to Class Triple-A.

The 1955 Keokuk Kernels are ranked #30 in the Top–100 All–Time minor league teams by MiLB.com.[6] The Kernels finished with a 92–34 record and were led by Russ Nixon and Mudcat Grant.[6]

Since 1956 its territory had largely been supplanted by the Midwest League, which began play in 1947 as the Class D level Illinois State League. After 1956 there were no Illinois or Indiana teams in the league. The final 1961 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League franchises were the Fox Cities Foxes, Burlington Bees, Topeka Reds, Lincoln Chiefs, Cedar Rapids Braves and Des Moines Demons.[7] In 1962, Appleton (Fox Cities), Burlington, and Cedar Rapids joined the Midwest League and the Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League folded operations when those franchises switched leagues.[8]

The league's unique name made it a convenient reference point for any mention of the minor leagues. Casey Stengel made the following comment in later life, evidently still feeling stung from having been traded by the New York Giants to the Boston Braves in the 1923–1924 off-season, despite having hit 2 game-winning home runs in the World Series: "It's lucky I didn't hit 3 home runs in three games, or McGraw would have traded me to the 3-I League!"

Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League teams (1901–1961)

Alton, Illinois
Alton Blues, 1917
Bloomington, Illinois
* Bloomington Blues, 1901–1902
* Bloomington Bloomers, 1903–1910, 1912–1917,
1919–1929, 1935, 1938–1939
* Bloomington Cubs, 1930–1931
* Bloomington Bengals, 1937
Burlington, Iowa
* Burlington Flints, 1952–1953
* Burlington Bees, 1954–1961
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
* Cedar Rapids Rabbits, 1901–1909, 1920–1921
* Cedar Rapids Raiders, 1938–1942, 1957
* Cedar Rapids Indians, 1950–1954
* Cedar Rapids Braves, 1958–1961
Clinton, Iowa
* Clinton Infants, 1907–1908
* Clinton Owls, 1937–1938
* Clinton Giants, 1939–1941
Danville, Illinois
Danville Speakers, 1910–1914
Danville Veterans, 1922–1932
Danville Dodgers, 1946–1950
Davenport, Iowa
* Davenport River Rats, 1901–1904
* Davenport Riversides, 1905
* Davenport Knickerbockers, 1906
* Davenport Prodigals, 1909–1912
* Davenport Blue Sox, 1913–1916
* Davenport Cubs, 1946–1947
* Davenport Pirates, 1948–1949
* Davenport Quads, 1950
* Davenport Tigers, 1951–1952
* Davenport DavSox, 1957–1958
Decatur, Illinois
* Decatur Commodores, 1901–1909, 1912–1915, 1922–1932,
1935, 1937–1942, 1946–1947, 1950
* Decatur Nomads, 1911
* Decatur Commies, 1948
* Decatur Cubs, 1949


Des Moines, Iowa
* Des Moines Demons, 1959–1961
Dubuque, Iowa
* Dubuque Shamrocks, 1903–1905
* Dubuque Dubs, 1906–1910, 1912–1915
* Dubuque Hustlers, 1911
Evansville, Indiana
* Evansville River Rats, 1901–1902
* Evansville Evas, 1919–1923
* Evansville Little Evas, 1924
* Evansville Pocketeers, 1925
* Evansville Hubs, 1926–1931
* Evansville Bees, 1938–1942
* Evansville Braves, 1946–1957
Fort Wayne, Indiana
* Fort Wayne Chiefs, 1935
Appleton, Wisconsin
* Fox Cities Foxes, 1959–1961
Freeport, Illinois
* Freeport Comeons, 1915
Green Bay, Wisconsin
* Green Bay Bluejays, 1958–1959
* Green Bay Dodgers, 1960
Hannibal, Missouri
* Hannibal Mules, 1916–1917
Joliet, Illinois
* Joliet Standards, 1903
Keokuk, Iowa
* Keokuk Kernels, 1952–1957
Lincoln, Nebraska
* Lincoln Chiefs, 1959–1961
Madison, Wisconsin
* Madison Blues, 1940–1942
Moline, Illinois
* Moline Plowboys, 1914–1917, 1919–1923, 1937–1941
Peoria, Illinois
* Peoria Distillers, 1905–1917
* Peoria Tractors, 1919–1932, 1935
* Peoria Reds, 1937
* Peoria Chiefs, 1953–1957


Quincy, Illinois
* Quincy Infants, 1911
* Quincy Old Soldiers, 1912
*Quincy Gems, 1913–1917, 1946–1956
* Quincy Red Birds, 1925–1927
* Quincy Indians, 1928–1932
Rochester, Minnesota
* Rochester A's, 1958
Rock Island, Illinois
* Rock Island Islanders, 1901–1911, 1916–1917, 1921
Rockford, Illinois
* Rockford Red Sox, 1901–1904
* Rockford Wakes, 1915–1916
* Rockford Rox, 1917, 1919–1923
Sioux City, Iowa
* Sioux City Soos, 1959–1960
Springfield, Illinois
* Springfield Foot Trackers, 1903
* Springfield Hustlers, 1904
* Springfield Senators, 1905–1912, 1925–1932, 1935
* Springfield Watchmakers, 1913–1914
* Springfield Browns, 1938–1942, 1946–1949
Terre Haute, Indiana
* Terre Haute Hottentots, 1901–1902
* Terre Haute Browns, 1919–1920
* Terre Haute Tots, 1921–1932, 1935, 1937
* Terre Haute Phillies, 1946–1954
* Terre Haute Tigers, 1955–1956
Topeka, Kansas
* Topeka Hawks, 1959
* Topeka Reds, 1960–1961
Waterloo, Iowa
* Waterloo Boosters, 1910–1911
* Waterloo Red Hawks, 1938–193
* Waterloo Hawks, 1940–1942, 1947
* Waterloo White Hawks, 1946, 1948–1956
Winona, Minnesota
* Winona A's, 1958

Year-by-year (1901–1932)

1901 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Terre Haute won the title behind the impressive pitching of Mordecai Brown, future Chicago Cubs mound star.

