Three Arrows
The Three Arrows (German: Drei Pfeile) is a social democratic political symbol associated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), used in the late history of the Weimar Republic. First conceived for the SPD-dominated Iron Front as a symbol of the social democratic resistance against Nazism in 1932, it became an official symbol of the Party during the November 1932 German federal election, representing their opposition towards monarchism, Nazism, and communism.[1]
Since its inception, the symbol has been used in many different contexts by a variety of anti-fascist, social democratic and socialist organisations.
Weimar Republic
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was opposed by both the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and the Communist Party (KPD). In this setting, the SPD organizer Carlo Mierendorff recruited Russian exiled physiologist Sergei Chakhotin as the propagandist of the paramilitary Iron Front, and together they developed propaganda initiatives to counter the NSDAP and the KPD in early 1932. The two launched the Three Arrows as a symbol for the social democrat militancy.[2] The Iron Front was regarded as a "social fascist terror organisation" by the KPD.[3]
Mierendorf and Chakhotin launched the Three Arrows against the Swastika (Dreipfeil gegen Hakenkreuz) campaign.[4] Chakhotin authored a book by the same name. The Three Arrows were thought to represent the struggle of the social democratic movement against reaction (referring to monarchism), communism and fascism.[5][6] On a widely used and publicized SPD election poster for the 6 November 1932 Reichstag elections, the Three Arrows were used to represent opposition to the Communist Party, the monarchist parties, and the Nazi Party, accompanied by the slogan "Against Papen, Hitler, Thälmann".[1][7] The three arrows also represented the three agents of working class strength: political (represented by the SPD), economic (represented by the trade unions) and physical (represented by the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold).[8][9][10] Chakhotin provides an even wider range of meanings, including the three elements of the movement (political/intellectual power, economic force, physical force), the three qualities demanded of fighters (activity, discipline, union), as well as the ideals of the French Revolution (liberté, égalité, fraternité). He also noted that "the figure 3 appears so often in human life, in thoughts, in personal life, and in history, that it has become a sort of 'sacred figure'."[11]
The aesthetic of the campaign and the Three Arrows symbol as such drew inspiration from Soviet-Russian avant-garde revolutionary artwork.[4] According to Chakhotin, his inspiration for the Three Arrows were a swastika that had been crossed over with chalk in Heidelberg. Per Chakhotin's argument, the Three Arrows and the swastika would always appear as if the three lines were imposed over the swastika rather than the other way around.[2] The Three Arrows were adopted as an official social democrat symbol by the SPD leadership and the Iron Front by June 1932.[2] Iron Front members would carry the symbol on their arm bands.[12] The slogan "neither Stalin's slaves nor Hitler's henchmen" was also used by the SPD in connection with the symbol.[1]
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Use outside Germany
In August 1932, the Austrian Social Democrats adopted the Three Arrows as their combat symbol.[6] The Austrian socialist poet Karl Schneller dedicated the poem Drei Pfeile to the 1932 Austrian Social Democratic Party congress.[6] The symbol was banned in Austria in 1933.[5] During the Nazi regime, the symbol appeared on pamphlets of the Revolutionary Socialists of Austria and was used in graffiti.[6] During 1932–1935, it was also used in Belgium, Denmark and the United Kingdom.[2][4]
After Chakhotin had been forced into exile to France, the symbol became used by the French Section of the Workers International.[2] The Three Arrows remained the symbol of the French socialists until the 1970s, when it was substituted with the fist and rose symbol.[13] After World War II, the Three Arrows became the official party logo of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) in 1945. The symbol had been modified to include a circle, and the symbolism changed to represent the unity of industrial workers, farm workers and intellectuals.[5] The Three Arrows remained a prominent symbol of the Social Democratic Party of Austria until the 1950s.[5] According to the modern SPÖ, the Three Arrows represent opposition against fascism, capitalism and clericalism.[14]
The Portuguese Democratic People's Party, created in 1974 in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution, which put an end to the 48-year-long dictatorship in Portugal, and renamed itself the Social Democratic Party in 1976, uses an adaptation of the Three Arrows as its logo since its foundation. However, its arrows are pointing upwards, and each have a different colour (previously black, red and white; the white having been replaced by orange). According to party members involved in the discussions about the choice of symbols, the Arrows were chosen as a way to differentiate the party from its main rivals' easily recognizable logos: The Socialist Party's raised fist and rose, and the Communist Party's hammer and sickle. It is also supposed to stress the resistance to and rejection of fascism and Nazism.[15]
The Three Arrows were adopted by socialist and antifascist organizations in Poland. In 30. became an emblem of two political parties: Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna) and General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia (Algemejner Jidiszer Arbeter Bund in Lite, Pojln un Rusland).
