Flavia gens

The gens Flavia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Its members are first mentioned during the last three centuries of the Republic. The first of the Flavii to achieve prominence was Marcus Flavius, tribune of the plebs in 327 and 323 BC; however, no Flavius attained the consulship until Gaius Flavius Fimbria in 104 BC. The gens became illustrious during the first century AD, when the family of the Flavii Sabini claimed the imperial dignity.[1]

"Flavius" redirects here. For the modern given name, see Flavius (name).
The emperor Vespasian, from the Museo Nazionale Romano.

Under the Empire, the number of persons bearing this nomen becomes very large, perhaps due to the great number of freedmen under the Flavian dynasty of emperors. It was a common practice for freedmen to assume the nomina of their patrons, and so countless persons who obtained the Roman franchise under the Flavian emperors adopted the name Flavius, which was then handed down to their descendants. Freedmen under the Constantinian dynasty, whose members were also called Flavius, also adopted it, as did individuals who entered government service during their rule, often replacing their original nomina with the dynastic Flavius.[1][2]

The vast majority of persons named Flavius during the later Empire could not have been descended from the Flavia gens; and indeed, the distinction between nomina and cognomina was all but lost, so that in many cases one cannot even determine with certainty whether it is a nomen or a cognomen. However, because it is impossible to determine which of these persons used Flavius as a gentile name, they have been listed below.[1][3]

Origin

The Flavii of the Republic claimed Sabine ancestry, and may have been related to the Flavii who lived at Reate during the first century AD, from whom the emperor Vespasian descended; but the gentilicium is also found in other parts of Italy, such as Etruria and Lucania.[1] The nomen Flavius is of Latin origin, and is derived from the surname Flavus, used by a number of gentes, and meaning "golden" or "golden-brown". It probably referred to the blond hair possessed by an early member of the family.[4][5]

Later use

During the later period of the Empire, the name Flavius frequently descended from one emperor to another, beginning with Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine the Great.[1][6] The name became so ubiquitous that it was sometimes treated as a praenomen, to the extent of being regularly abbreviated Fl., and it is even described as a praenomen in some sources, although it was never truly used as a personal name, and from the time of Honorius it appears chiefly in letters.[6] It once again became a regular part of the nomenclature of the eastern emperors from Justinian I through the reign of Constantine IV, and appearing as late as the reign of Leo VI in the tenth century.[1][7][8] After the name fell into disuse among the Byzantine emperors, it was used as a title of legitimacy among the barbarian rulers of former Roman provinces, such as Visigothic Spain and the kings of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of the Lombards.[9][10][3]

From the fourth century AD onwards, the name is widespread among non-emperors as a mark of dignity. It is widespread in epigraphy from Germania. In Egypt, where the evidence is best, it was part of the full name of all Imperial officials, all provincial officials, the highest civic officials, and most soldiers. This usage appears shortly after Constantine gained control of the province in 324 AD. Between 287 and 326 AD, Egyptians had used Valerius (the nomen of Constantine's predecessors) in a similar way. People not entitled to "Flavius" bore the nomen Aurelius or no nomen. Initially, people sometimes used the name Flavius alongside another nomen that they were entitled to (e.g. Julius, Aelius), but these other nomina died out over the fifth century.[11] In the fourth century, the name was not inherited by children or wives of the "Flavius", but from the fifth century higher-ranking holders sometimes passed the name to their descendants.[12] After the Arab conquest of Egypt in 646, the use of "Flavius" was less consistent and after some time it died out.[13]

In modern use, Flavius is a personal name, and widely used in romance languages, including Italian and Spanish Flavio (fem. Flavia), French Flavien (fem. Flavie), Portuguese Flávio (fem. Flávia), and Romanian Flavius or Flaviu (fem. Flavia).

Praenomina

The early Flavii used the praenomina Marcus, Quintus, Gaius, and Lucius. Of these, only Gaius and Lucius are known from the family of the Fimbriae. The name Gnaeus occurs once, but as the son of a freedman of the family, and thus does not seem to be representative of the gens. The Flavii Sabini appear to have restricted themselves to the praenomen Titus alone, and distinguished their sons by the use of different surnames, usually by giving the younger sons surnames derived from their maternal ancestors.