Team NameRecord
Terre Haute Hottentots72–39
Bloomington Blues68–44
Cedar Rapids Rabbits67–45
Rockford Red Sox57–55
Davenport River Rats51–61
Evansville River Rats47–65
Rock Island Islanders45–66
Decatur Commodores40–72

1902 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Rockford Red Sox74–52
Terre Haute Hottentots70–53
Cedar Rapids Rabbits64–55
Rock Island Islanders58–61
Davenport River Rats59–63
Evansville River Rats57–67
Decatur Commodores55–69
Bloomington Blues54–71

1903 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Evansville and Terre Haute joined the Central League. New teams in Dubuque, Iowa and Joliet, Illinois formed. Joliet, with a record of 14–19, moved to Springfield, Illinois on June 12, where they had a record of 28–61.

Bloomington Bloomers72–47
Decatur Commodores67–51
Davenport River Rats65–53
Rock Island Islanders64–54
Cedar Rapids Rabbits60–60
Rockford Red Sox58–60
Dubuque Shamrocks49–72
Joliet Standards/Springfield Foot Trackers42–80

1904 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Springfield Hustlers72–48
Cedar Rapids Rabbits70–52
Dubuque Shamrocks69–54
Bloomington Bloomers60–61
Decatur Commodores59–62
Rock Island Islanders57–65
Davenport River Rats52–69
Rockford Red Sox48–76

1905 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Rockford team folded, and a new team in Peoria, Illinois formed.

Dubuque Shamrocks70–53
Rock Island Islanders68–55
Springfield Senators64–58
Decatur Commodores63–58
Cedar Rapids Rabbits63–61
Bloomington Bloomers60–65
Davenport Riversides56–67
Peoria Distillers48–75

After the season ended, Cedar Rapids lost to the Burlington, Iowa team from the Iowa State League 4 games to 3.

1906 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Cedar Rapids Rabbits79–43
Peoria Distillers74–48
Dubuque Dubs64–55
Springfield Senators64–56
Rock Island Islanders58–66
Decatur Commodores48–67
Bloomington Bloomers51–74
Davenport Knickerbockers45–74

1907 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Davenport team folded. The team from Clinton, Iowa joined after leaving the Iowa State League.

Rock Island Islanders86–46
Decatur Commodores80–47
Springfield Senators81–50
Peoria Distillers77–52
Cedar Rapids Rabbits72–61
Clinton Infants53–78
Bloomington Bloomers51–79
Dubuque Dubs22–109

1908 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Springfield Senators82–54
Decatur Commodores77–59
Cedar Rapids Rabbits69–63
Peoria Distillers77–52
Dubuque Dubs67–69
Bloomington Bloomers64–73
Rock Island Islanders59–76
Clinton Adults55–78

1909 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Clinton team folded. A new team in Davenport, Iowa formed.

Rock Island Islanders90–48
Springfield Senators81–53
Davenport Prodigals77–59
Burlington Bloomers70–67
Peoria Distillers69–67
Dubuque Dubs64–71
Decatur Commodores63–73
Cedar Rapids Rabbits31–107

1910 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
After the previous disappointing season, Cedar Rapids folded. The Decatur team moved to the Northern Association. The team from Waterloo, Iowa left the Central Association to join here. A new team from Danville, Illinois formed and joined the league as well.

Springfield Senators88–48
Rock Island Islanders81–56
Peoria Distillers75–64
Waterloo Boosters72–67
Bloomington Bloomers60–76
Dubuque Dubs60–79
Davenport Prodigals59–80
Danville Speakers57–82

1911 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The team from Bloomington folded. The Quincy, Illinois team from the Central Association joined the league. The Springfield team, with a 12–4 record, moved to Decatur, Illinois on May 31, where their record was 57–56.

Peoria Distillers76–59
Springfield Senators/Decatur Nomads69–60
Quincy Infants71–63
Danville Speakers69–62
Davenport Prodigals69–69
Dubuque Hustlers67–70
Waterloo Boosters59–76
Rock Island Islanders58–79

1912 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams from Rock Island and Waterloo folded. New teams from Springfield, Illinois and Bloomington, Indiana joined the league.

Springfield Senators90–44
Davenport Prodigals75–60
Decatur Commodores69–67
Quincy Old Soldiers67–70
Dubuque Dubs65–73
Danville Speakers63–71
Bloomington Bloomers58–78
Peoria Distillers56–80

1913 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Quincy Gems79–60
Dubuque Dubs74–62
Davenport Blue Sox68–66
Danville Speakers69–68
Decatur Commodores67–68
Springfield Watchmakers66–70
Bloomington Bloomers64–71
Peoria Distillers57–79

1914 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Danville team, with a record of 26–53, moved to Moline, Illinois on July 14, where their record was 20–33.