The Three Arrows symbol is popularly used within the antifa movement in the United States, along with flags based on the symbol of antifa in Germany. Sections of the American Left, including the Young People's Socialist League, have adopted the Three Arrows as a logo.[16]
Logo of the French Section of the Workers' International
Meeting of the General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland, 15 November 1947
The current logo of the Social Democratic Party in Portugal, inspired by the German Social Democrats' Three Arrows
Logo of Jewish workers' party Bund.
Demonstration of Akcja Socjalistyczna (Socialists Action), a paramilitary organization of Polish Socialist Party, before 1939.
See also
References
- Potthoff, Heinrich; Faulenbach, Bernd (1998). Sozialdemokraten und Kommunisten nach Nationalsozialismus und Krieg: zur historischen Einordnung der Zwangsvereinigung [Social democrats and communists after National Socialism and war: on the historical classification of the forced union] (in German). Klartext. p. 27. ISBN 3884746561.
Drei Pfeile waren das "Eisernen Front", die sich von der "Harzburger Front" und den Nationalsozialisten, von den Monarchisten und von den Kommunisten absetzen volte.
[The Three Arrows were the symbol of the "Iron Front", which wanted to distance itself from the "Harzburg Front" and the National Socialists, from the monarchists and from the totalitarian communists.] - White, Dan S. (1992). Lost Comrades: Socialists of the Front Generation, 1918-1945. Harvard University Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-0-674-53924-2.
- Lokatis, Siegfried (2003). Der rote Faden. Kommunistische Parteigeschichte und Zensur unter Walter Ulbricht [The Red Thread. Communist party history and censorship under Walter Ulbricht] (PDF). Zeithistorische Studien (in German). Vol. 25. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag. p. 60. ISBN 3-412-04603-5 – via Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam.
Thälmann hatte die SPD als „Hilfspolizei für den Faschismus", als „verräterische und volksfeindliche Partei", ihre Führer als „berufsmäßige Arbeiterverräter", „Kapitalsknechte" und „Todfeinde des Sozialismus", die Eiserne Front als „Terrororganisation des Sozialfaschismus" beschimpft und die „Liquidierung der SAJ als Massenorganisation" gefordert.
[Thälmann had insulted the SPD as "auxiliary police for fascism", as a "treacherous and anti-people party", its leaders as "professional traitors", "servants of capital" and "mortal enemies of socialism", the Iron Front as "terrorist organization of social fascism" and that the "Liquidation of the SAJ as a mass organization" was required.] - Albrecht, Richard (2007). 'Dreipfeil gegen Hakenkreuz' - Symbolkrieg in Deutschland 1932 ['Three arrows against swastika' - symbol war in Germany 1932] (in German). GRIN Verlag. p. 2. ISBN 978-3-638-67833-9 – via Google Books.
- "Drei Pfeile - Demokratiezentrum Wien" [Three Arrows - Democracy Center Vienna]. www.demokratiezentrum.org (in German). Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- Bund Sozialdemokratischer Freiheitskämpfer/innen, Opfer des Faschismus und aktiver Antifaschist/inn/en. Unser Zeichen
- "Tafel 1 - Foto 6 (Hohe Auflösung): Wahlplakat der SPD zur Reichtagswahl 1932" [Panel 1 - Photo 6 (high resolution): SPD election poster for the 1932 Reichstag election]. politische-verfolgung-moerfelden.de (in German). Denkmal für die politisch Verfolgten in Mörfelden 1933-1945. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- "Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Themen: Die Eiserne Front" [Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold - Topics: The Iron Front]. Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Reichsbanner Geschichte (in German). Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- "Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold" [Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold]. SPD Geschichtswerkstatt (in German). Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- Posudin, Yuriy (2015). Sergei Chakhotin - His contributions to social psychology and biophysics. Kiev: Artmedia print. ISBN 978-966-97453-1-6.
- Chakhotin, Sergei (1940). The Rape Of The Masses. pp. 105–106.
- Franz-Willing, Georg (1982). 1933, die nationale Erhebung [1933, the national survey] (in German). Druffel-Verlag. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-8061-1021-0 – via Google Books.
- Becker, Annette; Cohen, Evelyne (2006). La République en représentations: autour de l'œuvre de Maurice Agulhon [The Republic in representations: around the work of Maurice Agulhon] (in French). Publications de la Sorbonne. p. 44. ISBN 978-2-85944-546-1 – via Google Books.
- "Die Drei Pfeile" [The Three Arrows]. rotbewegt (in German).
- Marujo, Miguel (4 April 2016). "O que explica as setinhas e a cor laranja do símbolo" [What explains the arrows and the orange of the symbol]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- Friedmann, Sarah (15 August 2017). "This Is What The Antifa Flag Symbols Mean". Bustle. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