Branches and cognomina

The Flavii of the Republic used the cognomina Fimbria, Gallus, Lucanus, and Pusio.[1] Only the Fimbriae, whose surname refers to a fringe or border, represented a distinct family.[14][15] Gallus and Lucanus belong to a class of surnames derived from places of origin or association, referring to Gaul and Lucania, respectively, although Gallus, a very common surname, could also refer to a cockerel.[16][17] Pusio was originally a nickname indicating a little boy, and would have been bestowed on someone small or youthful.[18]

The Flavii Sabini, whose surname indicates Sabine ancestry, rose to prominence under the Empire. They were descended from Titus Flavius Petro, a soldier from Reate who fought under Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. Within two generations they had attained such respectability that two of his grandsons held the consulship in consecutive years, AD 51 and 52; the younger of these marched to Rome at the head of an army in the year of the four emperors, AD 69, and claimed the imperial dignity as the emperor Vespasian. However, within less than thirty years, the family was largely destroyed through the workings of Vespasian's son, the emperor Domitian.[19][16] The Flavii Titiani may be descended from the Flavii Sabini through the consul Titus Flavius Clemens, a nephew of Vespasian; the first of this branch, Titus Flavius Titianus, who was governor of Egypt from AD 126 to 133, may have been his son.

A family of the Flavii bearing the surname Valens lived at Hatria, and from there migrated to Rome in imperial times, where two of them served as prefects of different cohorts.[20]

Members
This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.
  • Marcus Flavius, tribune of the plebs in BC 327 and 323.[21][22]
  • Gnaeus Flavius, the son of a freedman, he was secretary to Appius Claudius Caecus, and served as aedile in 304 BC.
  • Flavius, or Flavius Lucanus, a Lucanian, who went over to Mago during the Second Punic War, and delivered the proconsul Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, in return for the promise that the Lucanians should be free and retain their own constitution.[23][24][25]
  • Quintus Flavius, an augur who, according to Valerius Maximus, was accused by the aedile Gaius Valerius (perhaps the same who was curule aedile in BC 199). When fourteen tribes had already voted against Flavius, who again asserted his innocence, Valerius declared that he did not care whether the man was guilty or innocent, provided he secured his punishment; and the people, indignant at such conduct, acquitted Flavius.[26][27]
  • Quintus Flavius, of Tarquinii, murdered the slave Panurgus, who belonged to Gaius Fannius Chaereas, and who was to be trained as an actor by Quintus Roscius, the celebrated comedian.[28]
  • Lucius Flavius, an eques, who gave evidence against Verres in BC 70. He probably lived in Sicily, and was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He appears to be the same Lucius Flavius who is mentioned as procurator (that is, the agent or steward) of Gaius Matrinius in Sicily.[29]
  • Gaius Flavius, brother of Lucius, and likewise an eques, whom Cicero recommended in BC 46 to Manius Acilius, praetor of Sicily, as an intimate friend of Cicero's late son-in-law, Gaius Calpurnius Piso Frugi.[30]
  • Gaius Flavius Pusio, is mentioned by Cicero as one of the equites who opposed the tribune Marcus Drusus.[31]
  • Lucius Flavius, praetor in BC 58, and a supporter of Pompeius. He was plebeian tribune in 60 BC and failed in passing a land reform programme for Pompey's veterans. He was also a friend of both Cicero and Caesar, and may have been the same Flavius whom Caesar entrusted with one legion and the province of Sicily in BC 49.[32][33][34][35]
  • Gaius Flavius, an eques of Asta, a Roman colony in Spain. He and other equites, who had belonged to the party of Pompeius, went over to Caesar in BC 45. It is uncertain whether he is the same Gaius Flavius who is mentioned among the enemies of Octavian, and who was put to death in BC 40, after the taking of Perusia.[36][37]
  • Gaius Flavius, a friend of Brutus, whom he accompanied to Philippi in the capacity of praefectus fabrum. Flavius fell in the Battle of Philippi, and Brutus lamented over his death.[38][39][40][41]
  • Flavius Gallus, a military tribune serving under Marcus Antonius in his unfortunate campaign against the Parthians in BC 36. During Antonius' retreat, Gallus made an inconsiderate attack upon the enemy, for which he paid with his life.[42]