Davenport Blue Sox83–52
Peoria Distillers81–56
Springfield Watchmakers72–60
Decatur Commodores72–64
Dubuque Dubs64–69
Quincy Gems61–71
Bloomington Bloomers56–77
Danville Speakers/Moline Plowboys46–86

1915 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Springfield team folded. A new team in Rockford, Illinois formed. Dubuque moved to Freeport, Illinois during the season. The Decatur team folded on August 10. The league adopted a playoff system in which the team with the best record in the first half of the season would play the team with the best record in the second half of the season.

Moline Plowboys75–51 (2nd half winner)
Davenport Blue Sox76–52 (1st half winner)
Rockford Wakes72–58
Quincy Gems62–56
Peoria Distillers68–63
Dubuque Dubs/Freeport Comeons48–76
Bloomington Bloomers48–76
Decatur Commodores37–57

Moline beat Davenport 4 games to 2 for the title.

1916 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Freeport team folded. New teams in Hannibal, Missouri and Rock Island, Illinois formed and joined the league. The playoff system was apparently dropped.

Peoria Distillers84–50
Hannibal Mules79–57
Bloomington Bloomers76–56
Rockford Wakes67–66
Moline Plowboys59–76
Rock Island Islanders57–76
Quincy Gems57–77
Davenport Blue Sox56–77

1917 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Davenport team folded. A new team in Alton, Illinois formed and joined the league.

Peoria Distillers43–23
Rockford Rox39–21
Hannibal Mules39–27
Rock Island Islanders36–26
Quincy Gems27–38
Moline Plowboys27–38
Bloomington Bloomers25–37
Alton Blues18–44

1918, The league suspended operations because of World War I.

1919 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams in Alton, Hannibal, Quincy, and Rock Island folded. New teams in Evansville, Indiana and Terre Haute, Indiana formed and joined the league.

Bloomington Bloomers80–41
Peoria Tractors68–54
Evansville Black Sox63–58
Rockford Rox63–60
Terre Haute Browns50–70
Moline Plowboys40–81

1920 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
New teams in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and Rock Island, Illinois formed and joined the league. Evansville changed their names to the "Evas".

Bloomington Bloomers82–57
Evansville Evas80–56
Rockford Rox70–70
Moline Plowboys69–70
Cedar Rapids Rabbits68–69
Peoria Tractors67–71
Terre Haute Browns58–77
Rock Island Islanders57–81

1921 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Moline Plowboys78–55
Rockford Rox72–64
Terre Haute Tots70–65
Peoria Tractors70–69
Evansville Evas67–69
Bloomington Bloomers65–69
Cedar Rapids Rabbits62–72
Rock Island Islanders57–78

1922 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams in Cedar Rapids and Rock Island moved to the Mississippi Valley League. New teams in Danville and Decatur formed and joined the league.

Terre Haute Tots85–51
Decatur Commodores78–58
Peoria Tractors76–60
Evansville Evas76–64
Rockford Rox74–65
Bloomington Bloomers63–75
Danville Veterans50–87
Moline Plowboys49–89

1923 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Decatur Commodores81–54
Rockford Rox76–63
Terre Haute Tots71–60
Bloomington Bloomers72–64
Evansville Evas72–65
Peoria Tractors71–65
Danville Veterans55–81
Moline Plowboys45–91

1924 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Rockford team folded. The Moline team moved to the Mississippi Valley League.

Terre Haute Tots75–62
Evansville Little Evas75–64
Bloomington Bloomers71–64
Peoria Tractors71–66
Danville Veterans59–75
Decatur Commodores58–78

1925 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
New teams in Quincy and Springfield formed and joined the league.

Peoria Tractors89–48
Terre Haute Tots81–54
Evansville Pocketeers72–63
Danville Veterans69–66
Decatur Commodores62–73
Bloomington Bloomers56–74
Springfield Senators56–79
Quincy Red Birds54–82

1926 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Springfield Senators77–59
Peoria Tractors75–62
Terre Haute Tots73–61
Danville Veterans72–65
Evansville Hubs72–66
Decatur Commodores69–67
Quincy Red Birds62–75
Bloomington Bloomers43–88

Springfield played Bay City of the Michigan State League and won 4 games to none. They were leading against Des Moines of the Western League 3 games to 1 when the series was canceled due to cold weather.

1927 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Danville Veterans86–50
Peoria Tractors87–51
Springfield Senators72–66
Terre Haute Tots70–66
Decatur Commodores62–70
Quincy Red Birds63–75
Bloomington Bloomers55–83
Evansville Hubs50–84

1928 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The league returned to the playoff format in which the team with the best record in the first half of the season played the team with the best records in the second half of the season for the title.

Decatur Commodores81–49 (2nd half winner)
Terre Haute Tots75–59 (1st half winner)
Danville Veterans69–57
Peoria Tractors69–66
Evansville Hubs62–68
Bloomington Bloomers61–69
Springfield Senators60–79
Quincy Indians50–85

Decatur beat Terre Haute for the title 4 games to 1, with 1 tie.

1929 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Two teams with the nickname "Tractors" played in the league this season.

