List of mesons

This article contains a list of mesons, unstable subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark. They are part of the hadron particle family—particles made of quarks. The other members of the hadron family are the baryons—subatomic particles composed of three quarks. The main difference between mesons and baryons is that mesons have integer spin (thus are bosons) while baryons are fermions (half-integer spin). Because mesons are bosons, the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply to them. Because of this, they can act as force mediating particles on short distances, and thus play a part in processes such as the nuclear interaction.

The decay of a kaon (
K+
) into three pions (2 
π+
, 1 
π−
) is a process that involves both weak and strong interactions.

Weak interactions: The strange antiquark (
s
) of the kaon transmutes into an up antiquark (
u
) by the emission of a
W+
 boson; the
W+
 boson subsequently decays into a down antiquark (
d
) and an up quark (
u
).

Strong interactions: An up quark (
u
) emits a gluon (
g
) which decays into a down quark (
d
) and a down antiquark (
d
).
This list is of all known and predicted scalar, pseudoscalar and vector mesons. See list of particles for a more detailed list of particles found in particle physics.

Since mesons are composed of quarks, they participate in both the weak and strong interactions. Mesons with net electric charge also participate in the electromagnetic interaction. They are classified according to their quark content, total angular momentum, parity, and various other properties such as C-parity and G-parity. While no meson is stable, those of lower mass are nonetheless more stable than the most massive mesons, and are easier to observe and study in particle accelerators or in cosmic ray experiments. They are also typically less massive than baryons, meaning that they are more easily produced in experiments, and will exhibit higher-energy phenomena sooner than baryons would. For example, the charm quark was first seen in the J/Psi meson (
J/ψ
) in 1974,[1][2] and the bottom quark in the upsilon meson (
ϒ
) in 1977.[3] The top quark (the last and heaviest quark to be discovered to date) was first observed at Fermilab in 1995.

Each meson has a corresponding antiparticle (antimeson) where quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks and vice versa. For example, a positive pion (
π+
) is made of one up quark and one down antiquark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the negative pion (
π−
), is made of one up antiquark and one down quark. Although tetraquarks with two quarks and two antiquarks can be considered mesons they are not listed here.

The symbols encountered in these lists are: I (isospin), J (total angular momentum), P (parity), C (C-parity), G (G-parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), Q (charge), B (baryon number), S (strangeness), C (charm), and B′ (bottomness), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover mouse for name).

Summary table

Because this table was initially derived from published results and many of those results were preliminary, as many as 64 of the mesons in the following table may not exist or have the wrong mass or quantum numbers.

Meson summary table[4]
Light unflavoured
(S = C = B = 0)		 Strange
(S = ±1, C = B = 0)		 Charmed, strange
(C = S = ±1)		 c
c
IG(JPC)IG(JPC)IG(JP)IG(JP)IG(JPC)

π±
1−(0−) Φ(1680)0−(1−−)
K±
1⁄2(0−)
D±
s		0(0−)
η
c(1S)		0+(0−+)

π0
1−(0−+)
ρ
3(1690)		1+(3−−)
K0
1⁄2(0−)
D*±
s		0(??) J/ψ(1S)0−(1−−)
η0+(0−+) ρ(1700)1+(1−−)
K0
S		1⁄2(0−)
D*
s0(2317)±		0(0+)
χ
c0(1P)		0+(0++)

f
0(500)		0+(0++)
a
2(1700)		1−(2++)
K0
L		1⁄2(0−)
D
s1(2460)±		0(1+)
χ
c1(1P)		0+(1++)
ρ(770)1+(1−−) f0(1710)0+(0++)
K*
0(800)		1⁄2(0+)
D
s1(2536)±		0(1+)
h
c(1P)		 ??(1+−)
ω(782)0−(1−−) η(1760)0+(0−+)
K*
(892)		1⁄2(1−)
D
s2(2573)		0(??)
χ
c2(1P)		0+(2++)
η′ (958)0+(0−+) π(1800)1−(0−+)
K
1(1270)		1⁄2(1+)
D*
s1(2700)±		0(1−)
η
c(2S)		0+(0−+)

f
0(980)		0+(0++)
f
2(1810)		0+(2++)
K
1(1400)		1⁄2(1+)
D*
sJ(2860)±		0(??) ψ(2S)0−(1−−)