Flavii Fimbriae
  • Gaius Flavius Fimbria, the father of Gaius Flavius Fimbria, the consul of 104 BC.
  • Gaius Flavius C. f. Fimbria, consul in 104 BC; acquitted of extortion, despite significant evidence. With other consulars, took up arms against the revolt of Saturninus in 100. A clever jurist and powerful orator, his reputation had faded by Cicero's time, when his speeches were scarcely to be found.
  • Gaius Flavius C. f. C. n. Fimbria, a violent partisan of Gaius Marius, at whose funeral he tried to kill Quintus Mucius Scaevola, the Pontifex Maximus. Sent to Asia in an expedition against Mithridates and Sulla, Fimbria led a mutiny against the consul Valerius Flaccus, whom he murdered, taking command of the army. With much savagery, he subdued much of Asia, but when his men went over to Sulla, he took his own life.[14][43]
  • Flavius C. f. C. n. Fimbria, brother of Gaius, was likewise in the service of the Marian party in the war against Sulla, 82 BC, and was legate to Gaius Norbanus. He and other officers of the party of Carbo were invited to a banquet by Publius Albinovanus, and then treacherously murdered.[44]
  • Lucius Flavius Fimbria, consul suffectus in AD 71, during the months of July and August.[45][46]

Flavii Sabini
Aurei of the Flavian dynasty
  • Titus Flavius Petro, grandfather of the emperor Vespasian, was a native of the municipium of Reate, and served as a centurion in the army of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus at the Battle of Pharsalus, 48 BC.[47]
  • Titus Flavius T. f. Sabinus, father of Vespasian, was one of the farmers of the tax of the quadragesima in Asia, which he collected with so much fairness that many cities erected statues to his honour with the inscription, καλως τελωνησαντι. He afterwards carried on business as a money-lender among the Helvetii, and died in their country.[47]
  • Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Sabinus, the elder brother of Vespasian, was consul suffectus in AD 52, and praefectus urbi for most of Nero's reign. The emperor Vitellius offered to surrender the empire into his hands until the arrival of Vespasian, but the soldiers of each refused this arrangement, and Sabinus was murdered by Vitellius' troops, despite the emperor's attempts to save him.
  • Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Vespasianus, the emperor Vespasian, was consul suffectus in AD 51, and proconsul in Africa and Judaea under Nero. He became emperor in AD 69, on the death of Vitellius, and reigned until his death in 79.
  • Flavia Domitilla, otherwise known as Domitilla the Elder, the wife of Vespasian.
  • Titus Flavius (T. f. T. n.) Sabinus, consul suffectus in AD 69, was probably a nephew of the emperor Vespasian. He was one of the generals appointed by the emperor Otho to oppose the forces of Vitellius, but after Otho's death, he submitted to the conqueror, and caused his troops in the north of Italy to submit to the generals of Vitellius.[48]
  • Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Sabinus, son of the consul of 52, and nephew of Vespasian, he was consul with his cousin, the emperor Domitian, in AD 82, but afterwards slain by the emperor on the pretext that the herald proclaiming his consulship had called him Imperator instead of consul.[49][50][51]
  • Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Clemens, son of the consul of 52, and nephew of Vespasian, he was consul with his cousin, the emperor Domitian, in AD 95. Although the emperor had intended Clemens' sons to succeed him in the empire, and renamed them Vespasian and Domitian, he had his cousin put to death during his consulship, according to Cassius Dio on a charge of atheism, implying that he had become a Christian.[52][53]
  • Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Vespasianus, the emperor Titus, reigned from AD 79 to 81.
  • Titus Flavius T. f. T. n. Domitianus, the emperor Domitian, emperor from AD 81 to 96.
  • Flavia Domitilla, otherwise known as Domitilla the Younger, the daughter of Vespasian.
  • Julia Flavia, daughter of the emperor Titus; she married her cousin, Titus Flavius Sabinus, consul in AD 82. He was murdered by Julia's uncle, the emperor Domitian, who then took his niece for a mistress.
  • Flavia Domitilla, daughter of Domitilla the Younger, and granddaughter of Vespasian; she married her cousin, Titus Flavius Clemens, consul in AD 95. He was murdered by Domitilla's uncle, the emperor Domitian, and Domitilla was exiled.