Quincy Indians82–56
Decatur Commodores81–57
Evansville Hubs79–57
Terre Haute Tots72–66
Bloomington Bloomers70–70
Peoria Tractors61–76
Springfield Tractors59–77
Danville Veterans46–91

Quincy played Canton of the Central League after the season ended and lost 4 games to 2.

1930 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The league returned to the best record in the 1st half vs. best record in the 2nd half playoff system.

Evansville Hubs79–55 (2nd half winner)
Quincy Indians78–58
Decatur Commodores77–59
Danville Veterans71–67 (1st half winner)
Springfield Senators62–70
Peoria Tractors57–77
Bloomington Cubs57–78
Terre Haute Tots53–76

Danville defeated Evansville 4 games to 2 for the title. Danville went on to play Springfield of the Central League and lead 3 games to 2 when the series was cancelled because of poor attendance.

1931 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Springfield Senators72–45 (1st half winner)
Quincy Indians67–49 (2nd half winner)
Evansville Hubs67–58
Decatur Commodores64–57
Bloomington Cubs58–61
Terre Haute Tots55–68
Peoria Tractors51–68
Danville Veterans44–72

Quincy beat Springfield 4 games to 2 for the championship.

1932 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams in Bloomington and Evansville folded before the season, and the Springfield and Decatur teams folded on July 12.

Team NameAffiliationRecord
Terre Haute Tots42–27 (1st half winner)
Peoria Tractors20–38 (2nd half winner)
Quincy IndiansCleveland Indians38–31
Danville VeteransSt. Louis Cardinals29–39
Springfield Senators32–37
Decatur Commodores24–43

The Terre Haute, Peoria, Quincy, and Danville teams all folded on July 15, as did the league itself. The league was restarted in 1935, 1937–1942, and 1946–1961.

Year–by–year 1935 to 1949

1935 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Team standingsWLPCTGBManagers
Bloomington Bloomers7544.630—Burleigh Grimes
Springfield Senators7445.6221.0Bob Coleman
Decatur Commodores5956.51314.0John Butler/ Cliff Knox
Terre Haute Tots5761.48317.5Bill Burwell
Fort Wayne Chiefs5271.42325.0Bruno Betzel
Peoria Tractors3878.32835.5Jack Sheehan / Bill Rodgers

Playoff: Springfield 4 games, Bloomington 2. Bloomington was declared the winner when Springfield refused to replay protested final game that was upheld by the league president.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Chet LaabsFort WayneBA.384Max MaconBloomingtonW19
Hersh MartinBloomingtonRuns112Johnny HutchingsPeoriaSO166
Jimmy OutlawDecaturHits157Lefty SmollSpringfieldPCT.765 13–4
Chet LaabsFort WayneRBI96
Chet LaabsFort WayneHR24

1937 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBManagers
Clinton Owls7536.676—Clyde Sukeforth
Moline Plowboys7441.6433.0Mike Gazella
Decatur Commodores5364.45325.0George Payne
Peoria Reds4566.40530.0Ben Tincup / Wayne Blackburn
Bloomington Bengals2138.356NAJoseph Sims
Terre Haute Tots1538.283NAWalter Holke

Bloomington and Terre Haute disbanded July 3, at the end of the first half.
Playoff: Moline 4 games, Clinton 2.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Hank MajeskiMolineBA.345Kirby HigbeMolineW21
George CisarClintonRuns98Kirby HigbeMolineSO257
Joe MeneMolineHits164Kirby HigbeMolinePCT.808 21–5
Bert HaasClintonHR13

1938 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Evansville Bees7747.621—98,817Bob Coleman
Decatur Commodores6858.54010.050,766Tony Kaufmann
Moline Plowboys6759.53211.022,684Mike Gazella
Springfield Browns6360.51213.566,944Walter Holke
Waterloo Red Hawks5965.47618.043,980Lennie Backer
Cedar Rapids Raiders5663.47118.539,211Cap Crossley
Bloomington Bloomers5665.46319.524,368Bob O'Farrell
Clinton Owls4675.38029.535,119Ollie Marquardt

Playoffs: Decatur 3 games, Springfield 2; Mobile 3 games, Evansville 1.
Finals: Decatur 4 games, Moline 1.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Lou NovikoffMolineBA.367Emil BildilliSpringfieldW18
Eddie LakeDecaturRuns117Floyd GiebellEvansvilleW18
Lou NovikoffMolineHits186Emil BildilliSpringfieldSO185
Lou NovikoffMolineRBI114Floyd GiebellEvansvilleERA1.98
Frank PietSpringfieldHR25Emil BildilliSpringfieldPCT.818 18–4

1939 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Cedar Rapids Raiders7346.613—56,399Ollie Marquardt
Evansville Bees7348.6031.081,371Bob Coleman
Decatur Commodores6851.5715.049,710Tony Kaufmann
Springfield Browns6555.5428.537,916Walter Holke
Clinton Giants6358.52111.041,712Blondy Ryan
Bloomington Bloomers4973.40225.514,005Bud Connolly
Moline Plowboys4973.40225.520,911Mike Gazella
Waterloo Red Hawks4278.35031.528,935Cap Crossley