a
0(980)		1−(0++) X(1835) ??(?−+)
K*
(1410)		1⁄2(1−)
D
sJ(3040)±		0(??) ψ(3770)0−(1−−)
φ(1020)0−(1−−) X(1840) ??(???)
K*
0(1430)		1⁄2(0+) Bottom
(B = ±1)		 X(3823) ??(??−)

h
1(1170)		0−(1+−)
φ
3(1850)		0−(3−−)
K*
2(1430)		1⁄2(2+) X(3872)0+(1++)

b
1(1235)		1+(1+−)
η
2(1870)		0+(2−+) K(1460)1⁄2(0−)
B±
1⁄2(0−) X(3900)± ?(1+)

a
1(1260)		1−(1++)
π
2(1880)		1−(2−+)
K
2(1580)		1⁄2(2−)
B0
1⁄2(0−) X(3900)0 ?(??)

f
2(1270)		0+(2++) ρ(1900)1+(1−−) K(1630)1⁄2(??)
B±
/
B0
 Admixture
χ
c0(2P)		0+(0++)

f
1(1285)		0+(1++)
f
2(1910)		0+(2++)
K
1(1650)		1⁄2(1+)
B±
/
B0
/
B0
s/b-baryon
Admixture
χ
c2(2P)		0+(2++)
η(1295)0+(0−+)
f
2(1950)		0+(2++)
K*
(1680)		1⁄2(1−) X(3940) ??(???)
π(1300)1−(0−+)
ρ
3(1990)		1+(3−−)
K
2(1770)		1⁄2(2−) Vcb and Vub CKM Matrix
Admixture		 X(4020)± ?(??)

a
2(1320)		1−(2++)
f
2(2010)		0+(2++)
K*
3(1780)		1⁄2(3−) ψ(4040)0−(1−−)

f
0(1370)		0+(0++)
f
0(2020)		0+(0++)
K
2(1820)		1⁄2(2−)
B*
1⁄2(1−) X(4050)± ?(??)

h
1(1380)		 ?−(1+−)
a
4(2040)		1−(4++) K(1830)1⁄2(0−)
B*
J(5732)		 ?(??) X(4140)0+(??+)

π
1(1400)		1−(1−+)
f
4(2050)		0+(4++)
K*
0(1950)		1⁄2(0+)
B
1(5721)0		1⁄2(1+) ψ(4160)0−(1−−)
η(1405)0+(0−+)
π
2(2100)		1−(2−+)
K*
2(1980)		1⁄2(2+)
B*
1(5721)0		1⁄2(2+) X(4160) ??(???)

f
1(1420)		0+(1++)
f
0(2100)		0+(0++)
K*
0(2045)		1⁄2(4+) Bottom, strange
(B = ±1, S = ∓1)		 X(4250)± ?(??)
ω(1420)0−(1−−)
f
2(2150)		0+(2++)
K
2(2250)		1⁄2(2−) X(4260) ??(1−−)

f
2(1430)		0+(2++) ρ(2150)1+(1−−)
K
3(2320)		1⁄2(3+)
B0
s		0(0−) X(4350)0+(??+)

a
0(1450)		1−(0++) φ(2170)0−(1−−)
K*
5(2380)		1⁄2(5−)
B*
s		0(1−) X(4360) ??(1−−)
ρ(1450)1+(1−−)
f
0(2200)		0+(0++)
k
4(2500)		1⁄2(4−)
B
s1(5830)0		0(1+) ψ(4415)0−(1−−)
η(1475)0+(0−+) fJ(2200)0+(2++
or 4++)		 K(3100) ??(???)
B*
s2(5840)0		0(2+) X(4430)± ?(1+)

f
0(1500)		0+(0++) Charmed
(C = ±1)
B*
sJ(5850)		 ?(??) X(4660) ??(1−−)

f
1(1510)		0+(1++) η(2225)0+(0−+) Bottom, charmed
(B = C = ±1)		 b
b

f′
1(1525)		0+(2++)
ρ
3(2250)		1+(3−−)
D±
1⁄2(0−)
η
b(1S)		0+(0−+)

f
2(1565)		0+(2++) f2(2300)0+(2++)
D0
1⁄2(0−)
B±
c		0(0−) Υ(1S)0−(1−−)
ρ(1570)1+(1−−)
f
4(2300)		0+(4++)
D*
(2007)0		1⁄2(1−)
χ
b0(1P)		0+(0++)

h
1(1595)		0−(1+−)
f
0(2330)		0+(0++)
D*
(2010)±		1⁄2(1−)
χ
b1(1P)		0+(1++)