Flavii Titiani
  • Titus Flavius Titianus, governor of Egypt from AD 126 to 133.
  • Titus Flavius Titianus, governor of Egypt from AD 164 to 167.
  • Titiana, mother of Flavia Titiana, the wife of Pertinax.
  • Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus, consul suffectus c. AD 170, and proconsul in Asia, 186. His daughter, Flavia Titiana, married the future emperor Pertinax, and Sulpicianus served as praefectus urbi under Pertinax and Didius Julianus. He was put to death by Septimius Severus in 197.
  • Titus Flavius Titianus, consul suffectus circa AD 200; he was probably the same Titus Flavius Titianus who was procurator of Alexandria under Caracalla, and who was put to death by Theocritus, c. 216.
  • Flavia Titiana, the wife of Pertinax, and Roman empress in AD 193.
  • Titus Flavius Postumius Titianus, consul in AD 301.

Flavii Apri

Others

Constantinian dynasty
Constantine and Helena. Mosaic in Saint Isaac's Cathedral, Petersburg, Russia
Further information: Constantinian dynasty
  • Flavius Valerius Constantius "Chlorus", emperor from AD 305 to 306, and the father of Constantine the Great.
  • Flavia Julia Helena, the first wife of Constantius Chlorus, and mother of the emperor Constantine.
  • Flavia Maximiana Theodora, probably the daughter of Afranius Hannibalianus, and stepdaughter of Maximian; she was the second wife of Constantius Chlorus.
  • Flavius Valerius Constantinus, otherwise known as Constantine the Great, emperor from AD 306 to 337.
  • (Flavius) Julius Constantius, eldest son of Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, and brother of Constantine. He was named consul in AD 335, but put to death following the emperor's death in 337. His sons, Constantius Gallus and Julian, were spared, and would eventually be named heirs by their cousin, Constantius II, who had married their sister.
  • Flavius Dalmatius, son of Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, and brother of Constantine; styled the "censor" from AD 333, but was slain following the death of Constantine.
  • Flavius Hannibalianus, son of Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, was granted the title Nobilissimus, but perished in the massacre of the Flavian dynasty following the death of his brother, Constantine.
  • Flavia Julia Constantia, daughter of Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, and sister of Constantine, was given by him in marriage to his colleague, the emperor Licinius.
  • Flavia Maxima Fausta, daughter of Maximian, and second wife of Constantine; she was put to death in AD 326, shortly after the execution of her stepson, Crispus. The reasons are unclear, but rumors circulated of an affair between the empress and her stepson, or of a false allegation against Crispus by his stepmother, leading to his death.
  • Flavius Julius Crispus, son of Constantine, served his father in the war against Licinius, but was put to death in unclear circumstances in AD 326.
  • Flavia Valeria Constantina, the elder daughter of Constantine and Fausta, she was given in marriage first to her cousin Hannibalianus, and following his death in the dynastic purge of AD 337, to her cousin Constantius Gallus. She died in 354.
  • Flavia Julia Helena, the younger daughter of Constantine and Fausta, she was given in marriage to her cousin, Julian, the future emperor. The couple was childless, and Helena suffered several miscarriages, which rumor blamed on the machinations of the empress Eusebia.
  • Flavius Claudius Constantinus, son of Constantine, and emperor with his brothers Constantius and Constans from AD 337 to 340.
  • Flavius Julius Constantius, son of Constantine, and emperor with his brothers Constantinus and Constans from AD 337 to 361.
  • Flavius Julius Constans, son of Constantine, and emperor with his brothers Constantinus and Constantius from AD 337 to 350.
  • Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus, named Caesar by his cousin, Constantius II, in AD 351, but put to death in 354.
  • Flavius Claudius Julianus, emperor from AD 361 to 363.
  • Flavius Dalmatius, son of Dalmatius the censor, and nephew of Constantine; he was proclaimed Caesar in 335, but slain by his soldiers following Constantine's death in 337.
  • Flavius Hannibalianus, son of Dalmatius the censor, and nephew of Constantine, who probably intended to place him at the head of a campaign against the Sassanid Empire, but this plan ended with the emperor's death in AD 337, and Hannibalianus was slain in the turmoil that followed.
  • Flavius Nepotianus, son of Eutropia, and nephew of Constantine, in AD 350 he revolted against Magnentius, but his small force, composed of ordinary citizens and gladiators, was quickly defeated by Magnentius' magister officiorum, Marcellinus. Nepotianus and his mother were put to death.
  • Constantia, daughter of Constantius II, and wife of the emperor Gratian.
  • Anastasia, daughter of Hannibalianus and Constantina.