Playoffs: Springfield 3 games, Evansville 1; Decatur 3 games, Cedar Rapids 1.
Finals: Springfield 3 games, Decatur 2.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Del JonesCedar RapidsBA.362Joe CallahanEvansvilleW19
Del JonesCedar RapidsRuns120Mike NaymickCedar RapidsSO181
Del JonesCedar RapidsHits168Joe CallahanEvansvilleERA1.86
George BinksCedar RapidsRBI116Roger WolffCedar RapidsPCT.750 15–5
Fred StrobleSpringfieldHR21

1940 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Cedar Rapids Raiders7451.592—46,475Ollie Marquardt
Decatur Commodores7352.5841.037,667Tony Kaufmann /
Boyce Morrow / Lou Scoffic
Springfield Browns7353.5791.556,569Art Scharein
Evansville Braves6855.5535.060,815Bob Coleman
Clinton Giants6257.5219.040,277Josh Billings
Madison Blues6162.49612.036,740Bud Connolly
Moline Plowboys4678.47127.513,639Mike Gazella
Waterloo White Hawks3685.29836.023,441John Fitzpatrick / Frederick Bedore

Playoffs: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Springfield 0; Decatur 3 games, Evansville 2.
Finals: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Decatur 1.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Lou ScofficDecaturBA.358Mike KashMadisonW20
Chuck WorkmanCedar RapidsRuns108Max SurkontDecaturSO212
Lou ScofficDecaturHits164Max SurkontDecaturERA2.50
Don MannoEvansvilleRBI113Max SurkontDecaturPCT.792 19–5
Chuck WorkmanCedar RapidsHR29

1941 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Evansville Bees8045.640—69,156Bob Coleman
Cedar Rapids Raiders7249.5956.040,323Ollie Marquardt
Decatur Commodores6756.54512.038,485Dib Williams
Springfield Browns6559.52414.541,194Art Scharein
Waterloo White Hawks5965.47620.555,456Louis Brower / Johnny Mostil
Clinton Giants5768.45623.025,861Josh Billings
Madison Blues5271.42327.028,434Ivy Griffin
Moline Plowboys4382.3443716,534Joe Mowry

Playoffs: Decatur 3 games, Evansville 2; Cedar Rapids 3 games, Springfield 1.
Finals: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Decatur 2.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Hank EdwardsCedar RapidsBA.364Warren SpahnMadisonW19
Hank EdwardsCedar RapidsRuns101John ClayDecaturSO204
Delbert JonesCedar RapidsRuns101Warren SpahnMadisonERA1.83
Hank EdwardsCedar RapidsHits172Warren SpahnMadisonPCT.760 19–6
Hank EdwardsCedar RapidsRBI113
Hank EdwardsCedar RapidsHR23

1942 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Team standingsWLPCTGBManagers
Cedar Rapids Raiders7443.632—Ollie Marquardt
Springfield Browns6748.5836.0Jimmy Adair
Evansville Bees6554.54610.0Bob Coleman
Madison Blues5562.47019.0Walter Millies
Waterloo White Hawks4771.39827.5Johnny Mostil
Decatur Commodores4575.37530.5Abe White / Tony Kaufmann

Playoffs: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Evansville 2; Madison 3 games, Springfield 1.
Finals: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Madison 0.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Whitey PlattMadisonBA.395Bryan StephensCedar RapidsW20
Blas MonacoCedar RapidsRuns95Len PermeWaterlooSO204
Ducky DetweilerEvansvilleHits149John PavlickSpringfieldERA2.96
Pat SeereyCedar RapidsRBI91Bryan StephensCedar RapidsPCT.833 20–4
Pat SeereyCedar RapidsHR33

The league did not play in 1943, 1944 and 1945 due to World War II 1946 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Team standingsWLPCTGBManagers
Davenport Cubs7644.618—Bill Kelly
Danville Dodgers7644.6180.0Jake Pitler / Paul Chervinko
Evansville Braves6851.5717.5Bob Coleman
Terre Haute Phillies6360.51214.5Ray Brubaker
Waterloo White Hawks6263.49616.5Johnny Mostil
Springfield Browns5867.46420.5Tony Robello
Decatur Commodores4372.37430.5Harrison Wickel
Quincy Gems3782.31138.5Edward Marleau / Cedric Durst

Playoffs: Davenport defeated Danville in a one game playoff for first place; Evansville 3 games, Davenport 1. Terre Haute 3 games, Danville 1.
Finals: Evansville 3 games, Terre Haute 0.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Rube WalkerDavenportBA.354Bob KohoutDanvilleW14
Richard WelkerTerre HauteRuns105Ken ManusWaterlooW14
Cal AbramsDanvilleHits146Charles ShipmanEvansvilleW14
Bill SandersTerre HauteRBI96Ray ShoreSpringfieldSO157
Bill SandersTerre HauteHR14Jean DavisonDavenportERA2.18
Jim ChristieTerre HauteHR14Jean DavisonDavenportPCT.867 13–2

1947 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Danville Dodgers7947.627—63,926Paul Chervinko
Terre Haute Phillies7451.5924.5133,654Ray Brubaker /
Whitey Gluchoski / Jack Sanford
Springfield Browns7155.5638.058,009Ben Huffman
Waterloo Hawks7155.5638.0174,064Johnny Mostil / Jack Onslow
Evansville Braves7055.5608.5133,163Bob Coleman
Davenport Cubs5570.44023.550,846Dickie Kerr / Morrie Arnovich
Quincy Gems5075.40028.5100,096Gordie Hinkle
Decatur Commodores3193.25047.033,069Gene Corbett