π
1(1600)		1−(1−+)
f
2(2340)		0+(2++)
D*
0(2400)0		1⁄2(0+)
χ
b0(2P)		0+(0++)

a
1(1640)		1−(1++)
ρ
5(2350)		1+(5−−)
D*
0(2400)±		1⁄2(0+)
h
b(1P)		 ??(1+−)

f
2(1640)		0+(2++)
a
6(2450)		1−(6++)
D
1(2420)0		1⁄2(1+)
χ
b2(1P)		0+(2++)

η
2(1645)		0+(2−+)
f
6(2510)		0+(6++)
D
1(2420)±		1⁄2(??)
η
b(2S)		0+(0−+)
ω(1650)0−(1−−) Other light
D
1(2430)0		1⁄2(1+) Υ(2S)0−(1−−)

ω
3(1670)		0−(3−−) Further States
D*
2(2460)0		1⁄2(2+) Υ(1D)0−(2−−)

π
2(1670)		1−(2−+) Further states
D*
2(2460)±		1⁄2(2+)
χ
b0(2P)		0+(0++)
D(2550)01⁄2(0−)
χ
b1(2P)		0+(1++)
D(2600)1⁄2(??)
h
b(2P)		 ??(1+−)

D*
(2640)±		1⁄2(??)
χ
b2(2P)		0+(2++)
D(2750)1⁄2(??) Υ(3S)0−(1−−)

χ
b(3P)		 ??(??+)
Υ(4S)0−(1−−)
X(10610)±1+(1+)
X(10610)01+(1+)
X(10650)± ?+(1+)
Υ(10860)0−(1−−)
Υ(11020)0−(1−−)

Mesons named with the letter "f" are scalar mesons (as opposed to a pseudo-scalar meson), and mesons named with the letter "a" are axial-vector mesons (as opposed to an ordinary vector meson) a.k.a. an isoscalar vector meson, while the letters "b" and "h" refer to axial-vector mesons with positive parity, negative C-parity, and quantum numbers IG of 1+ and 0− respectively.[5]

The, "f", "a", "b" and "h" mesons are not listed in the tables below and their internal structure and quark content is a matter of ongoing investigation.[6][7] The particle described in the table above as f0(500) has historically been known by two other names: f0(600) and σ (sigma).[8]

A complete set of meson naming conventions is set forth in a 2017 review article for the Particle Data Group which also contains a table mapping pre-2016 common names to the new Particle Data Group standard naming conventions for XYZ mesons.[9]

Meson properties

The following lists details for all known and predicted pseudoscalar (JP = 0−) and vector (JP = 1−) mesons.

The properties and quark content of the particles are tabulated below; for the corresponding antiparticles, simply change quarks into antiquarks (and vice versa) and flip the sign of Q, B, S, C, and B′. Particles with † next to their names have been predicted by the standard model but not yet observed. Values in red have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.

Pseudoscalar mesons
Pseudoscalar mesons
Particle
name		 Particle
symbol		 Antiparticle
symbol		 Quark
content		 Rest mass (MeV/c2) IG JPC S C B' Mean lifetime (s) Commonly decays to
(>5% of decays)
Pion[10]
π+
π−
u

d
 139.57018±0.00035 1− 0− 0 0 0 (2.6033±0.0005)×10−8
μ+
 +
ν
μ
Pion[11]
π0
 Self [a] 134.9766±0.0006 1− 0−+ 0 0 0 (8.52±0.18)×10−17
γ
 +
γ
Eta meson[12]
η
 Self [a] 547.862±0.018 0+ 0−+ 0 0 0 (5.02±0.19)×10−19[b]
γ
 +
γ
 or

π0
 +
π0
 +
π0
 or

π+
 +
π0
 +
π−
Eta prime meson[13]
η′
(958)		 Self [a] 957.78±0.06 0+ 0−+ 0 0 0 (3.32±0.15)×10−21[b]
π+
 +
π−
 +
η
 or
(
ρ0
 +
γ
) / (
π+
 +
π−
 +
γ
) or