Later emperors
  • Flavius Magnus Magnentius, an usurper who revolted against the emperor Constans, and was proclaimed emperor in AD 350. After his defeat by Constantius II in 353, he fell on his sword.
  • Flavius Jovianus, emperor from AD 363 to 364.
  • Flavius Valentinianus, or Valentinian the Great, emperor from AD 364 to 375. He associated his brother, Valens, with him in the empire, giving Valens the eastern provinces, while he retained the west.
  • Flavius Valens, the brother of Valentinian I, emperor of the east from AD 364 to 378.
  • Flavius Gratianus, the elder son of Valentinian I, emperor of the west with his brother, Valentinian II, from AD 375 to 383.
  • Flavius Valentinianus, or Valentinian II, the younger son of Valentinian I, emperor of the west with his brother, Gratian, from AD 375 to 383, with Magnus Maximus from 383 to 388, then sole emperor of the west until his death in 392.
  • Flavius Theodosius, or Theodosius the Great, emperor of the east from AD 379 to 392, and sole emperor from 392 to 395.
  • Flavius Magnus Maximus, commander of the Roman army in Britain, he claimed the throne of the western empire on the death of Gratian, and was recognized as co-emperor with Valentinian II until his defeat by Theodosius in 388.
  • Flavius Victor, the son of Magnus Maximus, who appointed him co-emperor in AD 384. He was put to death by Theodosius following his father's defeat in 388.
  • Flavius Eugenius, elevated by Arbogast to the western empire following the death of Valentinian II in AD 392; he was defeated and killed by Theodosius in 394.
  • Flavius Honorius, the younger son of Theodosius; emperor of the west from AD 395 to 423.
  • Flavius Arcadius, son of Theodosius; emperor of the east from AD 395 to 408
  • Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus, or Justinian, nephew of Justin I, and emperor from AD 527 to 565.
  • Flavius Justinus, the nephew of Justinian, emperor from AD 565 to 574.
  • Flavius Tiberius Constantinus, emperor from AD 574 to 582.
  • Flavius Mauricius Tiberius, or Maurice, emperor from AD 582 to 602.
  • Flavius Phocas, emperor from AD 602 to 610.
  • Flavius Heraclius, emperor from AD 610 to 641.

Flavii in fiction

Flavianus

Flavianus is the adjectival form of the name and was used as a cognomen. It is sometimes anglicized as Flavian.

Flavian legions

Some Roman legions were called Flavia, as they had been levied by the Flavian emperors:

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Gens Flavia.