Playoffs: Springfield defeated Waterloo in a playoff for third place; Danville 3 games, Springfield 2; Waterloo 3 games, Terre Haute 0.
Finals: Waterloo 4 games, Danville 1.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Hank ArftSpringfieldBA.364Ken OlsonDanvilleW22
Jerry ScalaWaterlooRuns116John PerkovichWaterlooSO207
Jerry ScalaWaterlooHits163John PerkovichWaterlooERA2.50
Ray FletcherEvansvilleRBI115Ken OlsonDanvillePCT.846 22–4
Ed EhlersQuincyHR22

1948 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Quincy Gems8145.643-124,053James Adlam
Danville Dodgers7251.5857.562,284Paul Chervinko
Evansville Braves6754.55411.5101,652Bob Coleman
Terre Haute Phillies6557.53314.0130,009Pat Colgan / Dale Jones
Waterloo White Hawks6361.50817.0170,018Pete Fox
Springfield Browns5667.45523.554,463Hank Helf / Irv Hall
Decatur Commies5075.40030.544,943Red Lucas / Nelson Burbrink
Davenport Pirates4185.32540.045,711Ival Goodman

Playoffs: Terre Haute 3 games, Danville 2. Evansville 3 games, Quincy 2.
Finals: Evansville 4 games, Terre Haute 0.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
John NovoselSpringfieldBA.339Art BohmanQuincyW16
Bob MarquisQuincyRuns108Lew BurdetteQuincyW16
Bob MarquisQuincyHits164Glenn ThompsonEvansvilleSO230
Kite ThomasQuincyRBI99David ThiekeDanvilleERA1.81
John NovoselSpringfieldHR22Glenn ThompsonEvansvillePCT.789 15–4
Don LenhardtSpringfieldHR22

1949 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Evansville Braves7451.592—145,657Bob Coleman
Waterloo White Hawks7056.5564.5146,421Ben Huffman / Frederick Shaffer
Terre Haute Phillies6956.5525.0122,493Lee Riley
Davenport Pirates6759.5327.5133,505Bill Burwell
Quincy Gems5967.46815.585,130James Adlam
Decatur Cubs5570.44019.051,147Morrie Arnovich
Danville Dodgers5570.44019.049,605Lou Rochelli
Springfield Browns5373.42121.548,952Doc Crandall

Playoffs: Evansville 3 games, Terre Haute 2; Davenport 3 games, Waterloo 2.
Finals: Davenport 3 games, Evansville 0.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Emil TellingerQuincyBA.322Bob MillerTerre HauteW19
Herman RhodesWaterlooRuns86Paul StuffelTerre HauteSO288
Robert AnderlikDecaturHits140William KoszarekTerre HauteERA1.97
Ed McGheeWaterlooRBI88William KoszarekTerre HautePCT.875 14–2
Lloyd LoweDecaturHR15
Emil TellingerQuincyHR15

Year-by-year 1950 to 1961

1950 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
1950 Three-I League schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Terre Haute Phillies7848.619—111,228Dan Carnevale
Danville Dodgers7452.5874.051,616Jim Bivin
Waterloo White Hawks7056.5568.0119,244Otto Denning
Quincy Gems6460.51613.053,322James Adlam
Cedar Rapids Indians5967.46819.085,038Billy Jurges
Evansville Braves5670.44422.0102,865Ernie White
Decatur Commodores5274.41326.035,516Morrie Arnovich
Davenport Quads4975.39528.090,584Gene Hasson

Playoffs: Terre Haute 3 games, Quincy 0; Danville 3 games, Waterloo 0.
Finals: Terre Haute 3 games, Danville 1.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Jim KingCedar RapidsBA.332Jacob SchmittTerre HauteW21
Jack LillisDanvilleRuns110Niles JordanTerre HauteSO206
Frank MarchioQuincyHits162Niles JordanTerre HauteERA2.35
Frank MarchioQuincyRBI112Jacob SchmittTerre HautePCT.808 21–5
Allen ThomasWaterlooHR25

1951 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Terre Haute Phillies7555.577—81,511Skeeter Newsome
Evansville Braves6960.5355.5101,254Bob Coleman
Quincy Gems6565.50010.062,503Dutch Zwilling
Cedar Rapids Indians6466.49211.092,102Kerby Farrell
Waterloo White Hawks6069.46614.579,687Otto Denning /
Ed Taylor / Skeeter Webb
Davenport Tigers5674.43119.0100,328Marv Olson

Playoffs: Quincy 3 games, Terre Haute 1; Cedar Rapids 3 games, Evansville 2.
Finals: Quincy 3 games, Cedar Rapids 2.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Jim CommandTerre HauteBA.328Alfred DumouchelleEvansvilleW17
James DeeryTerre HauteRuns103Jack UrbanQuincyW17
Jim CommandTerre HauteHits166Bob P. ColemanCedar RapidsW17
Robert ErpsDavenportRBI97Jack UrbanQuincySO164
Bill RennaQuincyHR26Ben JohnsonEvansvilleERA2.47
Daniel RamerTerre HautePCT.750 15–5