π0
 +
π0
 +
η
Charmed eta meson[14]
η
c(1S)		 Self
c

c
 2,983.6±0.7 0+ 0−+ 0 0 0 (2.04±0.05)×10−23[b] See
η
c decay modes
Bottom eta meson[15]
η
b(1S)		 Self
b

b
 9,398.0±3.2 0+ 0−+ 0 0 0 Unknown See
η
b decay modes
Kaon[16]
K+
K−
u

s
 493.677±0.016 1⁄2 0− 1 0 0 (1.2380±0.0021)×10−8
μ+
 +
ν
μ or

π+
 +
π0
 or

π0
 +
e+
 +
ν
e or

π+
 +
π+
 +
π−
Kaon[17]
K0
K0
d

s
 497.614±0.024 1⁄2 0− 1 0 0 [c] [c]
K-Short[18]
K0
S		 Self [e] 497.614±0.024[d] 1⁄2 0− (*) 0 0 (8.954±0.004)×10−11
π+
 +
π−
 or


π0
 +
π0

K-Long[19]
K0
L		 Self [e] 497.614±0.024[d] 1⁄2 0− (*) 0 0 (5.116±0.021)×10−8
π±
 +
e∓
 +
ν
e or

π±
 +
μ∓
 +
ν
μ or

π0
 +
π0
 +
π0
 or

π+
 +
π0
 +
π−
D meson[20]
D+
D−
c

d
 1,869.61±0.10 1⁄2 0− 0 +1 0 (1.040±0.007)×10−12 See
D+
 decay modes
D meson[21]
D0
D0
c

u
 1,864.84±0.07 1⁄2 0− 0 +1 0 (4.101±0.015)×10−13 See
D0
 decay modes
strange D meson[22]
D+
s
D−
s
c

s
 1,968.30±0.11 0 0− +1 +1 0 (5.00±0.07)×10−13 See
D+
s decay modes
B meson[23]
B+
B−
u

b
 5,279.26±0.17 1⁄2 0− 0 0 +1 (1.638±0.004)×10−12 See
B+
 decay modes
B meson[24]
B0
B0
d

b
 5,279.58±0.17 1⁄2 0− 0 0 +1 (1.519±0.009)×10−12 See
B0
 decay modes
Strange B meson[25]
B0
s
B0
s
s

b
 5,366.77±0.24 0 0− −1 0 +1 (1.512±0.007)×10−12 See
B0
s decay modes
Charmed B meson[26]
B+
c
B−
c
c

b
 6,275.6±1.1 0 0− 0 +1 +1 (4.52±0.33)×10−13 See
B+
c decay modes

[a] ^ Makeup inexact due to non-zero quark masses.
[b] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ħ⁄Γ is given instead.
[c] ^ Strong eigenstate. No definite lifetime (see kaon notes below)
[d] ^ The mass of the
K0
L and
K0
S are given as that of the
K0
. However, it is known that a difference between the masses of the
K0
L and
K0
S on the order of 2.2×10−11 MeV/c2 exists.[19]
[e] ^ Weak eigenstate. Makeup is missing small CP–violating term (see notes on neutral kaons below).

Vector mesons
Vector mesons
Particle
name		 Particle
symbol		 Antiparticle
symbol		 Quark
content		 Rest mass (MeV/c2) IG JPC S C B' Mean lifetime (s) Commonly decays to
(>5% of decays)
Charged rho meson[27]
ρ+
(770)
ρ−
(770)
u

d
 775.11±0.34 1+ 1− 0 0 0 (4.41±0.02)×10−24[f][g]
π±
 +
π0
Neutral rho meson[27]
ρ0
(770)		 Self 775.26±0.25 1+ 1−− 0 0 0 (4.45±0.03)×10−24[f][g]
π+
 +
π−
Omega meson[28]
ω
(782)		 Self 782.65±0.12 0− 1−− 0 0 0 (7.75±0.07)×10−23[f]
π+
 +
π0
 +
π−
 or

π0
 +
γ
Phi meson[29]
ϕ
(1020)		 Self
s

s
 1,019.461±0.019 0− 1−− 0 0 0 (1.54±0.01)×10−22[f]
K+
 +
K−
 or

K0
S +
K0
L or
(
ρ
 +
π
) / (
π+
 +
π0
 +
π−
)
J/Psi[30]
J/ψ
 Self
c

c
 3,096.916±0.011 0− 1−− 0 0 0 (7.09±0.21)×10−21[f] See
J/ψ
(1S) decay modes
Upsilon meson[31]
ϒ
(1S)		 Self
b

b
 9,460.30±0.26 0− 1−− 0 0 0 (1.22±0.03)×10−20[f] See
ϒ
(1S) decay modes
Kaon[32]
K∗+
K∗−
u