References
  1. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 169 ("Flavia Gens").
  2. Salway, "What's in a Name?", pp. 137–140.
  3. Salway, "What's in a Name?", p. 141.
  4. Chase, pp. 110, 130.
  5. Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. flavus.
  6. Rösch, Onoma Basileias, pp. 49, 50.
  7. Lenski, Failure of Empire, p. 51.
  8. Lingenthal, Jus Graeco-Romanum, part III, p. 67.
  9. Bussell, The Roman Empire, pp. xi, xiii, xiv.
  10. Memorias de La Real Academia de la Historia, p. 583.
  11. Keenan, James G. (1973). "The Names Flavius and Aurelius as Status Designations in Later Roman Egypt". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 11: 33–63. ISSN 0084-5388.
  12. Keenan, James G. (1974). "The Names Flavius and Aurelius as Status Designations in Later Roman Egypt". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 13: 297–296. ISSN 0084-5388.
  13. Keenan, James G. (1974). "The Names Flavius and Aurelius as Status Designations in Later Roman Egypt". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 13: 302–303. ISSN 0084-5388.
  14. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, pp. 150, 151 ("Fimbria").
  15. New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. fimbria.
  16. Chase, pp. 113, 114.
  17. New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. gallus.
  18. New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. pusio.
  19. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp. 689, 690 ("Flavius Sabinus").
  20. Sorricchio, Hatria, p. 309.
  21. Livy, viii. 22, 27.
  22. Valerius Maximus, ix. 10. § 1.
  23. Livy, xxv. 16.
  24. Appian, Bellum Hannibalicum, 35.
  25. Valerius Maximus, v. 1. ext. § 6.
  26. Valerius Maximus, viii. 1. § 7.
  27. Livy, xxxi. 50, xxxii. 50.
  28. Cicero, Pro Quinto Roscio Comoedo, 11.
  29. Cicero, In Verrem, i. 5, v. 7, 59.
  30. Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, xiii. 31.
  31. Cicero, Pro Cluentio, 56.
  32. Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, i. 18, 19, ii. 1, x. 1; Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem, i. 2.
  33. Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis Pro Milone, p. 47 (ed. Orelli).
  34. Cassius Dio, xxxvii. 50, xxxviii. 50.
  35. Broughton, vol. II, p. 184.
  36. Caesar, De Bello Hispaniensis, 26.
  37. Appian, Bellum Civile, v. 49.
  38. Cornelius Nepos, The Life of Atticus, 8.
  39. Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, xii. 17.
  40. Pseudo-Brutus, Epistulae ad Ciceronem, i. 6, 17.
  41. Plutarch, "The Life of Brutus", 51.
  42. Plutarch, "The Life of Marcus Antonius", 42, 43.
  43. Broughton, vol. II, pp. 50, 53, 56, 59, vol. III, p. 92.
  44. Appian, Bellum Civile, i. 91.
  45. AE 2003, 2060.
  46. Gallivan, "The Fasti for A.D. 70–96", pp. 187, 188, 196, 213.
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  48. Tacitus, Historiae, i. 77, ii. 36, 51.
  49. Cassius Dio, lxv. 17.
  50. Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana, vii. 3.
  51. Suetonius, "The Life of Domitian", 10.
  52. Suetonius, "The Life of Domitian", 15.
  53. Cassius Dio, lxvii. 14.
  54. RE, vol. VI.2, coll. 2531–2532: Flavius 35.
  55. RE, vol. VI.2, col. 2532: Flavius 36.
  56. RE, vol. VI.2, col. 2532: Flavius 37.
  57. RE, vol. VI.2, col. 2531: Flavius 34.
  58. PLRE, vol. 1, p. 81: Aper 2, L. Flavius Aper 3.
  59. Tacitus, Annales, xv. 49, 54, 55, 70.
  60. Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge.
  61. Weiß, "Neue Militärdiplome", pp. 254–256.
  62. Eck and Pangerl, "Neue Militärdiplome für die Truppen der mauretanischen Provinzen", pp. 200–204.
  63. Cassius Dio, lxxi. 28.
  64. Bastianini, "Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto", p. 300.
  65. PIR, vol. II, p. 68.
  66. Cassius Dio, lxxx. 4.
  67. Cassius Dio, lxxviii. 4, 7, 15.
  68. Herodian, iv. 12.
  69. Spaul, "Governors of Tingitana", p. 253.
  70. Christesen, "Imagining Olympia", p. 345 (note 63).
  71. Latin Anthology, vol. iii, pp. 34–37, vol. iv., p. 86 (ed. Burmann), No. 291–295 (ed. Meyer).

Bibliography

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Schmitz, Leonhard (1849). "Fimbria". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.

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