1952 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Evansville Braves7447.612—124,381Bob Coleman
Terre Haute Phillies7549.6050.563,267Skeeter Newsome
Burlington Flints6460.51611.557,259Len Schulte
Waterloo White Hawks6561.51511.575,071Skeeter Webb
Keokuk Kernels5666.45918.564,931Rudy Laskowski
Davenport Tigers5469.43921.071,989Marv Owen
Quincy Gems5472.42922.545,541Paul Chervinko
Cedar Rapids Indians5371.42722.594,428Jimmy Bloodworth

Playoffs: Evansville 3 games, Burlington 2; Terre Haute 3 games, Waterloo 0.
Finals: Terre Haute 3 games, Evansville 1.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Art PenningtonKeokukBA.349George YorkeEvansvilleW17
Art PenningtonKeokukRuns126Bud DaleyCedar RapidsSO198
Chuck HarmonBurlingtonHits153Gerald SpeckWaterlooERA2.44
Horace GarnerEvansvilleRBI107Stewart AltonEvansvillePCT.786 11–3
Robert ErpsWaterlooHR27

1953 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Terre Haute Phillies7652.594—64,428Hub Kittle
Quincy Gems7058.5476.075,363Vern Hoscheit
Evansville Braves7059.5436.588,438Bob Coleman
Waterloo White Hawks6960.5357.593,153Zack Taylor
Peoria Chiefs6365.49213.0124,866Whitey Kurowski
Cedar Rapids Indians6365.49213.093,501Al Kubski / William Prince
Keokuk Kernels5375.41423.076,405Rudy Laskowski
Burlington Flints4979.38327.049,370Johnny Vander Meer

Playoffs: Evansville 3 games, Terre Haute 2; Quincy 3 games, Waterloo 1.
Finals: Quincy 3 games, Evansville 0.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Bob CoatsCedar RapidsBA.327Jim OwensTerre HauteW22
James FishbackPeoriaRuns107Seth MoreheadTerre HauteSO206
Bob CoatsCedar RapidsHits162Joe StankaCedar RapidsERA2.35
Ed BarbaritoQuincyHits162Jim OwensTerre HautePCT.733 22–8
Ed BarbaritoQuincyRBI127
Marv ThroneberryQuincyHR30

1954 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Evansville Braves8154.600—71,691Bob Coleman
Keokuk Kernels7858.5743.549,957Jo-Jo White
Peoria Chiefs7363.5378.578,497Whitey Kurowski
Quincy Gems7164.52610.054,168Vern Hoscheit
Waterloo White Hawks6669.48915.051,600Walter Millies
Cedar Rapids Indians6372.46718.060,605William Prince
Terre Haute Phillies6076.44121.537,104Hub Kittle
Burlington Bees5086.36831.537,010Doc Crandall

Playoffs: Peoria 3 games, Evansville 1; Quincy 3 games, Keokuk 1.
Finals: Quincy 3 games, Peoria 0.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Tom GottQuincyBA.348Stan PitulaKeokukW20
Ed BarbaritoQuincyRuns121Stan PitulaKeokukSO172
Tom GottQuincyHits168Ray RippelmeyerEvansvilleERA2.91
Bob KosisPeoriaRBI121Ray RippelmeyerEvansvillePCT.762 16–5
Ed BarbaritoQuincyHR35

1955 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Keokuk Kernels9234.730—39,179Pinky May
Waterloo White Hawks7056.55622.071,864Dutch Dorman / Willard Marshall
Peoria Chiefs6363.50029.062,347Whitey Kurowski
Burlington Bees6264.49230.091,946Harold Meek
Evansville Braves6066.47632.047,414Bob Coleman
Terre Haute Tigers5670.44436.050,334Stubby Overmire
Quincy Gems5274.41340.039,081Vern Hoscheit
Cedar Rapids Raiders4977.38943.058,611Ray Perry

Playoffs: Keokuk 3 games, Peoria 0; Burlington 3 games, Waterloo 1.
Finals: Keokuk 3 games, Burlington 1.

Player Statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Russ NixonKeokukBA.385Mudcat GrantKeokukW19
John RomanoWaterlooRuns108Bob YanenKeokukSO177
Tony KubekQuincyHits157Bill DaileyKeokukERA2.52
John RomanoWaterlooRBI124Mudcat GrantKeokukPCT.864 19–3
John RomanoWaterlooHR38

1956 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Evansville Braves8436.700—60,910Bob Coleman
Waterloo White Hawks6256.52521.046,119Ira Hutchinson
Keokuk Kernels6059.50423.547,440Pinky May
Peoria Chiefs5858.50024.054,359George Kissell
Quincy Gems5664.46728.035,308Vern Hoscheit
Burlington Bees4675.38038.568,260Ed McDade
Cedar Rapids Raiders4476.36740.047,352George Scherger
Terre Haute Tigers4026.606NA23,368Bill Norman / Charlie Metro

Terre Haute disbanded July 3.
Playoffs: None Scheduled

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Horace GarnerEvansvilleBA.354Don NottebartEvansvilleW18
Lee MayeEvansvilleRuns103Dave WegereckKeokukSO158
Lee MayeEvansvilleHits159Don NottebartEvansvilleERA2.24
Lee MayeEvansvilleRBI99Don NottebartEvansvillePCT.857 18–3
Clyde McNealCedar RapidsHR27

1957 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Evansville Braves8149.623—54,295Bob Coleman
Peoria Chiefs8049.620.554,737Vern Hoscheit
Davenport DavSox6565.5001679,478Frank Scalzi
Burlington Bees5771.4452358,771Ken Raffensberger
Keokuk Kernels5574.42625.535,028Pinky May
Cedar Rapids Raiders4979.3833154,717Danny Ozark