s
 891.66±0.26 1⁄2 1− 1 0 0 (3.26±0.06)×10−23[f][g] See
K∗
(892) decay modes
Kaon[32]
K∗0
K∗0
d

s
 895.81±0.19 1⁄2 1− 1 0 0 (1.39±0.02)×10−23[f] See
K∗
(892) decay modes
D meson[33]
D∗+
(2010)
D∗−
(2010)
c

d
 2,010.26±0.07 1⁄2 1− 0 +1 0 (7.89±0.17)×10−21[f]
D0
 +
π+
 or

D+
 +
π0
D meson[34]
D∗0
(2007)
D∗0
(2007)
c

u
 2,006.96±0.10 1⁄2 1− 0 +1 0 >3.1×10−22[f]
D0
 +
π0
 or

D0
 +
γ
Strange D meson[35]
D∗+
s
D∗−
s
c

s
 2,112.1±0.4 0 1− +1 +1 0 >3.4×10−22[f]
D∗+
 +
γ
 or

D∗+
 +
π0
B meson[36]
B∗+
B∗−
u

b
 5,325.2±0.4 1⁄2 1− 0 0 +1 Unknown
B+
 +
γ
B meson[36]
B∗0
B∗0
d

b
 5,325.2±0.4 1⁄2 1− 0 0 +1 Unknown
B0
 +
γ
Strange B meson[37]
B∗0
s
B∗0
s
s

b
 5,415.4+2.4
−2.1		 0 1− −1 0 +1 Unknown
B0
s+
γ
Charmed B meson†
B∗+
c
B∗−
c
c

b
 Unknown 0 1− 0 +1 +1 Unknown Unknown

[f] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ħ⁄Γ is given instead.
[g] ^ The exact value depends on the method used. See the given reference for detail.

Notes on neutral kaons

There are two complications with neutral kaons:[38]

Note that these issues also exist in principle for other neutral flavored mesons; however, the weak eigenstates are considered separate particles only for kaons because of their dramatically different lifetimes.[38]

See also

References
  1. J.J. Aubert et al. (1974)
  2. J.E. Augustin et al. (1974)
  3. S.W. Herb et al. (1977)
  4. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Meson Summary Table
  5. Kan Chen, et al., "Light axial vector mesons" Phys. Rev. D 91, 074025 (2015) doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.91.074025 open access copy available at https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.07766
  6. Tanabashi, M.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018). "Review of scalar mesons" (PDF). Physical Review D. 98: 030001. Bibcode:2018PhRvD..98c0001T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001.
  7. van Beveren, Eef; Rupp, George (5–10 June 2006). Scalar and axial-vector mesons. IVth International Conference on Quarks and Nuclear Physics (QNP06) (plenary talk) (with subsequent corrections ed.). Madrid, ES. arXiv:hep-ph/0610199.
  8. Pelaez, J.R. (2016). "From controversy to precision on the sigma meson: A review on the status of the non-ordinary resonance". Physics Reports. 658: 1–111. arXiv:1510.00653. Bibcode:2016PhR...658....1P. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.09.001. S2CID 118569293. The existence and properties of the sigma meson have been controversial for almost six decades, despite playing a central role in the spontaneous chiral symmetry of QCD or in the nucleon–nucleon attraction. This controversy has also been fed by the strong indications that it is not an ordinary quark–antiquark meson.
  9. Patrignani, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2016). "Revised naming-scheme for hadrons". Chin. Phys. C. 40: 100001. "2017 update" (PDF).
  10. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    π±
  11. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    π0
  12. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    η
  13. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    η′
  14. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    η
    c
  15. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    η
    b
  16. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    K±
  17. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    K0
  18. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    K0
    S
  19. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    K0
    L
  20. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    D±
  21. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    D0
  22. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    D±
    s
  23. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    B±
  24. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    B0
  25. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    B0
    s
  26. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    B±
    c
  27. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    ρ
  28. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    ω
    (782)
  29. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    ϕ
  30. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings – J/Ψ
  31. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    ϒ
    (1S)
  32. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    K∗
    (892)
  33. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    D∗±
    (2010)
  34. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    D∗0
    (2007)
  35. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    D∗±
    s
  36. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    B∗
  37. K.A. Olive et al. (2014): Particle listings –
    B∗
    s
  38. J.W. Cronin (1980)

Bibliography
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