Playoffs: None Scheduled

Player Statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Horace GarnerEvansvilleBA.334Don NicholsPeoriaW20
Billy SmithEvansvilleRuns107Hal Trosky Jr.DavenportSO204
George HolderEvansvilleHits148Don NicholsPeoriaERA2.09
Horace GarnerEvansvilleRBI100Don NicholsPeoriaPCT.870 20–3
Jim KorandaCedar RapidsHR31

1958 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League - schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Cedar Rapids Braves7753.592—81,437Alex Monchak
Davenport DavSox7158.5505.561,522Ira Hutchinson
Green Bay Bluejays6564.50411.563,782Pete Reiser
Burlington Bees6267.48114.551,632Walt Dixon
Rochester A's /
Winona A's		5773.43820.039,589Burl Storie / Lew Krausse
Fox Cities Foxes5673.43420.558,602Pete Suder

Rochester (20—37) moved to Winona June 29.
Playoff: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Davenport 2.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Carlos PascualFox CitiesBA.372Bill HamiltonCedar RapidsW15
Frank HowardGreen BayRuns104Ed RakowGreen BayW15
Bob SagerDavenportHits180Robert SedlakGreen BayW15
Frank HowardGreen BayRBI119Stan HorvatinRoches/WinonaSO210
Frank HowardGreen BayHR37Bill HamiltonCedar RapidsERA2.18
Bob HendleyCedar RapidsPCT.737 14–5

1959 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Des Moines Demons7848.619—86,923Chuck Kress
Green Bay Bluejays7451.5923.541,107Stan Wasiak
Topeka Hawks6956.5528.559,803Johnny Vander Meer
Fox Cities Foxes5967.4681951,004Jack McKeon
Lincoln Chiefs5868.4602044,783Ira Hutchinson
Sioux City Soos5868.4602038,332Bill Capps
Burlington Bees5472.4292453,536Ray Mueller
Cedar Rapids Braves5373.4212570,039Alex Monchak

Playoff: Green Bay 3 games, Des Moines 1.

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Hernan ValdesFox CitiesBA.330Bart Dziadek]TopekaW15
Cal EmeryDes MoinesRuns107Larry MaxieCedar RapidsSO187
Dick HowserSioux CityRuns107Jim BrewerBurlingtonERA2.67
George ScottGreen BayHits155Andres AyonTopekaPCT.750 12–4
Cal EmeryDes MoinesRBI129
Cal EmeryGreen BayHR27

1960 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Fox Cities Foxes8256.594—61,062Earl Weaver
Lincoln Chiefs7166.51810.545,170Ira Hutchinson
Sioux City Soos7168.51111.541,385Bobby Hofman
Cedar Rapids Braves7169.50712.062,358Jimmy Brown
Burlington Bees6674.47117.051,988Hardy Peterson
Green Bay Dodgers6573.47117.029,940Stan Wasiak
Des Moines Demons6474.46418.053,828Andy Seminick
Topeka Reds6474.46418.036,365Johnny Vander Meer

Playoff: None Scheduled

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Pete WardFox CitiesBA.345Ron WoodsLincolnW17
Frank MontgomeryFox CitiesRuns111Hank FischerCedar RapidsSO217
Gerry ReimerDes MoinesHits179Hank FischerGrand RapidsERA2.01
Billy Joe DashnerTopekaRBI108Hank FischerGrand RapidsPCT.682 15–7
Manly JohnstonLincolnHR23
Billy Joe DashnerTopekaHR23

1961 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
schedule

Team standingsWLPCTGBAttendManagers
Topeka Reds7950.612—56,384Dave Bristol
Cedar Rapids Braves7357.5626.569,617Jimmy Brown
Lincoln Chiefs6862.52311.542,866George Noga
Fox Cities Foxes6762.51912.047,552Earl Weaver
Burlington Bees6565.50014.536,798Hardy Peterson
Des Moines Demons3793.28542.533,337Chuck Kress

Playoff: None Scheduled

Player statistics
PlayerTeamStatTotPlayerTeamStatTot
Dick HainesDes MoinesBA.355Bill HolmesCedar RapidsW18
Tommy HarperTopekaRuns131Bob LockerLincolnSO215
Paul SnyderCedar RapidsHits153Bill HolmesCedar RapidsERA2.21
Miles McWilliamsTopekaRBI102Bill HolmesCedar RapidsPCT.818 18–4
Barry MorganCedar RapidsHR23

[9]

Baseball Hall of Fame alumni

Three-I Most Valuable Players

[9]

References
  1. "1901 Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  2. "Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League (D) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  3. "Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League (B) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  4. "Register League Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  5. Batterson, Steve. "Era comes to close for Q-C minor league baseball". qctimes.com.
  6. "Top 100 Teams - MiLB.com History - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball". MiLB.com.
  7. "1961 Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  8. "Midwest League (A) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
  9. The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball. Lloyd Johnson & Miles Wolff, editors (Third ed.). Baseball America. 2007. ISBN 978-1932391176.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  10. "Tommy Harper – Society for American Baseball Research".
  11. "Three-I Loop MVP to Ward". News-Record. Neenah. September 3, 1960. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. "Frank Howard – Society for American Baseball Research".
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